• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5D
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• pp.735-740
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• 2008

The Design manual for adjusting the capacity and LOS of facilities has been shared in urban railways and high-speed railway stations. However, the pattern of urban railways users and those of high-speed railway users are different from each other. For an example, the high-speed railway users tend to carry voluminous luggages and the transportation disadvantaged such as children and the elderlies. Accordingly, we see that the scale of facilities and the station itself should be constructed differently. The transfer facilities in the high-speed railway stations are classified widely into walking assisting facilities and convenient facilities. We invented the concept of PME (Pedestrian Moving Equivalent) and PWE (Pedestrian Waiting Equivalent)for the spatial calculation of those who are with wheeled luggages, back packs, and children to reflect the uniqueness of users in high-speed railway stations. These equivalents have been applied to the design of the facilities to asses the new Capacity and LOS that are users' favored.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.349-358
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• 2023

Real-Time Hybrid Testing (RTHT) requires the numerical substructure calculations to be completed within the defined integration time interval due to its real-time loading demands. For solving the problem, A Real-Time Hybrid Testing based on Restart-Loading Technology (RTHT-RLT) is proposed in this paper. In the proposed method, in case of the numerical substructure calculations cannot be completed within the defined integration time interval, the experimental substructure was returned back to the initial state statically. When the newest loading commands were calculated by the numerical substructure, the experimental substructure was restarted loading from the initial state to the newest loading commands so as to precisely disclosing the dynamic performance of the experimental substructure. Firstly, the methodology of the RTHT-RLT is proposed. Furthermore, the numerical simulations and experimental tests on one frame structure with a viscous damper are conducted for evaluating the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed RTHT-RLT. It is shown that the proposed RTHT-RLT innovatively renders the nonreal-time refined calculation of the numerical substructure feasible for the RTHT. The numerical and experimental results show that the proposed RTHT-RLT exhibits excellent performance in terms of stability and accuracy. The proposed RTHT-RLT may have broad application prospects for precisely investigating the dynamic behavior of large and complex engineering structures with specific experimental substructure where a restarting procedure does not affect the relevant hysteretic response.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2024

Owing to the high strength and abrasive characteristics of cobble-boulders, cutters are easily worn and damaged during shield tunneling, making construction inefficient. In the present work, the stress on the ripper and scraper on the cutterhead was analyzed by the PFC3D-FLAC3D coupling model of shield tunneling to get insight into the performance of the cutterhead for cutting underground cobble and boulders. The numerical calculation results revealed that the increase in trajectory radius leads to a rising stress on the cutters, and the stress on the front cutting surface is greater than that on the back of the cutters. Moreover, the correlation between cutter wear and stress is revealed based on field measurement data. The distribution of the cutter stress is consistent with the cutter wear and breakage characteristics in actual construction, in which more extensive cutter stress is exhibited, extreme cutter wear appears, and more cutter breakage occurs. Finally, the relationship between the cutterhead opening area's layout and cutter wear distribution was investigated, indicating that the cutter wear extent is the most severe in the region where the radial opening ratio dropped sharply.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2010

Purpose: We try to calculate EDW-factor easily with the formula applies essential data of EDW-factor and evaluate the validity through a measurement. Materials and Methods: We used the given value of GSTT (Golden Segmented Treatment Table) for the calculation of the EDW-factor. As to the experimental device, 0.6 cc farmer-type ion-chamber, an electrometer and water- phantom were used. A measurement was made at the maximum dose depth of the photon beam energy 6 MV and 15 MV under the condition that SSD (Source to Surface Distance) was 100 cm. The angle of the EDW (Enhanced Dynamic Wedge) which we use in an experiment was 60 degree, 30 degree, 20 degree in the Y1-OUT direction. We used Eclipse planning system (Varian, USA) as RTP system and the EDW-factor was calculated about all fields and EDW direction. In order to show the EDW-factor feature, a measurement was made at the selected field that verify the influence of the dependability about X, Y jaw and off-axis field. Results: When we change the Y1 field, it influence on the EDW-Factor and measured value. But the error between measured values and calculated values was less than 1%. The experimental result indicated the tendency that the error of the result of calculation and measured value becomes smaller as the EDW angle become smaller whether the calculation point (measurement point) and iso-center are same or not. The influence of the field size and energy did not show up. We simulated with the same condition using the RTP system. And we found that it makes no difference between the MU which is calculated manually by applying the EDW-Factor obtained from the commercial program and the value which is calculated by using RTP system. Conclusion: We excluded fitting value from well-known EDW-Factor formula and calculated EDW-factor with the formula applies essential data of EDW-factor only. As a result, there are no significant difference between the measured value and calculated value and it showed errors less than 1%. Also, we implemented the commercial program to calculate EDW-Factor conveniently without measure a factor on each field.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2022

