• 제목/요약/키워드: background standards

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진단용 엑스선 장치에 있어서 방사선 방어에 대한 일반 요구사항 -IEC 60601-1-3:2008에 근거한 KFDA DRS 1-1-3:2008- (General Requirements Pertaining to Radiation Protection in Diagnostic X-ray Equipment -KFDA DRS 1-1-3 : 2008 base on IEC 60601-1-3:2008-)

  • 강희두;동경래;권대철;최준구;정재호;정재은;류영환
    • 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.69-77
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    • 2009
  • This study gives an account of the collateral standards in IEC 60601-1-3: 2008 specifying the general requirements for basic safety and essential performance of diagnostic X-ray equipment regarding radiation protection as it pertains to the production of X-rays. The collateral standards establish general requirements for safety regarding ionization radiation in diagnostic radiation systems and describe a verifiable evaluation method of suitable requirements regarding control over the lowest possible dose equivalent for patients, radiologic technologists, and others. The particular standards for each equipment can be determined by the general requirements in the collateral standard and the particular standard is followed in the risk management file. The guidelines for radiation safety of diagnostic radiation systems is written up in ISO 13485, ISO 14971, IEC 60601-1-3(2002)1st edition, medical electric equipment part 1-3, and the general requirements for safety-collateral standards: programmable electrical medical systems. Therefore the diagnostic radiation system protects citizens' health rights with the establishment and revisions of laws and standards for diagnostic radiation systems as a background for the general requirements of radiation safe guards applies, as an international trend, standards regarding the medical radiation safety management. The diagnostic radiation system will also assure competitive power through a conforming evaluation unifying the differing standards, technical specifications, and recognized processes.

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전동기와 드라이브의 국제 규격 및 규제에 관한 현황 연구 (A Study on the International Standard and Regulation for Electric Motor and Drives)

  • 우경일;박한석;김대경;최한석;전희득
    • 전기학회논문지
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    • 제63권3호
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    • pp.437-443
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    • 2014
  • Electric motors and drives consume the largest amount of electricity more than 40% of global electricity consumption. In addition, motors, drives and its components are included in the global high-trade products and the main driving source for industrial equipment and house appliances. Thus, International standards and regulations for their safety and efficiency are internationally being discussed and created for the protection of its citizens and energy saving. So, understanding the international standards and the regulation of each country is essential to enhance overseas market and to develop product. In this paper, on the basis of this background, status and trends of international standards and regulations are introduced for safety and efficiency of motors and the drives. Safety and efficiency of the IEC (International Electrotechical Commission) standards are introduced in the emphasis. Also, regulations are studied about the differences and trends in each county.

한옥형 숙박시설의 실태조사 분석 - 전라남도 지역 한옥형 민박을 중심으로 - (An Analytical Survey on Traditional Korean Style Accommodations (Han-ok Style Accommodations) - Focused on Han-ok Style Lodges in Jeollanamdo Province -)

  • 황남이;정훈;강만호;주석중
    • 한국주거학회논문집
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.11-18
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    • 2009
  • Recently the population to enjoy leisure time has increased, due to the advancement of income level and increase of spare time. In the meantime, the growing attention to well-being life has shed light on Han-ok or traditional Korean house. Such a social background as former, the growing number of people prefer staying at Han-ok style accommodation when they are enjoying leisure time. However there has been little substantial study or survey on architectural standards of Han-ok style accommodation because it is a new type of accommodation facility. Therefore this study aims to suggest a set of basic standards on architectural planning for Han-ok style accommodations. For this purpose, it investigated architectural planning on Han-ok style accommodations in Jeollanamdo province through on-site survey and interview to classify them based upon size and scale of the facility, layout of buildings and interior spaces in terms of function, elevation and materials and to find basic standards on architectural planning of Han-ok style accommodations.

