• Wind and Structures
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.295-320
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• 2014

The characteristics of amplitudes and power spectra of X axial, Y axial, and RZ axial (i.e., body axis) wind forces on a 492 m high-rise building with a section varying along height in typical wind directions are studied via a rigid model wind tunnel test of pressure measurement. Then the corresponding mathematical expressions of power spectra of X axial (across-wind), Y axial (along-wind) and torsional wind forces in $315^{\circ}$ wind directions are proposed. The investigation shows that the mathematical expressions of wind force spectra of the main structure in across-wind and torsional directions can be constructed by the superimposition of an modified wind spectrum function and a peak function caused by turbulent flow and vortex shedding, respectively. While that in along-wind direction can only be constructed by the former and is similar to wind spectrum. Moreover, the fitted parameters of the wind load spectra of each measurement level of altitude are summarized, and the unified parametric results are obtained. The comparisons of the first three order generalized force spectra show that the proposed mathematical expressions accord with the experimental results well.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.642-648
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• 2016

This paper deals with an analytical and experimental investigation to predict the axial thrust load that results from turbocharger operating conditions. The Axial forces acting on the turbocharger thrust bearing are caused by the unbalance between turbine wheel gas forces and compressor wheel air forces. It has a great influence on the friction losses, which reduces the efficiency and performance of high-speed turbocharger. This paper presents the calculation procedure for the axial thrust forces under operating conditions in a turbocharger. The first step is to determine the relationship between thrust forces and strains by experimental and numerical methods. The analysis results were verified by measuring the strains on a thrust bearing with the specially designed test device. And then, the operating strains and temperatures were measured to inversely calculate the thrust strains which were compensated the thermal effects. Therefore it's possible to calculate the magnitudes of the thrust forces under operating turbocharger by comparing the regenerated strains with the rig test results. It will possible to optimize the design of a thrust bearing for reducing the mechanical friction losses using the results.

• 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국윤활학회 1997년도 제26회 추계학술대회
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• pp.76-85
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• 1997

Recently, bent-axis-type axial piston pumps drived by rod being in extensively used in the world, because of simple design, lightweight, effective cost. So, to guarantee the quality of bent-axis-type axial piston pumps drived by rods, it is necessary to know chracteristics of the forces applied to rods and the driving mechanism of rods. But, as they perform both reciprocating and spinning motions, it is difficult to understand driving mechanism. In this paper, I explained the theoretical driving mechanisms of cylinder block drived by rods through geometric method and the characteristics of the forces applied to them.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.515-529
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• 2013

The moment-curvature relation for simple bending is a well-studied subject and the classical moment-curvature diagram is commonly found in literature. The influence of axial forces has generally been considered as compression onto symmetrically reinforced cross-sections, thus strain at the reference fiber never has been an issue. However, when dealing with integral structures, which are usually statically indeterminate in different degrees, these concepts are not sufficient. Their horizontal elements are often completely restrained, which, under imposed deformations, leads to moderate compressive or tensile axial forces. The authors propose to analyze conventional beam cross-sections with moment-curvature diagrams considering asymmetrically reinforced cross-sections under combined influence of bending and moderate axial force. In addition a new diagram is introduced that expands the common moment-curvature relation onto the strain variation at the reference fiber. A parametric study presented in this article reveals the significant influence of selected cross-section parameters.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.460-469
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• 2006

It is widely known that the temperature variation introduces the axial force along a CWR(Continuous Welded Rail) in the railway bridges. Additional axial forces are generated due to many other reasons. These includes the interaction between the bridge girder and the CWR; acceleration or deceleration of the vehicles; support rotation (or deflection) of the girder. Among aforementioned reasons, this study investigates the influence of the support rotation on additional axial forces throughout the numerical study and the field test. Several strains gauges are installed along the CWR and the strains are measured under passing trains. It is expected that the elaborated estimation of the axial force on CWR will be beneficial for future railway maintenance.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.873-878
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• 2012

