• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1187-1195
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• 2018

Objective: To compare correlations between pulmonary function test (PFT) results and different reconstruction algorithms and to suggest the optimal reconstruction protocol for computed tomography (CT) quantification of low lung attenuation areas and airways in healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: A total of 259 subjects with normal PFT and chest CT results were included. CT scans were reconstructed using filtered back projection, hybrid-iterative reconstruction, and model-based IR (MIR). For quantitative analysis, the emphysema index (EI) and wall area percentage (WA%) were determined. Subgroup analysis according to smoking history was also performed. Results: The EIs of all the reconstruction algorithms correlated significantly with the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) (all p < 0.001). The EI of MIR showed the strongest correlation with FEV1/FVC (r = -0.437). WA% showed a significant correlation with FEV1 in all the reconstruction algorithms (all p < 0.05) correlated significantly with FEV1/FVC for MIR only (p < 0.001). The WA% of MIR showed the strongest correlations with FEV1 (r = -0.205) and FEV1/FVC (r = -0.250). In subgroup analysis, the EI of MIR had the strongest correlation with PFT in both eversmoker and never-smoker subgroups, although there was no significant difference in the EI between the reconstruction algorithms. WA% of MIR showed a significantly thinner airway thickness than the other algorithms ($49.7{\pm}7.6$ in ever-smokers and $49.5{\pm}7.5$ in never-smokers, all p < 0.001), and also showed the strongest correlation with PFT in both ever-smoker and never-smoker subgroups. Conclusion: CT quantification of low lung attenuation areas and airways by means of MIR showed the strongest correlation with PFT results among the algorithms used, in normal subjects.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.213-221
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• 2019

The Wugang banded iron formation (BIF) is located within the Taihua complex at the southern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). In this study, we analyzed major elements and rare-earth elements in iron ores from the Wugang BIF, to study the type of BIFs and their formation mechanism in combination with previously-published data from the literature. We found that the iron ores from the Wugang BIF display two types of banding textures, which can be described as weak banding or no banding. The samples are composed of coarse-grained magnetite, quartz, pyroxene, and amphibole. Based on our geochemical results, mixing of a hydrothermal fluid with sea water led to the precipitation of the Wugang BIF, and there is evidence of crustal contamination. These results, combined with previous literature data, almost all of the iron ores lack Ce anomalies, though some samples show negative Ce anomalies. Our results indicate that the Wugang BIF was formed in a dominantly reducing environment, although the surfaces were relatively oxidized. Geochemical evidence suggests that the Wugang BIF iron ores were formed in a near-shore continental-shelf environment or in a back-arc basin. The BIF is known as interbedded with migmatite, amphibole gneiss, minor quartz and marble, which indicating lack of volcanic materials input. This study, combined with previous results on geochemical interpretation of related wall rock of Wugang BIF, demonstrated that Wugang BIF belongs to Superior-type BIF.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to consider usefulness of using AEC mode and importance of patient center location in L-spine lateral radiography by comparing dose and image quality according to the change of patient center location with using AEC mode or not. In this study, guide wire is attached to the human body phantom's lumbar spine and the lead ruler is attached to the bottom of the wall detector to find out center location in detector. ESD, mAs, and EI were selected as dose factors, and image quality was compared through SNR. With the lumbar spine located center of the detector, dose factors and image quality were compared according to using AEC mode or not. Afterwards, phantom moved 4 cm and 8 cm back and forth and compared dose factors and image quality. The exposure parameters were 85 kVp, 320 mA, x-ray field size 10×17 inch, and the distance between the center X-ray and the detector was fixed at 100 cm. The center X-ray was perpendicular to the fourth lumbar spine and the only bottom AEC chamber was used. All data were analyzed by independent t-test and ANOVA. As a result of this study, with AEC when the center is matched, ESD was 1.31±0.01 mGy, without AEC was 2.12±0.01 mGy. SNR was shown to be 22.81±1.83, and 23.44±1.87 respectively. When the phantom's center moves 4 cm, 8 cm forward, and 4 cm, 8 cm backward, ESD were 1.09±0.004 mGy, 0.32±0.003 mGy, 1.19±0.017 mGy, 1.11±0.006 mGy respectively, SNR were 18.29±0.60 dB, 11.11±0.22 dB, 18.98±0.80 dB, 17.71±0.82 dB. Using AEC in L-spine lateral radiography reduced ESD by 38%, EI by 35%, and mAs by 38%, without any difference in SNR(p<0.05). When the phantom's center moves 4 cm, 8 cm forward, and 4 cm, 8 cm backward, ESD was decreasing each 16%, 75%, 9%, 15%, EI was decreasing each 14%, 77%, 15%, 20%, mAs was decreasing each 15% 75% 9%, 15%. SNR was decreasing each 19%, 51%, 17%, 22%.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.131-141
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• 2011

