• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.342-358
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences of food preference and nutrient intake of students between elementary school and middle school in the same area and to provide data for better school food service. The subjects were 486 students, third to sixth grade of 3 elementary schools and first to second grade of 1 middle school in Nam jeju gun, Jeju, and the survey was conducted during June 1999. Food preference was assessed using questionnaires and 24-hour food intake was assessed using dietary record method. Data of weight and height were obtained from annual physical examination conducted at schools in May 1999. All the variables were compared among 3 groups in each gender: third and fourth grade elementary school(ES3,4), fifth and sixth grade elementary school(ES5,6), and first and second grade middle school(MS1,2). The results were summarized as follows. The average height, weight and BMI for the 3th grade boys in elementary schools met the national averages, but those of the others are below the national averages. Although general pattern of food preference looked similar among groups, food preference scores were significantly different among groups in 38 kinds foods for boys, and 27 kinds of foods for girls. MS1,2 group showed significantly lower food preference scores for most of foods as compared to those of ES3,4 and ES5,6 in both genders. Students of higher grade took more starch foods such as instant noodle, stewed rice cake and snacks. Average energy intakes of all the groups except MS1,2 girls were lower than recommended dietary allowances(RDA), and average intakes of protein, vitamins B1 and C met RDA, but the other nutrients were taken less than RDA and especially the intakes of iron, calcium and vitamins B2 were poor. Most of nutrients taken by school food service meal provided a major proportion of intakes. In conclusion, students of middle school were more particular about their foods served at school food service and marked lower food preference score than elementary school children and more conscious about their weight and appearance. These points should be reflected in planning food service menu at middle school.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.53 no.2
• /
• pp.203-214
• /
• 2020

Purpose: This study investigated customers' perception of a hygiene grade certification system for restaurants and this study also determined way to promote the application of the hygiene grade certification. Methods: A total of 315 customer responses were used for the data analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS program (ver. 23.0) for frequency analysis, χ²-tests, t-tests, analysis of variance, and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). Results: The composition of the respondents was 43.8% males and 56.2% females. The 73.3% lived with their families while 26.7% lived alone. Among those surveyed, 84.5% dine out at least once a week and 66.8% dine out during weekends evening. In addition, the most preferred types of restaurants were Korean restaurants (37.5%), delivery restaurants (14.6%), and Western restaurants (8.9%). Information about restaurant was most frequently obtained through Internet searches (54.0%). The average expenditure of eating-out per person was 15,483 Korean won, and the overall satisfaction averaged 3.58 out of 5 points. According to the results of IPA, the restaurant selection attributes that were priorities for improvement were the foods' taste and restroom cleanliness. In addition, 30.5% of respondents recognized the hygiene grade certification system for restaurants. The intention of dining at restaurants with a hygiene grade certification in the future was on average 4.02 out of 5 points. A total of 56.8% of respondents were willing to pay more for a restaurant with a hygiene grade certification. The average percentage of additional price was 6.02%. Conclusion: In order to apply and quickly disseminate the hygiene grade certification system all over the Korea, the study results suggest that relevant policy should be provided by the Korean government for certified restaurants along with the relevant education and promotion of the system to customers.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.375-384
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study is to identify the amount of social support and quality of life perceived by elderly people in rural areas and to examine the relationship between social support and quality of life in an effort to provide the basic data for effective nursing intervention to enhance quality of life among elderly people. Data were collected from a sample of 220 elderly people aged over 60 from a stratified probability method from one rural area in South Jeolla province from Aug. 15 to Sep. 15, 2002. For data collection, pre-educated researchers visited the participants' homes and surveyed them face-to-face. The statistical analysis was performed using the SAS program along with t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation. The findings were as follows: 1. The most socially supportive people they answered were Spouses (57.28%), followed by children, friends/neighbors, in descending order. In terms of satisfaction about social support, the subjects felt the most satisfaction from spouses, followed by friends/neighbors, children, in descending order. 2. The participants' perceived social support was 26.0 and the highest score was 108.0 out of 125. Also, the average score and average grade point was 81.7 and 3.35, respectively. A comparison of the average grade points per items within sub-areas of social support revealed financial aid(3.56), informative support(3.34), emotional support (3.27), and evaluation support(3.22). 3. Their perceived social support had statistically significant differences in terms of how much they earned (F=18.56, p= .00001) and whether they had family members living together (F=2.68, p= .0512), quality of life had statistically significant differences in terms of how much they earned (F=35.34, p= 0.00001). 4. The quality of life they perceived was the lowest score 47.0, the highest score 196.0, average score 145.7, and average grade points 3.28. A comparison of the average grade points per items within sub-areas of quality of life revealed neighbor relationships(3.97), self-esteem(3.49), family relationships(3.35), economic conditions 3.12), physical health (2.98), and psychological health(2.74). 5. The relationship between the amount of the subjects' social support and quality of life was significantly correlated (r=.696, p< .001). The findings revealed that social support for elderly people in rural areas was a greatly effective factor on their quality, of life. Also, it was shown that the larger the social support for the elderly, the greater the quality of life for them. Therefore, it is necessary to foster geriatric nurse specialists and develop nursing intervention programs connected with health care and social wellbeing in order to enhance the quality of life of elderly people in rural areas. Also, it is necessary to develop effective models for community and its applications, which will playa leading role for elderly people.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.285-300
• /
• 1998