Putting a conductive rod between rotating axial electrodynamic wheels composed of repetitive permanent magnets, three-axial magnetic forces generate on the conductive rod. It is possible to levitate and transfer the rod on space with the forces. However, the forces vary in direction and magnitude for a position of the rod between the electrodynamic wheels. Thus, the position influences the stability of the rod also. To guarantee the stability of a levitated object, the force acting on the object should have negative stiffness like a spring. So, we analyze the stable operating range of the conductive rod levitated by the axial wheels with the commercial finite element tool in this paper. Specially, as the pole number and the radial width of permanent magnets has much influence on the generated force and thereby the stable region, their sensitivities are analyzed also. The analytic result is compared with experimental result.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제17권
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• pp.199-204
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• 1997

In this paper, the result of application of vibration method to the orthotropic plates with free edges supported on elastic foundation and with a pair of opposite edges under axial forces is presented. Such plates represent the concrete highway slab and hybrid composite pavement of bridges. The reinforced concrete slab can be assumed as a special orthotropic plate, as a close approximation. The highway slab is supported on elastic foundation, with free boundaries. Sometimes, the pair of edges perpendicular to the traffic direction may be subject to the axial forces. The plate is subject to the concentrated load/loads, in the form of traffic loads, or the test equipments. Finite difference method is used to obtain the deflection influence surfaces needed for vibration analysis. The influence of the modulus of the foundation, the aspect ratio of the plate, and the magnitudes of the axial forces and the concentrated attached mass on the plate, under the natural frequency is thoroughly studied.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1201-1207
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• 2007

The Timoshenko beam theories are used to model the rotating shaft. The nondimensional equations of motion for the rotating shaft subjected to moving mass and compressive axial forces are derived by using Hamilton's principle. Influence of system parameters such as the speed ratio. the mass ratio and the Rayleigh coefficient is discussed on the response of the moving system. The effects of compressive axial forces are also included in the analysis. The results are presented and compared with the available solutions of a rotating shaft subject to a moving mass and a moving load.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.357-371
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• 2016

Column base connections are critical components in steel structures because they transfer axial forces, shear forces and moments to the foundation. Exposed column bases are quite commonly used in low- to medium-rise buildings. To investigate shear transfer in exposed column base plates, four large scale specimens were subjected to a combination of axial load (compression or tension) and lateral shear deformations. The main parameters examined experimentally include the number of anchor rod, arrangement of anchor rod, type of lateral loading, and axial force ratio. It is observed that the shear resisting mechanism of exposed column base changed as the axial force changed. When the axial force is in compression, the resisting mechanism is rotation type, and the shear force will be resisted by friction force between base plate and mortar layer. The specimens could sustain inelastic deformation with minimal strength deterioration up to column rotation angle of 3%. The moment resistance and energy dissipation will be increased as the number of anchor rods increased. Moreover, moment resistance could be further increased if the anchor rods were arranged in details. When the axial force is in tension, the resisting mechanism is slip type, and the shear force will be resisted by the anchor rods. And the shear resistance was reduced significantly when the axial force was changed from compression to tension. The test results indicated that the current design approach could estimate the moment resistance within reasonable acceptance, but overestimate the shear resistance of exposed column base.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.93-103
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• 1997

This study presents a way of improving the stability of fixed scroll in scroll compressors. For the scroll compressor whose fixed scroll is designed to move in the axial direction for the axial compliance, the fixed scroll is under the influence of the overturning moment produced by internal gas forces. Unless the overturning moment is properly compensated by the moments of reaction forces at the suspension of the fixed scroll to the compressor frame, the fixed scroll would exhibit wobbling motion, increasing gas leakage through the gap induced by the wobbling of the fixed scroll between the two scroll members. The conditions on which the wobbling motion can be suppressed have been found analytically; The axial position of the fixed scroll suspension should be made within a certain range. The upper limit of this range is the axial location for the o-rings which are inserted between the fixed scroll and the back pressure chamber to promote sealing for the gas in the back pressure chamber. And the lower limit is mainly determined by the magnitude of the axial sealing force. As long as the axial sealing force is not negative over all crank angles, the lower limit is not above the mid-height of the scroll wrap. Larger axial sealing force lower the lower limit.