• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2001

목적 : 강내에 발생된 종양치료용 원통형 전자선 조사기구(Electron cone)는 기하학적으로 강내벽에 위치한 종양치료에 부적당하므로 후방 또는 측면방향으로 산란되는 전자선을 이용하여 체강 내벽점막 등에 발생된 종양을 효과적으로 치료할 수 있는 산란전자선 치료방법을 개발하고자 한다. 강내조사기구내에 전자선 입사방향에 수직 또는 일정한 각도의 산란판을 배치하여 측면방향으로 산란전자선을 방출시키는 강내 측면조사기구를 제작하고 산란판의 제원과 전자선 에너지에 따라 산란방출된 산란선의 특성과 조직내 선량분포를 측정 평가하였다. 새상 미 방법 : 외부조사용 전자선조사기구(Electron cone) 대신에 강내 삽입용 전자산란선 조사통(Intracavitary backscatter electron cone)과 이를 콜리메이터와 연결시킬 수 있는 차폐연결기구(Shielded electron device)를 고안하였다. 산란전자선 조사기구는 직경이 $2\~3\;cm$이고 길이가 25 cm인 금속(내식강)원통을 이용하였으며 입구에서 20 cm위치에 산란판을 부착시키고 원통 측면에 직경 $1\~2\;cm$의 산란선 방출구를 제작하였다. 산란판은 $2\~10\;mm$의 연판을 사용하였으며, 오제전자와 특성 엑스선을 제거하기 위하여 주석, 구리, 알루미늄판 등을 부착시켰으며 종양위치를 관찰할 수 있도록 표면을 처리하였다. 고에너지 방사선치료용 선형가속기(Clinac 2100C/D)에서 발생된 $6\~12\;MeV$ 에너지의 전자선을 이용하였으며 선량측정은 평행평판형 전리상(Markus chamber, PTW 23343)을 조직등가 팬텀(Polystyrene)에 삽입하여 측정하였다. 전자산란선의 에너지분포는 Monte Carlo (EGS4) 계산으로 예측하였으며 조직내 선량분포는 필름 흑화도(X-Omat V, Wellhofer 700i)에 의하여 측정하였다. 결과 : 전자선 입사에너지가 6 MeV일 때 전자산란선의 평균 에너지는 약 1.5 MeV 이었으며 산란각이 클수록 에너지는 줄어들었다. 입사 전자선 에너지 6 MeV 에서 산란판의 각도 $30^{\circ},\;45^{\circ}$ 에 따른 최대선량지점은 산란선 방출구의 중심에서 각각 5 mm 및 -10 mm지점의 표면에서 발생되며 입사전자선에 대한 전자산란선의 선량비는 약 $8.5\%$ 내외로 측정되었다. 입사전자선에너지 6 MeV에서 산란판각도 $45^{\circ},\;60^{\circ}$에 의한 $50\%$의 심부선량분포는 각각 6 mm와 7 mm 깊이에 도달하였으며 입사에너지 증가에 비례하였다. 결론 : 전자선 후방산란의 특성을 연구하고 이를 인체 강내 측방 점막부위에 발생한 종양을 효과적으로 치료할 수 있는 강내 전자산란선 조사통을 고안 제작 하였다. 시험용으로 제작한 전자산란선 조사기구를 이용하여 전자선 에너지와 산란판의 각도에 따른 산란선의 선량비율과 심부율을 측정하였다. 구강, 자궁, 직장 등 강내측벽 점막 등에 발생된 악성종양의 모양과 깊이에 가장 적당한 입사 에너지, 산란판의 각도, 산란창구 및 조사각도를 선택함으로서 방사선치료방법을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이라고 기대된다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.131-134
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• 2015

Here we show how by processing energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) data obtained using highly sensitive, new generation EDS detectors in the AZtec LayerProbe software we can obtain data of sufficiently high quality to non-destructively measure the number of layers in two-dimensional (2D) $MoS_2$ and $MoS_2/WSe_2$ and thereby enable the characterization of working devices based on 2D materials. We compare the thickness measurements with EDS to results from atomic force microscopy measurements. We also show how we can use electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to address fabrication challenges of 2D materials. Results from EBSD analysis of individual flakes of exfoliated $MoS_2$ obtained using the Nordlys Nano detector are shown to aid a better understanding of the exfoliation process which is still widely used to produce 2D materials for research purposes.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2017