1. The number of average milking cows, clinical forms of mastitis, mastitis-developing cows, and cows killed by mastitis a year were 25.7, 1.8(7%), 6.3(26%), and 2.7(10.1%)heads, respectively. The annual grade changes of standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC) showed the grade 1A of SPC diminished sharply from April to August, we think it was due to the lack of proper management in farming season and the grade 3 of SCC indirectly influenced increased in huge during August. 2. The average number of parturitions of farms was 2.3, but 50% of below 1 parturition were 22 farms(31%), 50% of above 3 parturitions were 16(23%) out of 71 farms. According to grades of the number of parturitions of milking cows per each farm, the farms' grades recording 3 parturitions and 50% were little bit excellent. 3. The actual situation research of foremilking CMT revealed 35 out of 74 farmer didn't do CMT Among them(35 out of 74 farmers), 80% did not test thanks to the troublesome process of the CMT. SCC grade 3, among farms who did foremilking CMT once or twice a month and who did not were 29% and 40% respectively and SPC grade 1A were 55% and 9%, respectively. 4. The research of actual situation on milking management let us know 29 farms(39%) did not do lastmilking, 37 farms(49%) usually did overmilking, and 34 farms(46%) did milking for 4 or 5 minutes. Grades according to average requiring times of milking showed SCC grade 1 of farms milking within 7 minutes was 11% and SPC grade 1A was 34%, on the other side, farms milking more than 7 minutes were 0% in SCC grade 1 and 13% in SPC grade 1A. Grades according to the starting time of milking after rubbing teats showed SPC grade 1A of farms starting milking at about 1 minute and over 2 minutes were 50% and 20%, respectively. 5. The research of actual situation on hygienic milking management uncovered 65 farms(88%) were using one towel which was used in washing teats and udders to wash more than 3 to 4 cows, and 53 farms(72%) were using one dried towel to dry udders not for each cow but for more than 3 to 4 cows after washing. Also, on milking turns disclosed 30 farms(40%) were milking cows in the order of incoming without isolation of a dominant group. According to grades of towels used in washing teats and udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 56% and a towel for over 3 cows were 31% in SPC grade 1A. According to using-or-not grades of dried towels after washing udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 79% and a towel for over 3 cows were 21% in SPC grade 1A. 6. Farms doing teat-dipping before milking were 7(10%), not doing teat-dipping after milking, or doing sometimes were 9(12%), and doing right after milking were 57(77%). And farms doing teat-dipping after dry cows and before delivery were 21(28a ). Farms using bethadine as an antiseptic solution were 70(95%), 40 farms(59%) diluted it with water as weak as 5 to 10 times, and on drying cows 64 farms(87%) slowly did it more than 2 days. Grade 1A of SPC of farms doing teat-dipping at every milking was 38%, farms doing occasionally or not was 33%, and farms doing it right after milking was 37% and doing after milking more than 5 cows was 20%. Grade 1A of SPC among farms diluting bethadine 5 times and diluting 5 to 10 times with water were 36% and 33%, respectively, and Grade 3 of SCC were 35% and 32%, respectively. 7. Studies on nonlactating period medical treatment, as the cows were on dry, 54 farms treated with their own hands.73 farms(98%) had bovine mastitis treated for themselves. And on applying medicines against mastitis, 55 farmers chose them on the basis of their own experience, 42 farms(57%) were treated more than 3 days. 41 farms(55%) dumped away the mastitis infected milk separately, 24 farms(32%) were feeding and milking at the same time. 8. Fifty-six farms(76%) always washed and disinfected milking machines after milking. Farms using the milking machines at low, or variable vacuum pressures, or at the vacuum pressure, set at the moment of its installation were 31(42%), and farms that did not know pulsation ratio were 27(37%). Farms changing liners when they were torn 8(11%), 58 farms(78%) said they checked milking system when there were wrong with them, 31 farms(42%) changed milking hoses when they found out problems, and 42 farms(57%) cleaned vacuum and milking systems when they felt dirty. The SPC grade 1A of farms washing and sterilizing milking machines was 38% and farms only washing was 28%.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.631-642
• /
• 2007