This study, as a purpose of base study for landscape redevelopement of Seowon, pointed out problems of planting patterns in each sector and suggested an alternative through analyzing old literature, complete enumeration survey in each sector and taking aerial images. the conclusions drawn from this study are as follows. A Pilam Seowon(historic site no 242) is located in a Pyungya-Sanrok(plain and mountain) district in Jangsung-gun and has Junhak-Humyo(Study room in the front and Shirne in the back) type. 23 taxonomic group of arbor, 6 taxonomic group of shrub and 5 taxonomic group of flowers are planted high-densitily in limited flat surface. It can be classified into being planted by family and being planted through landscape redevelopement in 1980s. Korean traditional trees are planted in this area like Pinus densiflora, Juniperus chinensis L., Thuja orientalis L., Zelkova serrato Makino, Sophora japonica L., Lagerstroemia indica, Prunus mume include Ginkgo biloba which is old big tree and is registered in Jangsung-gun as protected trees. The tea tree in this area was introduced from wild tea plantation in Yonhwa moutain and was planted. From now on, we have to pay consideration a form management of planted trees in the historical area, rearrangement of plant density due to over planting, removal of alien trees like Pinus bungeana and Canna generalisa, prevention a dwarfishness of main area due to over planting in outside facilities, recovery a alienation among each planting area, and planting concept from plants drawings on wall of buildings can be suggested. The implications of this case study is that introduction of over planting can make more problems like losing sense of place. Therefore, we must do a actual state survey on traditional landscape area like Seowon from preservation point of view.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2021

Hoseonmu belongs to the genre of a composite of song, music, and dance. At that time, there was no widely known record of Hoseonmu in Baekje, but it is clear that it was popular enough to be invited to Changan by Emperor Yang of Sui. The musical instruments, songs, and dances were analyzed through the research method of literature and the content of the Hoseonmu version was established. The setting of the stage for the performance of Baekje instrumental music reveals its characteristics through sabangak from Gigaku in the neighboring countries. The stage for Hoseonmu was set up utilizing the creation of the imperial performance stage in the Baekje instrumental music. In particular, Hoseonmu has two types: heavenly and earthly. The heavenly Hoseonmu can be found on the wall of the Cave No. 220 formed in the Chodang (618-707) era. They include Dongbang Pharmacopoeia jingbian and Western Paradise jingbian. Hoseonmu would have chosen to be the fast-paced spinning dance. Motions for Hoseonmu could be set up through them. Meanwhile, Mimaji's instrumental dance is presented. Six dancers appear in two turns of the performance. Four dancers in front row and other two in the back are dressed up as hunters, wearing goblin masks, and holding flowering plum tree branches in their right hands. Through this, the movements and costumes of Hoseonmu are reproduced in more detail. Various sectors of education, theater, dance, and tourism in the Hoseonmu contents of Baekje instrumental music contributed to the Korean Wave.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.28
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• pp.35-50
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• 2022

This study explores the results of the research and conservation treatment conducted on two-peony paintings in the collection of the National Museum of Korea. The Jang-ji(障子) resembles a folding screen, but differs in size, shape, and use. A thick sheet of paper was used to attach the paintings to a wall, and traces of the lattice frame and red pigments, which was mainly used for building structures, remain on the back of the paper. It is confirmed that the paper was used as Jang-ji(障子) attached to adorn the walls or doors of a building and specifically decorated the interior of Seonwonjeon Hall in Gyeongbokgung Palace, which was removed in 1867. The paper also indicates that the mounting was made in the 19^th-century Joseon Dynasty, as the peony painting was finished in a different color from Jang-ji(障子) used for the Seonwonjeon Hall in Changdeokgung Palace. Based on the analysis of pigments and literature research, this study attempts to take a new approach to the colored pigments used in royal peony paintings, and it is believed that the conservation treatment used in this study highlights the necessity of continuous research on wallpaper as reference materials for royal paintings of the Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.441-446
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• 2023

