• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.84-102
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• 1998

In this study the levels and influencing characteristics of maternal identity and self confidence for caring the baby were identified during the immediate postpartum period. 114 primiparous women who delivered vaginally normal baby participated in the survey from August 1 to October 31, 1996. SD scale was to measure maternal identity which consisted of 11 items for mother and 6 items for baby. Likert scale was to measure self confidence for caring the baby (38 items). Cronbach's alphas for evaluating internal consistency as follows : .86 for maternal identity and .96 for self confidence scale for caring the baby. The study showed these results : 1. Mean score of maternal identity(82.03 : 52.65 for mother, 29.38 for baby) was considered relatively low. 2. Mean score of self confidence for caring the baby(113.91) was considered relatively low. 3. There were significant influencing characteristics of primiparous to maternal identity : age(total ; F=3.53, p=.0329, for mother ; F=2.60, p=.0719, for baby ; F=3.12, p=.0481), prenatal infant care preparation(total ; t=2.31, p=.0306, for mother ; F=2.62, p=.0160), knowledge about infant care during the hospitalization(for baby ; F=3.94, p=.02222), colostrum feeding(total ; t=1.95, p=.0541, for baby ; t=2.71, p=.0080), frequency of breast feeding during the hospitalization(for baby ; F=3.91, p=.0228)and feeding type after discharge(for baby ; F=3.18, p=.0456). 4. There were significant influencing characteristics of primiparous to self confidence for caring the baby : routine husband support(F=6.09, p=.0031), prenatal infant care preparation(t=2.04, p=.0574), knowledge about infant care during the hospitalization(F=3.15, p=.0467), education of breast feeding during the hospitalization(t=-1.79, p=.0850). 5. Correlation between maternal identity and self confidence for caring the baby was r=.37608(p=.0001). This study implies that special education programs for primipara are needed. For the future, this study suggest that maternal role variables need to be monitored through the home visiting follow up. Also intervention programs related to prenatal care, discharge education, home visiting follow up need to be developed and then evaluated their effectiveness.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.2
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• pp.83-103
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• 1981

1. Outline of the Study A boom of baby hotels is taking place in Japan. Baby hotel means day care centers that renders services day and night for babies of working mothers. These baby hotels are thriving because many mothers welcome the system because of their needs. However, accidents occurred in a row recently and therefore baby hotel has suddenly become a social issue. According to the ministry of health welfare, there are 587 baby hotels in Japan accommodating about 10,000 children and they are mostly located around amusement centers. The reasons that these baby hotels thrive in spite of the fact that there are 22,000 day care centers in Japan are : (1) shortage of day care centers compared to the needs (2) most centers do not take in babies below 1 year. This study aims to describe the present status of the baby hotels and the background of the phenomena that made it possible for them to thrive with no permission from the government. This study mostly deals with the phenomena in Tokyo. 2. Day Care Policy in Japan and the Problems of Baby Hotels The present review deals with the problems from the following 6 dementions. (1) the shortage of day care centers (2) inadequate system for the care of babies (3) inadequate daily hours of day care centers (4) Unflexable enrollment system of day care centers (5) imperfect enfollment process & guidelines (6) lack of alternative institutions 3. Result The Ministry of Health & Welfare affered the following ways to cape with the problems of baby hotels : (1) restraint of the baby hotels (2) utilization of existing day care centers for the care of babies. In my opinion, these suggestions seem too superficial in solving the problems. I would rather suggest that the Japanese government review the whole system of child welfare administration. The Child welfare Law of Japan made a clear statement in its article 24 that, "if day care centers are not available, alternative institution for proper care of children must be sought for." My suggestions for the alternative care are : (1) public nursing rooms (2) family day care (3) extention of kindergarten hours (4) foster family care.

• Journal of the FoodService Safety
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2021

This research has conducted one-on-one depth interviews targeting baby boomers who are economically active; It seeks to analyze the purchase factor of HMR products to deduct conclusion. The result of the research deducted through depth interviews is as follows. First, baby boomers described HMR products as a reliable meal. Second, baby boomers described HMR products as a cold-hearted meal. Third, baby boomers described HMR products as a habitual meal. Fourth, baby boomers described HMR products as lacking. Fifth, baby boomers thanked to HMR products. The research deducted the conclusion about the HMR products' purchase factor through one-on-one depth interviews. Additionally, the research showed a potential direction for the research and development of HMR products.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.20 no.1_2
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• pp.485-489
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• 2006