In this paper, a method to directly calculate the major elements of skin color such as melanin and hemoglobin from the RGB signal of the camera is proposed. The main elements of skin color typically measure spectral reflectance using specific equipment, and reconfigure the values at some wavelengths of the measured light. The values calculated by this method include such things as melanin index and erythema index, and require special equipment such as a spectral reflectance measuring device or a multi-spectral camera. It is difficult to find a direct calculation method for such component elements from a general digital camera, and a method of indirectly calculating the concentration of melanin and hemoglobin using independent component analysis has been proposed. This method targets a region of a certain RGB image, extracts characteristic vectors of melanin and hemoglobin, and calculates the concentration in a manner similar to that of Principal Component Analysis. The disadvantage of this method is that it is difficult to directly calculate the pixel unit because a group of pixels in a certain area is used as an input, and since the extracted feature vector is implemented by an optimization method, it tends to be calculated with a different value each time it is executed. The final calculation is determined in the form of an image representing the components of melanin and hemoglobin by converting it back to the RGB coordinate system without using the feature vector itself. In order to improve the disadvantages of this method, the proposed method is to calculate the component values of melanin and hemoglobin in a feature space rather than an RGB coordinate system using a feature vector, and calculate the spectral reflectance corresponding to the skin color using a general digital camera. Methods and methods of calculating detailed components constituting skin pigments such as melanin, oxidized hemoglobin, deoxidized hemoglobin, and carotenoid using spectral reflectance. The proposed method does not require special equipment such as a spectral reflectance measuring device or a multi-spectral camera, and unlike the existing method, direct calculation of the pixel unit is possible, and the same characteristics can be obtained even in repeated execution. The standard diviation of density for melanin and hemoglobin of proposed method was 15% compared to conventional and therefore gives 6 times stable.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.24
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• pp.53-66
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• 2010

This study aims to analyze kinematic variables regarding lateral break-fall quantitatively that can protect the body, prevent the injury and minimize the impact. To this end, three Hapkido, judo athletes of H University with experience of over 5 years were selected. Test was conducted through three dimensional image analysis by checking the time and order the subjects reach a mat. In this study, lateral break-fall was repeated five times and among them, the best movement was selected. The picture shot with high-speed camera was analyzed by using KWON3D ver. 3.1 program through three dimensional coordinate calculation based on DLT method and smoothing process of data. Study results were as follows. 1. With respect to time variables shown in lateral break-fall of A, B, C athletes, there is small difference in temporal variables and in the order the body reaches a mat. With respect to average value, hand is ($0.94{\pm}0.20$), elbow ($0.97{\pm}0.17$), hip ($0.97{\pm}0.18$), back ($0.98{\pm}0.18$), and shoulder ($1.04{\pm}0.16$). Time variable the body reaches a mat in lateral break-fall is in hand, elbow, hip, back and shoulder. 2. With respect to moving distance variables shown in lateral break-fall of A, B, C athletes, hand is ($34.33{\pm}34.59$), elbow ($52.00{\pm}26.06$), hip ($70.00{\pm}15.72$), back ($153.67{\pm}17.93$), and should ($130.67{\pm}29.02$). The fact that this study contributed to improving security martial arts technique and protecting the body by understanding the principle of lateral break-fall movement is of significance. In addition, the fact that this study provided systematic basic data for improving security martial arts technique is significant.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.64-73
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• 2020

This paper presented a methodology for calculating daily load curves per city by taking into account the charging/discharging location of electric vehicle. In other words, this is the daily load curve calculation algorithm by city, which takes into account the charging/discharging location of electric vehicles, so that the impact of loads generated by charging/discharging of electric vehicles on the power grid can be easily understood in certain cities. Specifically, in accordance with the PEVs share scenario, the PEVs discharge power was calculated to reflect both the characteristics of the arriving vehicle in the morning and the SMP plan after establishing a assumption that the electric vehicle arrived at work in the morning and the electric vehicle arrived at home in the afternoon for each of the charging/discharging locations, that is, work and home, of electric vehicles in the city. After calculating the daily load curve for each charging/discharging power type for the PEVs charging strategy, which takes into account both the characteristics of the vehicle arriving at home in the afternoon and the TOU fare system, it was analyzed by comparing the impact assessment on the grid by adding the existing load.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.2203-2208
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• 2011