A new method was introduced to distinguish the ferrite, bainite and martensite in transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel by using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). EBSD is a very powerful microstructure analysis technique at the length scales ranging from tens of nanometers to millimeters. However, iron BCC phases such as ferrite, bainite and martensite cannot be easily distinguished by EBSD due to their similar surface morphology and crystallographic structure. Among the various EBSD-based methodology, image quality (IQ) values, which present the perfection of a crystal lattice, was used to distinguish the iron BCC phases. IQ values are very useful tools to discern the iron BCC phases because of their different density of crystal defect and lattice distortion. However, there are still remaining problems that make the separation of bainite and martensite difficult. For instance, these phases have very similar IQ values in many cases, especially in deformed region; therefore, even though the IQ value was used, it has been difficult to distinguish the bainite and martensite. For more precise separation of bainite and martensite, IQ threshold values were determined by a correlative TEM analysis. By determining the threshold values, iron BCC phases were successfully separated.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.88-97
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• 2013

Technical investigation to figure out the problems arising during in-situ heating electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis inside scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out. EBSD patterns were successfully acquired up to $830^{\circ}C$ without degradation of EBSD pattern quality in steels. Several technical problems such as image drift and surface microstructure pinning were taking place during in-situ experiments. Image drift problem was successfully prevented in constant current supplying mode. It was revealed that the surface pinning problem was resulted from the $TiO_2$ oxide particle formation during heating inside SEM chamber. Surface pinning phenomenon was fairly reduced by additional platinum and carbon multi-layer coating before in-situ heating experiment, furthermore was perfectly prevented by improvement of vacuum level of SEM chamber via leakage control. Plane view in-situ observation provides better understanding on the overall feature of recrystallization phenomena and cross sectional in-situ observation provides clearer understanding on the recrystallization mechanism.

• 세라미스트
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.54-62
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• 2002

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제52권
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• pp.2.1-2.6
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• 2022

With the lightening of the mobile devices, thinning of electrolytic copper foil, which is mainly used as an anode collection of lithium secondary batteries, is needed. As the copper foil becomes ultrathin, mechanical properties such as deterioration of elongation rate and tear phenomenon are occurring, which is closely related to microstructure. However, there is a problem that it is not easy to prepare and observe specimens in the analysis of the microstructure of ultrathin copper foil. In this study, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) specimens were fabricated using only mechanical polishing to analyze the microstructure of 8 ㎛ thick electrolytic copper foil in plane view. In addition, EBSD maps and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were compared and analyzed to find the optimal cleanup technique for properly correcting errors in EBSD maps.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2014

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is widely used for quantitative microstructural analysis of the crystallographic nature of variety of materials such as metals, minerals, and ceramics. EBSD can provide a wide range of information on materials including grain size, grain orientation, texture, and phase identity. In the case of metallic alloys, EBSD now has become an essential technique to analyze the texture, particularly when severe deformation is applied to the alloys. In addition, EBSD can be one of the very useful tools in identification of twin, particularly in Mg alloys. In Mg alloys different type of twin can occur depending on the c/a ratio and stacking fault energy on the twinning plane. Such an occurrence of different type of twin can be most effectively analyzed using EBSD technique. In this article, the recent development of Mg alloys and occurrence of twin in Mg are reviewed. Then, recently published example for identification of tension and compression twins in AZ31 and ZX31 is introduced to explain how EBSD can be used for identification of twin in Mg.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제50권12호
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• pp.867-871
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• 2012

The microstructure and texture of TiN coatings on a Ni-based super-alloy were characterized by the automated version of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), EBSD techniques were used to investigate the very fine TiN grain shape and crystal orientation. This study confirmed that EBSD techniques provide a very useful tool for characterization of coating materials. The TiN grains had a special texture, a {001}-fiber texture in the coating layer. It was also found that, in severe environments, the coating performance of equiaxial and randomly oriented TiN is superior to that with columnar structures.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.170-176
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• 2015

In this work, various electron microscopy and analysis techniques were used to investigate the microstructural evolution of a 9% Cr tempered martensite ferritic (TMF) steel T91 upon ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification (UNSM) treatment. The micro-dimpled surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The characteristics of plastic deformation and gradient microstructure of the UNSM treated specimens were clearly revealed by crystal orientation mapping of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), with flexible use of the inverse pole figure, image quality, and grain boundary misorientation images. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of the specimens at different depths showed the formation of dislocations, dense dislocation walls, subgrains, and grains in the lower, middle, upper, and top layers of the treated specimens. Refinement of the $M_{23}C_6$ precipitates was also observed, the size and the number density of which were found to decrease as depth from the top surface decreased. The complex microstructure and microstructural evolution of the TMF steel samples upon the UNSM treatment were well-characterized by combined use of EBSD and TEM techniques.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.20-23
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• 2014

Dual phase steels have a microstructure comprising of a polygonal ferrite matrix together with dispersed islands of martensite. There are clear differences between the image quality (IQ) map of the dual phase and the corresponding ferritic/pearlitic structures, both in the as-heat treated and cold rolled conditions. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques were used to study the evolution substructure of steel due to plastic deformation. The martensite-ferrite and ferrite-pearlite interfaces were observed. The interface can be a source of mobile dislocations which the bands seem to originate from the martensite islands. In particular, the use of image quality is highlighted.