In this paper, we slightly improve the Baby-step Giant-step for certain elliptic curves. This method gives the running time improvement of $200\%$ in precomputation (Baby-step) and requires half as much storage as the original Baby-step Giant-step method.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.59-65
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was conducted to identify differences of the self confidence for newborn baby care before and after clinical convergence baby massage training program. Study subjects were 50 juniors in B nursing college located in Chungnam Province, modified baby massage training programs had been provided 2 hours a day, total 4 times from March 1 to March 25, 2016. Confidence for newborn baby care was measured pre and post program, collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 program, paired t-test. The results of the study showed that the score of self confidence for newborn baby care(t=-7.209, p<.001), feeding(t=-6.025, p<.001), belching(t=-3.870, p<.001), bathing(t=-7.432, p<.001), after bathing hygiene(t=-5.892, p<.001), navel care(t=-3.843, p<.001), assessment of baby condition and baby care(t=-6.113, p<.001) were statistically significant differences before and after baby massage training program. Finally, the findings of this study, clinical convergence baby massage training program based on the necessary knowledge and practice in clinical filed will positively help to develop a confidence for newborn baby care for nursing students in nursing practice and clinical nursing care.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.323-330
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of muscle activation of neck, lumbar and low limb by using baby carrier with arms during walking. Methods : Twenty healthy and young females who brought up infants and had no musculoskeletal disorders of neck, lumbar and low limb were recruited for this study. They were instructed to perform muscle activation of neck, lumbar and low limb using the baby carrier with and without arms during walking. ProComp $infiniti^{TM}$ (Thought Technology Ltd., Canada) was used to measure the muscle activity of neck, lumbar and lower extremity muscles. Results : Activation of neck paraspinalis muscle was significantly increased using baby carrier with arms and there was a significant increase on erector spinae muscle activation by using anterior baby carrier. Conclusion : These results indicate that the muscle activation was changed by arms assist and the position of using baby carrier. Therefore, it could be considered relationship of muscle activation and musculoskeletal demage as carrying baby.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.60-74
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• 2020

A Podaegi is a square cloth used to carry a baby. Podaegi was an essential necessity for raising baby. However currently Koreans prefer baby-carriers, baby hip-seats, and equipments other than Podaegi. Recently, Podaegi is becoming popular around the world. Therefore, it is necessary to study Podaegi to inform Korea's traditional parenting culture product. In this research, 230 images of Podaegi were collected from paintings, photographs, postcards, films and artifacts from the late 18th century to 2000. The period of study was divided into three phases from the late Joseon Dynasty to before the opening of the port, from the opening of the port to before the liberation, and from the liberation to 2000. Types of Podaegi were categorized according to its shape and how to use. Transition process of Podaegi was examined. Podaegis were categorized into band type, blanket type, combination type, cheone type, modern type, and so on. From the late Joseon Dynasty to before the pre-openings, band type was used. From the opening of the port to liberation, all types of Podaegi appeared. Since the liberation, the use of band and blanket type has gradually decreased. Modern types have been the most popular since the 1960s. Materials of Podaegi became varied and Podaegi became a fashion-item. Later, modern Podaegi became the representative form of Korean traditional Podaegi.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.257-263
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• 2005

If baby disease not treats at early, case that cause problem in health hereafter much exists. Specially, because baby expresses own inexpedience by crying, parents or practitioner's is not apt to grasp. Therefore, In this paper, I wish to develop system for analyze if disease is in some region to analyze face and baby cry that organism signal appears intensive for baby disease diagnosis. In this paper, I wish to propose methodology that analyze organism signal that appear in face of whole baby organism signal analysis system. For this, I necessary region binary input baby face picture and to draw necessary five sensory organ and Myungdang region in baby disease diagnosis. Finally, the usefulness of this paper is verified by several experiments.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1145-1160
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• 2012

This study empirically compared generational differences in responses between baby boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y groups as measured by key variables related to advertisement. The respondents in this study were consumers throughout Korea, with 914 survey questionnaires used for the final analyses. Eight of the original 10 hypotheses were validated and two were rejected. Both baby boomer consumers and Generation Y consumers showed more positive responses to affective advertisements than their Generation X counterparts. Generation Y consumers showed more positive attitudes towards humorous advertisements than their baby boomer and Generation X counterparts. The effect of advertising models on the evaluation of advertisements was greater among Generation Y consumers than their Generation X counterparts. Generation Y consumers showed more positive attitudes towards storytelling-type marketing than their baby boomer and Generation X counterparts. Baby boomer consumers showed more positive attitudes towards symbolic advertisements than their Generation X and Generation Y counterparts. Generation X consumers showed more positive attitudes towards functional advertisements than the baby boomer and Generation Y groups. There were significant differences in attitudes towards two types (symbolic and functional) of advertisements in both baby boomer consumers and Generation X consumers.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1774-1778
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• 2019

Background : Methods of wearing a baby carrier have suggested; however, there have been no studies suggesting ideal ways. Objective : To investigate muscular fatigue and balance of the waist during baby carrier are worn on the front, the side, and the back of the body. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial (single blind) Methods : The subjects of this study were 20 healthy men and women in their 20s, who underwent tests of muscular fatigue and balance of the waist bones based on types of wearing baby carrier. Electromyogram (EMG) patches were attached to the L2 and the L4 for testing muscular fatigue, while a device for measuring proprioceptive senses was used to assess balance ability. The measurements were performed before wearing the baby carrier and after 30 minutes of normal walking. The methods of wearing the baby carrier included wearing on the front, the side, and the back of the body. Results : The time taken to adjust the balance was shorter than other types of wearing during the baby carrier were worn on the side, and the ratio of lumbar flexion and relaxation was shown insignificant. Conclusions : These results suggested that wearing the carriers on the side was most effective on reducing fatigue and enhancing balance ability of the waist.