This study was to examine the change of vowel acoustic characteristics of the temporomandibular joint disorder patients by maintaining normal vocalization pattern of the temporomandibular joint through increasing the range of motion, that was, the oral cavity sonorant cavity of the temporomandibular joint, related to vowel articulation through temporomandibular training using the physical therapy. The subjects of this study were 3 male adults in 20-30s that were diagnosed with temporomandibular joint disorder. As a result of conducting temporomandibular training program using the physical therapy, the $1^{st}$ Formant Frequency(F1), $2^{nd}$ Formant Frequency(F2), and Fundamental Frequency(F0) of the temporomandibular joint disorder patients were increased compared to before and this showed the change of the $1^{st}$ Formant Frequency(F1) related to the open mouth grade of a vowel, as well as the $2^{nd}$ Formant Frequency(F2), and Fundamental Frequency(F0) related to the front-back of a vowel which shows the relationship between the temporomandibular joint, vowels and voice calculation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 1970

Human body volumes were calculated from the measurments of body height and body weight. Equations Suited to express the relations of height, weight, and surface area to show the body volume were derived from the body volume measurements by means of underwater. weighing method. Underwater body weights were corrected for the residual volume of long obtained by the Rahn's three breath method. Underwater weighing was performed on 173 male subjects aged between 13 and 51 years. Subjects were divided into 4 age groups, namely, 13-16 years group of 47 subjects, 16-19 years group of 46 subjects, adult group aged between 22 and 38 years comprising 45 subjects, and middle-aged group (40-51 years) of 35 subjects. The group division was made on .the basis of physical growth and development. The following results were obtained. 1. Body height (H, cm), body weight (W, kg), body surface area $S,\; m^{2})$, and body volume (V, liter.) interrelated closely. V/S showed a high correlation with W/H and the coefficient of correlation was r=0.97 irrespective of age group differences of the subjects. The coefficients of correlation between V/S and W/H in the total mate subjects as a single group was r=1.983. Subsequently the following regression equation was obtained. V = S X (54.84 W/H + 14.08) The agreement of body volume values obtained by the calculation and underwater weighing in the total subject group was better than that of the separate age group division. 2. The calculated values of body volume were: 40.4 l (euiqvalent to the body density value of 1.0562 kg/1) in 13-16 years group; 52.0 l (equivalent to density value of 1.0723 kg/l) in 16-19 years group; 55.3 l (equivalent to density value of 1.0570 kg/l) In the adult group; and 54. 0 l (equivalent to density value of 1.074 kg/l) in the middle-age group. The mean deviation of calculated from the measured volume value ranged between ${\pm}0.55$ and ${\pm}0.81$ liters. 3. The correlation between V/S and mean skinfold thickness of 4 sites (arm, back, iliac and chest) was high, namely, the coefficient of correlation was r=0.656. The coefficients of correlation between V./S and the $R\"{o}hrer$ index ranged between r=0.668 and r=0.810 affected by the difference in group age of the subject. The body volume (V) alone correlated poorly than V/S with mean skinfold thickness (r=0.606) and the $R\"{o}hrer$ index (r ranged between 0.274 and 0.588).

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.152-158
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• 2009

Total Skin Electron Beam Therapy (TSEBT) of linear accelerator has become use so as to be useful, 2~9 MeV of energy territories came to be used with mycosis fungoides and cutaneous lymphomas in the superficial lesion treatment which covers the major portion of the body. I treat a patient to Stanford technique in this study, and it is $60^{\circ}$ around the patients whom Stanford technique irradiated electronic beam to a linear accelerator in horizontal directions and there is a way a standard of TSEBT treat it to six located field (anterior, posterior, and four obliques) becoming. An each field does horizontally it and consist to beam of the two component which fitted the center to a suitable angle. a patient treats it to three dual field a day in order to make short treatment time. when a first day, we treat one dual field at anterior position and two dual field at posterior position. when the second day, treat one dual field at posterior position and two dual field at anterior position. Therefore, six dual field is finished in perfect periodic two days. we made cylindrical acrylic phantom, and I inserted a dosimeter film between phantom. in order to measure a dose distribution calculation before treat a patient, and a patient checked it in six field directions that got from a treatment. It is after that thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) as it uses Rando phantom and then measurement dose distribution in six field directions after attaching at chest, the right and left flank, a back after irradiation.