This study was an investigation of obesity, food habits and daily nutrient intakes of the 4th grade elementary school students in daejeon. A total of 148 children(male:71, female:77) participated in the study. We classified the subjects into normal group and obese group according to the grade of obesity indices by body fat ratio(BFR), 70% of the male and 31% of the female were obese group. The average height, weight were $140.1{\pm}4.9cm$, $33.0{\pm}3.6kg$(obese group), $141.9{\pm}5.7cm$, $42.0{\pm}3.6kg$(normal group) for the male, $141.2{\pm}6.4cm$, $42.4{\pm}6.2kg$(obese group), $139.5{\pm}6.4cm$, $33.0{\pm}4.5kg$(normal group) for the female. Weight showed a noticeable increase in the obese group, but height was not statistically significant. In dietary habits, it wasn't statistically significant but male obese group showed statistically increase in terms of eating fast(p>0.05) and eating snacks before sleeping(p>0.01) and female obese group was higher in frequency of eating out a month than normal group. Energy intakes of obese group was more than normal group and the average intakes of Vit. A, folic acid, Ca, were below the RI. The average intakes of vit A, vit C, folic acid, Ca, were also below the RI in normal group. The average intakes of vit A, folic acid, Ca, Fe were below the RI in female. Especially in female the intake of Ca was only 53.6%(obese group), 56.4%(normal group) of RI. From these results, we knew prevalence of obesity in elementary school students were high and obese groups were high in energy intakes but low in essential nutrients. Therefore we have to try to prevent and treat childhood obesity. So nutrition education of balanced diet and good dietary habits is needed for elementary school students.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.77-82
• /
• 2017

In power supply systems for urban areas, issues such as a progressive tax have escalated recently. In this regard, photovoltaic power generation, which is appraised as an alternative power generation system, is drawing attention increasingly for its high stability and applicability to existing infrastructure. This study assessed the realistic feasibility of photovoltaic power generation and also analyzed the economic benefits expected when it is linked with green roof, which is likely to promote ecological functions in urban areas, based on the Seoul solar map, RPS, and actual monitoring data. The economics analysis of 30kW photovoltaic power generation applied with the monthly average horizontal solar radiation of six grades in the Seoul solar map showed that positive NPV was up to grade 4, while grade 5 or poorer showed negative NPV and indicated that it is difficult to assure appropriate feasibility. Compared with non-afforestation, when green roof was applied, monthly average power improvement efficiency was 7.2% at highest and 3.7% at lowest based on yearly actual monitoring data. The annual average was 5.3%, and the efficiency was high relatively in summer, including September and November. As for the economic benefits expected when 30kw photovoltaic power generation is combined with green roof based on the average horizontal solar radiation of grade 1 in the Seoul solar map, SP has improved 0.2 years to 7.4 years, and EP has improved 0.5 years to 8.3 years.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.81-89
• /
• 2012