Food Ingestion Standards for Nuclear Emergency Exposure Situations

  • Keum, Dong-Kwon;Jeong, Hyojoon;Jun, In;Lim, Kwang-Muk;Choi, Yong-Ho;Hwang, Won-Tae
    • Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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    • 제42권3호
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    • pp.166-175
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    • 2017
  • Background: This study presents food ingestion standards for radioactivity that can be applied in nuclear emergency exposure situations, and discusses the validity of the current domestic standards. Materials and Methods: This study derived food ingestion standards for radiocesium and radioiodine using domestic food intake rates and intervention levels, which serve as a basis for determining the necessity of public protective actions, and then compared them with the existing guidelines. Operational intervention levels were also derived using domestic food intake rates, and were compared with those of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Results and Discussion: The derived activity concentrations for food ingestion standards of radiocesium for infants were higher than those in the Act on Physical Protection and Radiological Emergency (APPRE) for all food categories, while for adults, the derived activity concentrations for drinking water and milk appeared to be slightly lower. The derived activity concentrations for vegetables, fruits, and grains were greater than those in the guidelines of the APPRE, while the derived activity concentrations for meat and seafood were similar to those in the APPRE. The derived activity concentrations for radioiodine were greater than both domestic and global standards. The calculated operational intervention levels (OILs) based on domestic food intake rates were greater than the IAEA's default OIL6 values for most radionuclides, except for a few ${\alpha}$-radionuclides. Conclusion: The current domestic guidelines turned out to be conservative overall, compared to the present results that were calculated using domestic food intake rates. It is recommended that the domestic guidelines should be revised and complemented transparently through an in-depth review by stakeholders on a solid scientific basis.

표준과 기술혁신의 연관성에 관한 소고 (An Essay on the Relationship between Standards and Technological Innovation)

  • 성태경
    • 경영과정보연구
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    • 제29권4호
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    • pp.225-244
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    • 2010
  • 최근 '신표준경제'(New Standards Economy)라는 말이 나올 정도로 지식기반경제에서 (기술)표준은 국가경제 및 산업, 그리고 기업경영에 있어서 핵심요소로 부각되고 있다. 본 연구는 표준 및 표준화의 개념을 검토하고, 표준과 기술혁신의 연관성에 관한 경제이론을 재구성하였다. 즉 표준과 기술혁신의 연관성을 표준의 경제적 기능에 따라서 정리하고, 제품 및 공정의 차원, 기업혁신활동 차원, 그리고 국민경제적 차원에서 각각 살펴보았다. 이를 통하여 도출된 몇 가지 결론 및 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 표준은 그 기능(호환성, 품질확보/안전성, 정보제공, 다양성 감소)에 따라서 기술혁신에 미치는 효과가 상이하게 나타나며, 특히 기술혁신의 장애요인으로 작용할 수 있다. 예를 들어 호환성 표준의 경우 구기술에서 신기술로의 전환을 방해하는 잠김효과(lock-in effect)를 가져오며, 다양성 감소표준은 말 그대로 범위의 경제를 축소시킨다. 둘째, 표준 및 표준화는 제품혁신 및 공정혁신 측면에서도 긍정적인 역할을 수행한다. 셋째, 표준은 R&D활동, 생산 및 제조활동, 시장침투 및 확대, 공급사슬, 기술이전 등 기업혁신활동의 전 단계에 걸쳐 기술혁신을 촉진시키므로 이를 고려한 기업과 산업의 전략, 더 나아가서 정부의 R&D정책이 요구된다. 넷째, 국가혁신시스템(NIS) 관점에서 볼 때 표준은 인프라기술(infra-technology)로서 공공재적 성격을 가지므로 정부는 표준 및 표준화제도에 대한 적정투자 수준을 결정해야 한다. 이와 같은 표준과 기술현신의 연관성에 대한 이론적 논의를 토대로 향후 구체적인 가설설정을 통해 실증적인 검증이 요청된다.