Inferior vena cava (IVC) injuries, while accounting for fewer than 0.5% of blunt abdominal trauma cases, are among the most difficult to manage. Despite advancements in prehospital care, transportation, operative techniques, and perioperative management, the mortality rate for IVC injuries has remained at 20% to 66% for several decades. Furthermore, 30% to 50% of patients with IVC injuries succumb during the prehospital phase. A 65-year-old male patient, who had been struck in the back by a 500-kg excavator shovel at a construction site, was transported to a regional trauma center. Injuries to the right side of the infrarenal IVC and the right external iliac vein (EIV) were suspected, along with fractures to the right iliac bone and sacrum. The injury to the right side of the infrarenal IVC wall was repaired, and the right internal iliac artery was ligated. However, persistent bleeding around the right EIV was observed, and we were unable to achieve proximal and distal control of the right EIV. Attempts at prolonged manual compression were unsuccessful. To decrease venous return, we ligated the right superficial femoral vein. This reduced the amount of bleeding, enabling us to secure the surgical field. We ultimately controlled the bleeding, and approximately 5 L of blood products were infused intraoperatively. A second-look operation was performed 2 days later, by which time most of the bleeding sites had ceased. Orthopedic surgeons then took over the operation, performing closed reduction and external fixation. Five days later, the patient underwent definitive fixation and was transferred for rehabilitation on postoperative day 22.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.113-132
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• 1999

Recently in Korea, application of the soil nailing is gradually extended to the sites of excavations and slopes having various ground conditions and field characteristics. Design of the soil nailing is generally carried out in two steps, The First step is to examine the minimum safety factor against a sliding of the reinforced nailed-soil mass based on the limit equilibrium approach, and the second step is to check the maximum displacement expected to occur at facing using the numerical analysis technique. However, design parameters related to the soil nailing system are so various that a reliable design method considering interrelationships between these design parameters is continuously necessary. Additionally, taking into account the anisotropic characteristics of in-situ grounds, disturbances in collecting the soil samples and errors in measurements, a systematic analysis of the field measurement data as well as a rational technique of the optimum design is required to improve with respect to economical efficiency. As a part of these purposes, in the present study, a procedure for the optimum design of a soil nailing excavation wall system is proposed. Focusing on a minimization of the expenses in construction, the optimum design procedure is formulated based on the genetic algorithm. Neural network theory is further adopted in predicting the maximum horizontal displacement at a shotcrete facing. Using the proposed procedure, various effects of relevant design parameters are also analyzed. Finally, an optimized design section is compared with the existing design section at the excavation site being constructed, in order to verify a validity of the proposed procedure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.35
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• pp.45-66
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• 1997