This research, which was conducted for student at department of dental hygiene, intended to measure the level of self-efficacy and consciousness on the use of radiation, knowledge and attitude on radiation safety management and got the following conclusions. This study was performed from May 8 to July 7, 2011 for 326 students who study at Department of Dental Hygiene of a three-year course in Busan areas. The result of as follows; 1. As a result of comparing the average of a sense of self-efficacy according to the characteristics of those surveyed, a statistically significant difference(p<0.01)(p<0.001) was found according to grade point average, subjective health condition. 2. As a result of comparing the average level of consciousness about radiation use according to the characteristics of those surveyed, a statistically meaningful difference(p<0.05)(p<0.01) was found according to grade, grade point average. 3. As a result of conducting a correlation analysis among self-efficacy, consciousness on the use of radiation, knowledge and attitude on RSM, the correlation of self-efficacy and consciousness, knowledge, and attitude was r=0.108, 0.203, 0.231 respectively, all of which was a plus correlation(p<0.01). we believe that a variety of programs should be offered to be capable of enhancing knowledge and attitude on RSM, self-efficacy.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.491-499
• /
• 2014

This paper studied the statistics such as the total number of syllables: the kinds of syllables: the frequency of syllables, the total number of eojeols, the kinds of eojeols(word phrases unique in Korean language), average length of eojeols and the frequency of eojeols in four different Korean textbooks for 7th-grade students. The results of the statistical survey are as follows: the number of syllables was 286,801; the kinds of Korean syllables were 1,350; the average frequency of syllables was 212.4; the number of eoieol was 109,393; the kinds of eoieol were 29,356; the average frequency of eojeol was 3.7; the average length of eojeols was 2.7 syllables, the longest one consist of 8 syllables.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.411-422
• /
• 2014

This study analyzed how average GPA (grade point average) changes as the number of completed semesters increases based on the estimates of intercept, slope, and quadratic term. The students included in this study are those who was admitted in 2011 and took 6 consecutive semesters. More precisely, it was analyzed if intercept, slope and quadratic term of average GPA were different between gender and selection method. The results showed that the intercept was different between selection method, the slope was different between gender, but the quadratic term was different between neither selection method nor gender.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.35-54
• /
• 2004

This study was intended to provide basic data of nutrition education to a prevention of obesity and living patterns of elementary school students. Through the measurment of the actual obesity rate of children for students who were in the fifth and sixth grades of elementary school as well as their mothers, and by analyzing obesity-related factors. Children have started to have the characteristics obesity and obesity problems. 1. There were total 234 children including 133 boys (56.8％) and 101 girls (43.2％) for the study. There were 80 children in the fifth grade (34.2％) and 154 children in the sixth grade (65.8％). 2. Among the subjects 20.1％ were obese. By gender, the obesity rate of boys (27.1％) was higher than that of girls (l0.9％)(p＜0.01). By grade, children in the fifth grade (26.3％) had higher obesity rate than children in the sixth grade (l6.9％)(p＜0.05). 3. In terms of the educational level of parents, the obesity rate of children of parents who received university and／or higher education was 27.5％ (p＜0.05). 44.1％ of parents answered ‘I almost never give snack’s’(p＜0.01). 4. There was 32.8％ for an irregular quantity of meal. There was no obese child who under-ate (p＜0.05). In terms of impulse eating, ‘I eat.’ and ‘I don't eat.’ were 24.4％ and 25.9％ respectively. The obesity rate of the case of ‘I eat only food I like.’ was 10.6％ (p＜0.05). In terms of the obesity rate based on the daily average meal frequency, there was the highest rate of 26.1％ for I average meal frequency per day, 13.0％ for 2 daily average meal frequency, and 7.4％ for over 3 average meal frequency per day (p＜0.05). For a degree of a physical activity, the group of active physical activity (p＜0.05) and the group which liked the physical exercise showed a lower obesity rate (p＜0.001). The obesity rate of children who had regular exercise was 11.8％. It was lower than the obesity rate (24.8％) of children who didn't exercise (p＜0.01). The higher exercise frequency per week was, the lower the obesity rate was(p＜0.01). In terms of the exercise time, there was 8.3％ for over 60 minutes and 28.9％ for less 15 minutes. The group which had the long exercise time showed a lower obesity rate(p＜0.05). As the result, the education for obesity must enable students to recognize the warning signs for obesity and control their own weight with proper living patterns, by modifying behaviors considering the degree of obesity. Obesity must be controlled by the prevention and education connected with the family for all students as one of the school health programs. There must be also the development of a program through individual consultation considering the degree of obesity.