• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.41-47
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• 2009

Background: Discogenic pain can develop into chronic low back pain that is very difficult to treat effectively, because the pathogenesis of the disease still remains controversial. To clarify the pathogenesis, numerous animal models of intervertebral disc degeneration have been proposed in the literature, each with attendant advantages and disadvantages. The aim of this study was to determine the most efficacious method and dose of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection into intervertebral disc to develop a discogenic pain in a rat. Methods: CFA was injected into the L5-L6 or L4-L5 disc of male Sprague-Dawley rats in various conditions including a dose of CFA (10, 20, or 50 uL), drilling, injection site sealing using cyanoacrylate, and injection velocity. Sham animals were subjected to the same procedure, except for the CFA injection. Mechanical and heat allodynia were serially measured at both hindpaws until 8 weeks post-operatively. Serial MRI analyses were performed to observe degenerative changes of the discs. In addition, CGRP & Substance P-immunoreactivities (ir) in the superficial dorsal horn were evaluated at 4 weeks using immunohistochemistry. Results: Each condition provoked various problems such as development of hindpaw paralysis, CFA leakage, and no pain development. Mid-sagittal T2 MRI revealed no significant degenerative changes in the CFA injected disc. The CGRP-ir of the bilateral superficial dorsal horns at the level of L5-L6 was significantly increased in the CFA group. Conclusions: A total of 10 uL CFA injection into L5-L6 disc for a period of 10 minutes using a 26-gauge needle without drilling was the most efficacious way to develop discogenic pain animal model.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.73-87
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• 2003

This study was performed on 17 female dental hygienists to find an appropriate method to reduce the hygienists' body discomfort while scaling, and provide a foundation to educate them how 10 posture during the process. To assess the arm abduction, elbow flexion, neck flexion, trunk flexion and trunk lateral bending through Video 2D(two dimensional motion) analysis and assessing the risk through the Action level of RULA(rapid upper limb assessment) checklist, an ergonomic analysis method. Correlation analyses on the posture angles and on body discomfort were performed. ANOVA analysis on scaling treatment position and the scaling treatment region of patients was also performed. The results are as following. 1. 20 analysis while scaling, arm abduction was $40{\sim}79.9^{\circ}$, elbow flexion $20{\sim}110^{\circ}$, neck flexion $50{\sim}100^{\circ}$, trunk flexion $60{\sim}80^{\circ}$, and trunk lateral bending $5{\sim}19.9^{\circ}$. 2. The Action level of RULA was 2. 3 resulted from scores 4 and 5 of group A which includes upper arm, lower ann, wrist, and scores 2 and 4 of group B which includes neck, trunk, legs. It means that the scaling treatment posture causes a high incidence rate of musculoskeletal that an additional investigation and improvement should be followed without hesitation. 3. There were significant differences among the maxilla right, maxilla anterior, maxilla left, mandible left, mandible anterior, and mandible right of a patient of the right and left upper arm, lower arm, neck, trunk, group A, group B, final RULA score while scaling treatment. 4. There were significant differences among the time position of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 of the right and left upper arm, lower arm, neck, trunk, group A, group B, final RULA score while scaling treatment, 5. As for the body discomfort, neck, right shoulder, left shoulder, right back, right wrist etc. were listed on top. As a conclusion, performing the time position of 12 which shows low right and left final RULA scores is better than the time position of 8 and 10 which show high final RULA scores to reduce the body discomfort while scaling treatment.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2006

This study examined the possibility of using dark-striped field mice as a biological indicator for the environmental radio-surveillance. For this study, dark-striped field mice were caught from five areas of Kyonggi, Kyongsang, Chungchong and Cholla provinces. The external morphological characteristics and isoenzymic types of dark-striped field mice were studied after they were captured. Among the external morphological characteristics, the dark-brown coat, dark back stripe, head-to-tail length, tail length, and ear length matched the taxonomical characteristics of dark-striped field mice. The analyses on L-lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and malate dehydrogenese revealed that one species of dark-striped field mice, called Apodemus agrarius, was inhabitated throughout a wide range of Korea. On the other hand, the frequency of micronuclei in peripheral polychromatic erythrocytes to survived mice after irradiation also analyzed. The LD50/30 of A. cgrarius and ICR mice were approximately 5 Gy and 7.9Gy, respectively. The results of the study reveal that wild A. asrarius have a high potential as a biological monitoring system to determine the impact of radiation in areas such as those within the vicinity of nuclear power plants.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.550-561
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• 2009

