• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.282-287
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• 2007

Chloroanilines are aromatic amines used as intermediate products in the synthesis of herbicides, azo-dyes, and pharmaceuticals. 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) is the degradation product of some herbicides (diuron, propanil, and linuron) and of trichlorocarbanilide, a chemical used as an active agent in the cosmetic industry. The compound, however, is considered a potential pollutant due to its toxicity and recalcitrant property to humans and other species. With the increasing necessity for bioremediation, we sought to isolate bacteria that degraded 3,4-DCA. A bacterium capable of growth on 3,4-DCA as the sole carbon source was isolated from seaside sediment using a dilution method with a culture enriched in 3,4-DCA. The isolated strain, YM-7 was identified to be Pseudomonas sp. The isolated strain was also able to degrade other chloroaniline compounds. The isolated strain showed a high level of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity on exposure to 3,4-DCA, suggesting that this enzyme is an important factor in 3,4-DCA degradation. The activity toward 4-methylcatechol was 53.1% that of catechol, while the activity toward 3-methylcatechol, 4-chlorocatechol and 4,5-chlorocatechol was 18.1, 33.1, and 6.9%, respectively.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.25-48
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• 1996

이 연구의 목적은 에틸렌이민 유도체를 갖는 아조계 분산 염료의 폴리에스테르 섬유에의 응용과 최적화된 폴리에스테르 염색 조건의 확립이다. 이들 아지리디닐 염료는 구조가 유사하며 말단에 하이드록시기를 갖는 염료(아지리디닐 염료의 가수분해 형태)와 비교하여 최대 흡수 파장의 천색적으로 천이 됨을 알 수 있었다. 세가지 아지리디닐 모노 아조 염료와 이들 염료의 가수분해 된 형태 그리고 디메틸아니린계 아조 염료의 폴리에스테르 섬유에 대한 염색 및 견뢰도 성질이 조사되었다. 아지리디닐 아조 염료는 산성 조건에서보다 염기성 조건하에서 보다 안정하였고, 뛰어난 build-up이 높은 pH조건에서 얻어졌으며, 폴리에스테르 염색 시 130$^{\circ}C$, pH 10의 조건에서 최적화된 색상 강도를 얻었다. 아지리디닐 염료는 이 염료의 가수분해 형태와 디메틸아닐린 염료와 비교하여 개선된 세탁 견뢰도를나타내었고 이는 용매 추출을 이용하여 확인 하였다. 아지리디닐 아조 염료는 역시 광 련뢰도에서도 또한 상용화된 분산 염료에 비교하여 높은 결과를 나타내었다.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.49-67
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• 1996

이 연구의 목적은 에틸렌이민 유도체를 갖는 아조계 분산 염료의 나일론 6.6 섬유에의 응용과 최적화된 나일론 염색 조건의 확립이다. 두 쌍의 염료 A-1/A-2와 D-1/D-2의 최대흡수파장(&{\lambda}_{max}&)을 비교할 경우, 아세톤 최대흡수파장(λ$_{max}$)의 차이가 없거나 적어졌다. 세가지 아지리디닐 모노 아조 염료와 이들 염료의 가수분해 된 형태 그리고 디메닐아닐린계 아조 염료의 나일론 6.6 섬유에 대한 염색 및 견뢰도 성질이 조사되었다. 아지리디닐 염료의 나일론 섬유상의 최대 염착은 pH 5에서 얻어졌으며, 염색된 나일론 섬유에서의 용매추출의 경우 최소 염료 추출은 pH 8.0-10.0 에서 얻어졌다. 아지리디닐 염료 염색된 나일론 섬유상의 세탁 견뢰도와 광 견뢰도는 염색 시 pH의 증가에 따라 증가하였으나, pH 8에서의 견뢰도 성질이 pH 10에서와 비교하여 보다 개선되었다. 세가지 아지리디닐 염료가 이들 염료의 가수분해 된 형태 그리고 디메틸아닐린계 아조 염료와 비교해서 나일론 6.6 섬유상에서 보다 개선된 견뢰도를 나타내었고 이는 염료와 섬유간의 공유 결합으로 기인한 것으로 여겨진다.

• Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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• v.67
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• pp.461-468
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• 2018

A highly sensitive, selective and rapid method for the determination of lead based on the reaction of lead (II) with 5-(4'-chlorophenylazo)-6-hydroxypyrimidine-2,4-dione (CPAHPD) and the solid phase extraction of the Pb(II)-CPAHPD complex with Amberlite XAD-2000 was developed, in the presence of pH 5.6 buffer solution and Triton X-114 medium. CPAHPD reacts with lead to form a violet complex with a molar ratio of 2:1 (CPAHPD to lead). This complex was enriched by the solid phase extraction with Amberlite XAD-2000. An enrichment factor of 500 was obtained by elution of the complex from the resin with a minimal amount of isopentyl alcohol(0.2 mL). In isopentyl alcohol medium,the molar absorptivity of the complex is $1.13{\times}10^6L\;mol^{-1}cm^{-1}$ at 647 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the range of $5.0-160ng\;mL^{-1}$ in the measured solution. The relative standard deviation for 10 replicate samples of $50ng\;mL^{-1}$ level is 1.26%. The detection and quantification limits reaches 1.5 and $4.7ng\;mL^{-1}$ in the original samples. The presented procedure was successfully applied for determination of lead content in real samples such as vegetables, waters, biological and soil samples with satisfactory results.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.443-451
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• 1988

New crown ether dye-Ⅰ and dye-Ⅱ having an azo group(-N=N-) were synthesized from monobenzo-15-crown-5 and dibenzo-18-crown-6. These dyes showed ${\lambda}_{max}$ of 377 and 383nm respectively. The complexes of alkali metal ions ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cs^+$) with dye ligands showed band shift (390~400nm) and intensity increased. For a given anion, the extraction constants are in the order of $K^+$ < $Cs^+$ < $Na^+$ for dye-Ⅰ and $Cs^+$ < $Na^+$ < $K^+$ for dye-Ⅱ. These results show that the selectivity of crown ethers toward the alkali metal ions is dependant on the charge density of cation and the size of crown ether cavity. For a given cation, the order of the extraction constant is $Cl^-$ < $Br^-$ < $I^-$ < picrate. This order coincides with the degree of anion solvation effect.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2011.03a
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• pp.32-32
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• 2011

염료의 포토크로미즘은 빛을 받았을 때, 염료의 분자구조가 변환되어 흡수파장이 달라지고 결과적으로 원래 색과 다른 색상을 나타내는 현상을 말한다. 대부분의 Golden yellow 색상을 나타내는 아조계 반응성염료는 Trans-Cis 간의 이성질체 전환을 통해 포토크로미즘 현상을 나타내며, 가역적으로 복색되기는 하지만 상업적으로 많은 문제와 불편을 초래한다. 한편 pyrazolone계 아조염료는 azo form 보다는 hydrazone form으로 더 많이 존재하는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 이로인해 상대적으로 Trans-Cis 이성질화가 잘 일어나지 않아 포토크로미즘 현상이 잘 일어나지 않을 것으로 기대된다. 이 연구에서는 3종의 pyrazolone계 golden yellow 반응성 염료를 합성하고, 합성한 염료를 면직물에 염색하여 염색성 및 견뢰도를 평가하였다. 또한 시판되고 있는 아조계 golden yellow 반응성 염료 4종을 선정하여 역시 염색성과 견뢰도 특성을 알아보았다. 그리고 7가지 염료의 광변색 특성을 조사하기 위해 포토크로미즘 평가방법인 ISO 105-B05법 및 이전 연구에서 제안된 광변색 평가방법을 사용하였다. ISO 105-B05법은 표준청색염포가 grey scale 4등급이 되는 시간을 구한 다음 이 시간의 1/4시간동안 조사한 후 포토크로미즘을 평가하는 것이며, 후자의 경우는 4시간동안 광조사된 시험편을 측색하고 시간에 따른 복색되는 정도를 평가한다. 합성한 pyrazolone계 염료들은 394-408nm의 최대흡수파장은 나타내었다. 7종의 yellow 반응성 염료들은 모두 면직물에 우수한 염색성 및 build-up성을 나타내었으며, 대체적으로 양호한 견뢰도를 얻었다. 또한 광변색 특성 평가결과 모든 염료들은 ISO 평가방법에 대하여 non-photochromic 특성으로 나타났으나, 다른 광변색 평가 결과 일부 염료들에 있어서 photochromic 특성이 있는 것으로 나타나 평가방법에 따라 차이를 보였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.428-437
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• 2007