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Electronic Risk Assessment System as an Appropriate Tool for the Prevention of Cancer: a Qualitative Study

  • Amoli, Amir hossein Javan;Maserat, Elham;Safdari, Reza;Zali, Mohammad Reza
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제16권18호
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    • pp.8595-8598
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    • 2016
  • Background: Decision making modalities for screening for many cancer conditions and different stages have become increasingly complex. Computer-based risk assessment systems facilitate scheduling and decision making and support the delivery of cancer screening services. The aim of this article was to survey electronic risk assessment system as an appropriate tool for the prevention of cancer. Materials and Methods: A qualitative design was used involving 21 face-to-face interviews. Interviewing involved asking questions and getting answers from exclusive managers of cancer screening. Of the participants 6 were female and 15 were male, and ages ranged from 32 to 78 years. The study was based on a grounded theory approach and the tool was a semi-structured interview. Results: Researchers studied 5 dimensions, comprising electronic guideline standards of colorectal cancer screening, work flow of clinical and genetic activities, pathways of colorectal cancer screening and functionality of computer based guidelines and barriers. Electronic guideline standards of colorectal cancer screening were described in the s3 categories of content standard, telecommunications and technical standards and nomenclature and classification standards. According to the participations' views, workflow and genetic pathways of colorectal cancer screening were identified. Conclusions: The study demonstrated an effective role of computer-guided consultation for screening management. Electronic based systems facilitate real-time decision making during a clinical interaction. Electronic pathways have been applied for clinical and genetic decision support, workflow management, update recommendation and resource estimates. A suitable technical and clinical infrastructure is an integral part of clinical practice guidline of screening. As a conclusion, it is recommended to consider the necessity of architecture assessment and also integration standards.

원자방출 분광분석을 위한 수평형 유도결합 플라스마의 개발과 납 검출한계 비교 (Development of an Axially Viewed Inductively Coupled Plasma for Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Comparison between the Detection Limits of Lead)

  • 조성일;한명섭;이상화;이종해;우진춘
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제41권6호
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    • pp.292-298
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    • 1997
  • 유도코일을 5회 감고, 외측 석영관 길이를 일반적인 ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma) 토오치에서 보다 50 mm 더 길게 제작한 수평형 ICP 방출원을 제작한 후, ICP 방출분광분석기를 구성하였다. 신호대 잡음비 및 바탕선의 세기를 고주파 출력, 시료 유량, 알곤가스 유량 그리고 차단가스 유량변화에 대하여 측정하고 최적조건을 구했다. 이들 조건에서,수직형 플라스마와 비교하여 분광분석학적으로 비슷한 정도의 특징을 가진 바탕선 스펙트럼을 파장범위 200~500 nm에서 얻었다. 납(II), 220.35 nm의 방출선에서 검출한계가 11 ppb로 산출되었으며, 수직형과 비교하여 약 5배 낮은 값을 보였다.

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The Trends in the U.S. and Korean Science Curriculum Reforms

  • Kwak, Young-Sun;Choe, Seung-Urn
    • 한국지구과학회지
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    • 제23권2호
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    • pp.194-206
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    • 2002
  • This article describes the major themes to change in historical and philosophical perspectives of science education that lead the US and Korean science curriculum reform movements since 1957. Inquiry teaching and criticism of teaching science as inquiry in the late 1950s and the 1960s, Science-Technology-Society (STS) Curricula, and Science Literacy and the 1980s science literacy crisis are discussed. In the US, three major curricular projects as responses to the scientific literacy crisis are exemplary such as the Project 2061 sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Project on Scope, Sequence, and Coordination (SS&C) initiated by the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA), and the National Science Education Standards (NSES) published by the National Research Council. To identify how each set of national content standards differ, we compared specific content standards related to the theory of plate tectonics in Earth and Space science in grades 9-12 over the three national standards: Benchmarks of AAAS, NSES of the NRC, and SS&C of the NSTA. Against this historical background of the US science education reform movements, the curriculum reform movements in Korea is briefly discussed. In general, Korean science curriculum reform movements have reflected and resembled the recommendations of the US reform movements. In addition, it is important to note that throughout the history of curriculum revision in Korea, there have been continuing pendulum swings between a theoretical, discipline-centered curriculum and a liberal, humanistic, and student-centered curriculum, which pays more attention to students in terms of their interest and psychological preparedness. In conclusion, the sixth and seventh national science curriculum revisions reflect rather a student-centered movement by reducing technical and sophisticated topics, taking constructivism learning theory into consideration, and adding more STS related topics.