This thesis is a study on the kaftan styles iin Asia. The purpose of he study was to examine the origin o the kaftan concentrating on the history and cultural backgrounds of nomads in he Western Central and North Eastern Asia. Secondly for more thorough study and expla-nation on how these kaftans contributed to East-West trade along the silk road. wall paintings and miniature illuminations along Oasis roads persia and Saracen period were compared, Also real kaftans were compared and analyzed the characteristics of Western (Turkey palestine) Central(Kazakistan Uz-bekistan Tadzhistan Qyrgyztan Turkmenistan) and the North Eastern Asian(Mongol) area. Thirdly an attempt has been made to provide the North Eastern Asian(Mongol) area. Thirdly an attempt has been made to provide the style classifications according to their peculiarities of the various kaftans as well as how kaftan gave important influences on custumes of different religious sects. The kaftan is a long coat-like garment with front openings fastened with long sash having an extra long sleeves which were worn by middle and high class nomadics throughout the West Central and North Eastern Asia This type of kaftans were a basic clothing for nomadics since they were constantly moving fromone to another areas on their horse back riding. They also wore tight trousers with boots. Kaftans seem to be originated from nomads of Steppe around B.C. 800 On B. C 400 west asian areas such as Solokha Kul-oba Kulogan had pictures sculptues on vases showing kaftans of half coat type length with front opening tied with band. Also the materials used were the products of animals such as wool or felt with animal designs showing Scythian nomads. In the North Eastern Asia Hsiung-Nu were active in Kazakha North Altai and Mongol The Clothing and fabrics exfavated near Noin-ula Pazyrik showed many samples of kaftan with trousers with other interment be-longings with a corpse around B.C 300 to A. D 100 when trades along the silk roads were proven by many historians Kaftans excavated in this area wore red front opening silk materials which suggesting settling down of nomads. in he central Asia Dol-gull near Altai mountain area were mainly miners who later had many trades with Persia and Bizantine. After Dol-gull Bezeklik temple Samarkant Kizil cow Budda sculture wall paintings of Astana tomb showed typical kaftan of this re-gion. These were both hip covered length as well as long coat with narrow sleeves. Es-pecially they had different color band fron the main kaftan with grogeously and splendously designed silk. In perusia during A. D 1400 to 1600 minia-ture illumination showed kaftan as a high class symbol more than clothing purpose. They had best quality silk with extra long sleeves draping and had a layers of kaftans one on top of anther as a symbol of wealth These Kaftans with different colors and designs were even more beautiful with their effective combinations and contrast of colors. On the other hand the lower class common people and servants wore simple kaftan with the front part of the kaftan were slipped into the belt in order to be more active and con-venient to work, The real kaftans discovered at Topkapi Saray palace of Turkey from A. D 1300 to 1900 were also compared. These kaftans were very numerous in numbers as well as designs The materials and designs used were also vari-ous such as Chinese to Italian silk. The shaped and pattern itself were not much different from the previous nomad's Kaftans. The Palestian kaftans remained were from the beginning of 19th and 20th century. Since this area is hot and dry desert they used black and navy blue colors mostly in order to exclude the sun lights. The patterns used were similar to Nomads and Bedouin with cross stiches and patch work decorations. In the central Asia they had similar life style and natural environmental cnditions with Turkish tribe which resulted in similar kaftan styles as nomads. Mongols conserved basic patterns of kaftan since Cinggis Khan with deep folding in order to keep warm. At last the kaftans studided in this thesis were classified in to four such as half coat long coat jacket and vest style. A pattern used in the Central Asia were zigzag and ani-mal design whereas in the West Asia were floral plant arabesk and circle pattern. As I discussed previously kaftan styles of nomads in the Asia maintained its basic pat-tern throughout the history except slight changes in color gusset sleeve shapes. These slight changes were made according to the need to adapt the need of environmental natu-ral conditions, The reason for aboriginality of kaftan in Asia was its simplicity and con-venience Most interesting fact is that for all these years Mongols are still wearing kaftan in their life ensuring us that they art the preserves of old kaftan. Since this thesis dealt enormous Asian regions I had a limitation of not being able to cover the Far Esatern asian areas such as Korea China and Japan how these kaftans were influenced in their clothing history as well as Eastern and Western culture. This topic along with the studies on materials and designs of patterns of kaftan will be another research project in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2013

Purpose: In Asan Medical Center, Two parallel opposite beams are employed for total body irradiation. Patients are required to be in supine position where two arms are attached to mid axillary line. Normally, physical compensators are required to compensate the large dose difference for different parts of body due to the different thicknesses compared to the umbilicus separation. There was the maximum dose difference up to 30% in lung and chest wall compared to the prescription dose. In order to resolve the dose discrepancy occurring on different body regions, the feasibility of using Fieid-in-Field Technique is investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: CT scan was performed to The RANDO Phantom with fabricated two arms and sent to Eclipse treatment planning system (version 10.0, Varian, USA). Conventional plan with physical lead compensator and new plan using Field-in-Field Technique were established on TPS. AAA (Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm) dose calculation algorithm was employed for two parallel opposite beams attenuation. Results: The dose difference between two methods was compared with the prescription dose. The dose distribution of chest and anterior chest wall uncovered by patient arms was 114~124% for physical lead compensator while Field-in-Field Technique gave 106~107% of the dose distribution. In-vivo dosimetry result using TLD showed that the dose distribution to the same region was 110~117% for conventional physical compensator and 104~107% for Field-in-Field Technique. Conclusion: In this study, the feasibility of using FIF technique has been investigated with fabricated arms attached Rando phantom. The dose difference was up to 17% due to the attached arms. It is shown that the dose homogeneity is within ${\pm}10%$ with the CT based 3-dimensional 4 step FIF technique. The in-vivo dosimetry result using TLD was showed that 95~107% dose distribution compared to prescription dose. It is considered that CT based 3-dimensional Field-in-Field Technique for the total body irradiation gives much homogeneous dose distribution for different body parts than the conventional physical compensator method and might be useful to evaluate the dose on each part of patient body.