This study is to investigate the air pollution characteristics of an industrialized midsize west-coastal city by comparing air quality to a neighboring inland city. The hourly averaged data of $O_3$, $SO_2$, $NO_2$, CO, and $PM_{10}$ measured from continuous air quality monitoring sites in Gunsan (coastal) and Jeonju (inland) were analyzed. The data set covers the period from 2004 to 2006. The annual average concentrations of the air pollutants in two cities were compared in their abundances and temporal trends as well. $O_3$ and $SO_2$ in Gunsan were relatively higher than those in Jeonju, while vice versa in case of $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$. It seems that heavy automobile emissions from Jeonju mainly bring on higher $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ than those in Gunsan on annual base. $NO_2$ concentrations in both cities showed bimodal diurnal variations with peaks in the morning and in the late evening. These peaks correspond to the coupled effects of rush hour traffic and meteorological conditions (i.e., variation of mixing height and dispersion conditions). Maximum hourly averages of $NO_2$ ranged from 18 ppb to 28 ppb at Jeonju, and from 12 ppb to 20 ppb at Gunsan. $O_3$ showed typical diurnal variation with a maximum in the afternoon between 14:00 and 16:00 LST. Diurnal variations of CO and $PM_{10}$ were similar to $NO_2$ while $SO_2$ was similar to $O_3$. Seasonal variations of $PM_{10}$ in both cities indicated that their concentrations during spring season were significantly high. Asian dust storms occur frequently during spring and seem to affect increase in $PM_{10}$. High $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ days were selected from both cities. The analyses based on the HYSPLIT trajectory model during the high $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ showed these episodes (six cases) were mostly coincident with Asian dust storm originated from northern China and Mongolia. However, these high air pollution episodes in the west coastal cities may not only be caused by the Asian dust but also affected by other air pollutants transported from China accompanying the Asian dust.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.612-620
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• 2019

A woolen tapestry curtain, owned by the Seoul Museum of Craft Art, is composed of tabby by cotton-warp and wool-weft threads and its patterned part is shown as a tapestry; paint with pigment has been added to it. The chromaticity of this curtain was measured and the substances in the deep red color were confirmed as Hg by an analysis of the ingredients through X-ray fluorescence. This is presumed to be cinnabar or vermilion. Analyses were performed on a total of seven fabric samples, including the warp & weft of the fabric, its trimming, and its back fabric. As a result, the warp of the woolen tapestry curtain was determined to be a cotton fiber with a middle hole or lumen in the cross-section. Furthermore, an infrared peak likewise showed O-H and C-O binding. Wool fibers as wefts were identified with circular and oval cross-sections and IR peaks showed N-H/O-H stretching and amide(-CONH-). The animal hair samples used in the wool fiber are believed to have come from long-tailed goral or goats and the possibility of using easy-to-spin sapsal dog hair is also not to be overlooked. This was determined through a contrast analysis by the Cultural Heritage Administration to identify the animal species used in the tapestry.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.189-200
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• 2014

The tropical wet evergreen, tropical semi evergreen and moist deciduous forest types are projected to be impacted by climate change. In the Western Ghats region, a biodiversity hotspot, evergreen forests including semi evergreen account for 30% of the forest area and according to climate change impact model projections, nearly a third of these forest types are likely to undergo vegetation type change. Similarly, tropical moist deciduous forests which account for about 28% of the forest area are likely to experience change in about 20% of the area. Thus climate change could adversely impact forest biodiversity and product flow to the forest dependent households and communities in Uttara Kannada district of the Western Ghats. This study analyses the distribution of non-timber forest product yielding tree species through a network of twelve 1-ha permanent plots established in the district. Further, the extent of dependence of communities on forests is ascertained through questionnaire surveys. On an average 21% and 28% of the tree species in evergreen and deciduous forest types, respectively are, non-timber forest product yielding tree species, indicating potential high levels of supply of products to communities. Community dependence on non-timber forest products is significant, and it contributes to Rs. 1199 and Rs. 3561/household in the evergreen and deciduous zones, respectively. Given that the bulk of the forest grids in Uttara Kannada district are projected to undergo change, bulk of the species which provide multiple forest products are projected to experience die back and even mortality. Incorporation of climate change projections and impacts in forest planning and management is necessary to enable forest ecosystems to enhance resilience.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.56-66
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• 2009