Influence of Service Characteristics on High Priority Performance Indicators and Standards in the BreastScreen Australia Program

  • Roder, David Murray;Ward, Gail Heather;Farshid, Gelareh;Gill, Peter Grantley
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제15권14호
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    • pp.5901-5908
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    • 2014
  • Background: Data from BreastScreen Australia Screening and Assessment Services (SAS) for 2002-2010 were analysed to determine whether some SAS characteristics were more conducive that others to high screening performance, as indicated by high priority performance indicators and standards. Materials And Methods: Indicators investigated related to: numbers of benign open biopsies, screen-detected invasive cancers, and interval cancers, and wait times between screening and assessment. Multivariate Poisson regression was undertaken using as candidate predictors of performance, SAS size (screening volume), urban or rural location, year of screening, accreditation status, and percentages of clients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, rural and remote areas, and socio-economically disadvantaged areas. Results: Performance standards for benign biopsies and invasive cancer detection were uniformly met irrespective of SAS location and size. The interval cancer standard was also met, except in 2003 when the 95% confidence interval of the rate still incorporated the national standard. Performance indicators improved over time for: benign open biopsy for second or subsequent screening rounds; rates of invasive breast cancer detection for second or subsequent screening rounds; and rates of small cancer detection. No differences were found over time in interval cancer rates. Interval cancer rates did not differ between non-metropolitan and metropolitan SAS, although state-wide SAS had lower rates. The standard for wait time between screening and assessment (being assessed ${\leq}28$ days) was mostly unmet and this applied in particular to SAS with high percentages of culturally and linguistically diverse women in their screening populations. Conclusions: Gains in performance were observed, and all performance standards were met irrespective of SAS characteristics, except wait times to assessment. Additional descriptive data should be collected on SAS characteristics, and their associations with favourable screening performance, as these may be important when deciding on SAS design

초등 및 중학교 수준의 공학교육 내용표준 제안 (Content Standards for K-9 Engineering Education)

  • 박현주;백윤수
    • 공학교육연구
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.87-94
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    • 2014
  • 이 연구는 공학교육 관련 문헌, 교육과정, 교육표준 등의 분석을 통하여 우리나라의 초등 및 중학교 수준의 공학교육을 정의하고, 공학교육 내용의 유형을 분석하고, 공학교육 내용표준을 개발하여 제안하였다. 공학 및 공학교육의 개념을 과학, 기술학, 공학의 어원적, 학문적, 방법적 차이에 따른 분석 및 조사에 근거하여 규정하였다. 공학교육 내용의 유형은 절차적 과정, 분야별 개념 및 지식, 과정과 지식을 융합 유형의 세 가지로 조사되었다. 공학교육 내용표준은 '공학 및 기술과 사회' '제품과 제조' '공학을 통한 문제해결' '공학기술시스템'의 네 개 대범주와 그에 따른 하위 요소로 개발하였다. 공학교육의 개념적 정의, 교육내용의 유형 및 내용표준은 초등 및 중학교 수준에서 공학교육을 제공하고, 비정규 교과로서 정규 교과와 연결하여 교육내용을 재구성하는 준거로 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 예비교사 교육 및 현직 교사의 공학교육 연수를 위한 기초 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.