The potential for humic substances to serve as terminal electron acceptors in microbial respiration and the effects of humic substances on microbial azoreduction were investigated. The dissimilatory azoreducing microorganism Shewanella decolorationis S12 was able to conserve energy to support growth from electron transport to humics coupled to the oxidation of various organic substances or $H_2$. Batch experiments suggested that when the concentration of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS), a humics analog, was lower than 3 mmol/l, azoreduction of strain S12 was accelerated under anaerobic condition. However, there was obvious inhibition to azoreduction when the concentration of the AQS was higher than 5 mmol/l. Another humics analog, anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQDS), could still prominently accelerate azoreduction, even when the concentration was up to 12 mmol/l, but the rate of acceleration gradually decreased with the increasing concentration of the AQDS. Toxic experiments revealed that AQS can inhibit growth of strain S12 if the concentration past a critical one, but AQDS had no effect on the metabolism and growth of strain S12 although the concentration was up to 20 mmol/l. These results demonstrated that a low concentration of humic substances not only could serve as the terminal electron acceptors for conserving energy for growth, but also act as redox mediator shuttling electrons for the anaerobic azoreduction by S. decolorationis S12. However, a high concentration of humic substances could inhibit the bacterial azoreduction, resulting on the one hand from the toxic effect on cell metabolism and growth, and on the other hand from competion with azo dyes for electrons as electron acceptor.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.287-292
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• 2002

Lignin-peroxidase (LiP) has been considered as one of the most important industrial enzymes for biodegradation of various recalcitrant toxic compounds such as chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons and azo-dyes. Recently, several soil actinomycetes have been reported to secrete a functionally-similar lignin-peroxidase called actinomycetes lig-nin-peroxidase (ALiP). In this manuscript, we isolated over 100 morphologically distinct actinomycetes from the contaminated soils around 10 different gas stations located nearby the Kyung-An river. Among these actinomycetes screened based on the congo-red dye-decolorization activities, one newly-isolated actinomycetes named SMA-2 showed the most significant dye-decoloring activity on the congo-red plate as well as a significant ALiP activity in a yeast-extract-malt-extract liquid media supplemented with starch. The optimum SMA-2 culture condition fur ALiP production was determined and the kinetic parameters fur the SMA-2 AkIP activity were characterized. The optimally-cultured SMA-2 also exhibited the oxidation activities toward various recalcitrant aromatic compounds including phenol, 2- chlorophenol, 4- chlorophenol, 2,4- dichlorophenol ,2,6- dichlorophenol, and 2,4, f-trichlorophe - not, suggesting a potential application of SMA-2 for contaminated soil bioremediation.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2006

The compound 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) is an aromatic amine used as an intermediate product in the synthesis of herbicides, azo-dyes and harmaceuticals. It is also a degradation product of some herbicides (diuron, propanil, and linuron) and of trichlorocarbanilide, a chemical used as active agent in the cosmetic industry. 3,4-DCA, however, is considered potential pollutants due to their toxic and recalcitrant properties to humans and other species. A bacterium capable of growth on 3,4-DCA was isolated by dilution method from 3,4-DCA-containing enrichment culture. Finally, a strain, YM-14, capable of degrading efficiently 3,4-DCA was isolated from a sandbank. The isolated strain, YM-14 was identified to be Arthrobacter sp.. Fifty ppm 3,4-DCA in 1/10 LB media was completely degraded by the growth of Arthrobacter sp. YM-14 for 12 h at $30^{\circ}C$. The isolated strain is capable of growth on 3,4-DCA as sole carbon source and also able to degrade other chloroaniline compounds. Also, the isolated strain showed high level of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity by 3,4-DCA exposure. The catechol 1,2-dioxygenase was supposed to be ones of the important factors for 3,4-DCA degradation.

• Clean Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2004

Due to the low biodegradability of dyes, conventional biological wastewater treatment systems are inefficient in treating textile wastewater. In this study, white rot fungus, Trametes versicolor KCTC 16781, were investigated for the decolorization of Reactive black 5 solutions. This fungus was able to degrade the dye solutions by the ligninolytic enzymes (laccase and MnP) produced. The enzyme activity remained constant until the end of reaction. The combined process of biological treatment and ceramic membrane showed better efficiency for decolorization and TOC removal than each single process.