As the amount of information is rapidly growing, and the ubiquitous urban environments are emerging, the question which information type to provide and which communication media to support is a major challenge for commercial and public travel-information service providers. The current research reports the first findings of analyses of recent data, collected in metropolitan Seoul, about the acquisition of travel information and the communication media used. The study is based on the assumption that information acquisition and choice of communication medium is strongly context-driven. The study applies CHAID analysis to find homogeneous segments in information acquisition and use of communication media. Findings indicate that transport mode and activity are important determinant of information acquisition and choice of media. The type of travel information acquired co-varies strongly with transport mode and activity. In addition, we found evidence of time of day effects. Similarly, the choice of communication medium depends on the type of travel information searched for, transport mode and activity. The results suggest important implications of managerial and policy measures, in particular the dynamic, contextual market segmentation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.240-245
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• 2009

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to determine the carotenoid composition of carrots during storage and cooking. Analyses were conducted immediately after harvest and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after harvest. During the course of the storage, the carotenoid levels generally decreased, and this decrease was found to be greater during the first week for $\beta$-carotene (all-trans-$\beta$-carotene) and lutein, and during the second week for $\alpha$-carotene. Additionally, the amount of the $\alpha-$ and $\beta$-carotenes in carrot leaves changed slightly within the first 2 weeks of harvest when stored at $4^{\circ}C$. Specifically, the level of lutein, the main component of carrot leaves, increased from 233.8$\pm$11.7 to $346.2\pm26.7{\mu}g$/g DW during the first 2 weeks. In addition, the change in carotenoid contents was observed during the home-processing of one Korean cultivar. Carrots fried in oil showed the highest amount of $\beta$-carotene ($164.3\pm6.6{\mu}g$/g DW) and $\alpha$-carotene ($50.1\pm0.4{\mu}g$/g DW), while carrots that were prepared by sauteing, pressure-cooking in water and microwaving had the second highest levels. The greatest loss of in carotenoids occurred in response to boiling in water containing 1% NaCl, braising and baking. The content of lutein increased slightly after boiling in water containing 1% NaCl ($9.3\pm0.4{\mu}g$/g DW), while a loss in lutein occurred after preparation using other home-processing methods. A cis-isomer of all-trans-$\beta$-carotene, 13-cis-$\beta$-carotene, was present in detectable amounts in all processed samples, but not in raw roots. Another isomer, 9-cis-$\beta$-carotene, was detected in carrots that were prepared by boiling, frying and pressure-cooking.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.343-351
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects in the muscle function following 8-week dead-lift training with Whole-body Vibration(WBV) in rehabilitation for sports players. Method : Twenty young sports players. Each subjects were randomly assigned to a resistance training with Whole-body vibration group(TG, n=10), a resistance training without Whole-body vibration group(CG, N=10). The measurements which physical fitness test and joint torque test were performed before the randomization and after the 4-week and 8-week. The WBV group performed the dynamic Dead-lift exercise on a vibration platform during one minute. The CG group performed the equal training without vibration. The WBV and CON group repeated 5 set and trained two times weekly for 8-weeks. Paired t-test was used to test for differences between the groups at baseline and after 4-weeks and 8-Weeks. And independent t-test was used to test for differences between the groups at TG and CG. All analyses were executed using SPSS software 18.0. The level of significance was set at p<.050. Results : Following the 8-Weeks training sessions, an increase in the back-muscle strength was found to be greater for the TG compared with the CG group(p<.05). Muscle endurance was significantly decreased after training than before training only for the CG(p<.05). Isometric Hip/Lumber Extension/Flextion measurement was found to be significantly greater for the TG compared with the CG group(p<.05). The finding indicates that WBV effects as an efficient training stimulus to enhance muscle function by facilitating neural control trail. Following muscle activation in motor unit synchronization of the co-contraction of the muscles. Conclusion : The results imply that the WBV training may have enhanced muscle function in rehabilitation for sports players.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.119-132
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• 2014

In this paper, a series of numerical analyses were performed to evaluate the flexural resistance of steel plate girder with longitudinally stiffened and slender web. The SM490 steel was adopted for the study and the flexural resistances evaluated from the numerical analysis were compared with those suggested by the AASHTO LRFD and the Eurocode 3 codes, respectively. It was found that the AASHTO LRFD code could considerably underestimate the flexural resistance as the web slenderness becomes smaller. This comes from the fact that current AASHTO LRFD code does not consider a possible increase of slenderness limits for compact and noncompct web, and also an additional effect of web restraint on the rotation of compression flange in longitudinally stiffened web. Therefore, the slenderness limits of web and flange have been newly proposed for the plate girders with longitudinally stiffened web and it is analytically verified that the flexural resistance can be appropriately estimated by applying the proposed slenderness limits to the AASHTO LRFD code.