• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.1433-1446
• /
• 2013

In this study, we proposed a methodology to develop Rating Curves for high water level using rainfall generation by the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique, optimized rainfall-runoff model, and flood routing model in an urban stream. The developed stage discharge Rating Curve based on observed data was contained flow measurement errors and uncertainties. The standard error ($S_e$) for observations was 0.056, and the random uncertainty ($2S_{mr}$) was analyzed by ${\pm}1.43%$ on average, and up to ${\pm}4.27%$. Moreover, it was found that the Rating Curve extensions by way of logarithmic and Stevens methods were overestimated to compare with the urban basin scale. Finally, we confirmed that the high water level extension by random generation of hydrological data using MCS can be reduced uncertainty of the high water level, and it will consider as a more reliable approach for high water level extension. In the near future, this results can be applied to real-time flood alert system for urban streams through construction of the high water level extension system using MCS procedures.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.109-121
• /
• 2010

Objectives : This study was performed to analysis the effect of oriental medical care for inpatients with facial paralysis that had visited Dept. of Otolaryngology Oriental medical hospital Dong-eui university. Methods : From January 2008 to September 2010, a clinical study was done on 250 inpatients who were treated as facial nerve paralysis at the Dept. of Otolaryngology Oriental medical hospital Dong-eui university. This study was assessed using the chart analysis. Results : 1. The distribution of sex : female 54.8%, male 45.2%. The distribution of age was pregented that fifty to sixty was the most in 67 cases(26.8%). 2. The distribution of the period of admission : female 12.5 days, male 9.9 days. 3. The distribution of past history : hypertention(18.8%), diabetes-mellitus(10.85%), facial paralysis(9.25%), cerebrovascular disease(4.4%), liver disease(5.6%), hyperlipidemia(1.2%), otitis media(1.2%), herpes zoster(1.2%), cardiac disease(2.45%), thyroid disease(1.2%). 4. The distribution of the region of facial paralysis : Rt(55.36%), Lt(56.52%). 5. Check the mastoid pain : 66.8%(female 73.91%, male 58.04%). 6. Out of prescription(Ko-Bang, 古方), Galgeun-Tang(葛根湯) and Gaejigeogaegayoungchul-Tang was used most in each 34 cases, Daesiho-Tang(大柴胡湯) 30 cases, Galgeungabanha-Tang(葛根加半夏湯) 27 cases, Sihogaeji-Tang(柴胡桂枝湯) 14 cases, Hwanggigaejiomul-Tang 12 cases, Odu-Tang(烏頭湯) 10 cases, Chijadaehwangsi-Tang 10 cases, Gaejigagalgeun-Tang(桂枝加葛根湯) 7 cases, Banhasasim-Tang(半夏瀉心湯) 5 cases, Injinho-Tang(茵蔯蒿湯) 5 cases in order. 7. The distribution of herb group : Mahwang-Jae(麻黃劑) 31.72%, Gaeji-Jae(桂枝劑) 26.00%, Siho-Gae(柴胡劑) 20.70%, Chija-Gae(梔子劑) 7.49%, Buja-Jae(附子劑) 4.41%, Banhahwanggeum-Gae(半夏黃芩劑) 3.08%, Daehwang-Gae(大黃劑) 2.64%, Bockryeong-Gae(茯笭劑) 1.76%, Jisil-Gae(枳實劑) 1.32%, Insam-Gae(人蔘劑) 0.88% in order. 8. The distribution of House-Brackmann grade of admission : Gr Ⅳ 74.85%, Gr.III 13.6%, Gr.V 11.6% in order. 9. The distribution of House-Brackmann grade of discharge : Gr.III 56%, Gr.IV 38.4%, Gr.II 5.6% in order. 10. The average number of OPD follow up is 6.46. Conclusion : This results indicated that oriental medical treatment with Ko-bang(古方) can be an effective way to treat facial paralysis. The more patients we treat with Ko-bang(古方), the more clinical report is accumulated. Then it would be helpful to map out a systematic treatment on facial paralysis.

• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 2009

During the past few years, Korea has experienced extraordinary floods, which have caused many damages of lives and properties. Flooding caused by typhoon is the most common disastrous phenomenon of nature among all catastrophes. As the average temperature of the earth has been increasing by global warming, the possibility of typhoon is also increased by abnormal climate changes. Along with the river improvement as a part of flood control, the time of concentration has been decreased, so the pick discharge has been increased. Moreover, with the land development activities, the area of storage has been diminishing, and the damages from inundation have been continuously increasing. There were a lot of damages to farmland in 1960's, industrial and public facilities in 1970's, and a lot of sufferings from the windstorm in 1980's. In 1990's, however, the amount of damages was increased substantially. So, there is need to decrease the number of the victims and loss of properties by applying preventive measures against natural calamities. This study has employed a simulation system to calculate the depth and amounts of inundation areas to forecast and prevent from flood damage by using rainfall-runoff model. In this study, a case study method is adopted to show inundation by using rainfall-runoff model, HEC-GeoRAS and Arcview. It is hoped that, this study would be conducive to professionals and organizations working in the field of disaster management.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.33 no.4 s.92
• /
• pp.387-394
• /
• 2000

Water pollution characteristics were investigated in the Kyongan stream and major inlet parts of Paltang Reservoir from April to July, 2000. Water quality in the Kyongan stream was extremly deteriorated by treated wastewater discharge at near sewage wastewater treatment plant (SWTP) located in the upstream, and it is likely to influence eutrophication of the lower part of the stream. Water quality of the Kyongan stream showed a typical hypertrophic condition. Influxed concentrations with $NH_4$ and SRP into the main stream from SWTP were declined precipitously as water flowed toward the lower part of the stream, and chlorophyll- a explosively increased in the midstream. Average concentrations of $NH_4$, SRP and chlorophyll-a in the main stream were $1,343\;{\mu}g\;N/l$, $1,779\;{\mu}g\;P/l$ and $188\;{\mu}g\;l$, respectively. Particularly, phosphorus load was very high, and its influence on the algal growth stimulation was remarkable. In comparison with the water quality inflowing into Paltang Resevoir, pollution status of the Kyongan stream was more worse than that in the Pukhan River and the Namhan River. The results of this study indicate that the management of point source, SWTP effluent, is urgent to mitigate eutrophication of Paltang Reservoir, and requires further necessary controls of inorganic phosphorus loading.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.165-169
• /
• 1998

In August 1996, seawater salinity and nutrient distribution were investigated at surface waters in the South Sea of Korea. The low-salinity (< 20.00 psu) waters were observed in the western and southwestern offshore areas of Cheju Island. Relatively low saline (< 30.0 psu) waters occupied most of the survey areas only except in the eastern part. The observed minimum salinity was lower by 11.78 psu than that of the average between 1963 and 1995. The low saline waters appeared in the upper layer of generally 10-20 m deep, and were obriously distinguished from high-salinity (> 32.00 psu) waters, 30 m deep. The low saline waters may originate from the freshwater discharge of vast amount of from Yangtze River during the heavy rainfall season in China. Phosphate concentrations in the surface waters were relatively low and were less variable than those of nitrate and silicate. The maximum concentrations of nitrate and silicate occured in the western and southwestern offshore areas of Cheju Island, where the salinities were the lowest. The concentrations of nitrate and silicate were inversely correlated with salinity, whereas that of phosphate showed a considerable scatter and non-conservative behaviours. This indicates extensive desorption reactions of suspended materials releasing phosphate.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.53-64
• /
• 2007

Purpose: Ths study aims to examine characteristics of patients using emergency room after execution of five-day workweek system by government and provide basic materials for operation of efficient emergency room. Methods: Data were collected tbrough medical records of patients visiting emergency room from July of 2004 to October of 2006 and they were analyzed with SPSSlPC 10.0. Conclusion : 1. The number of patients visiting emergency room was average 16.7 persons a day in 2004, 17.5 in 2005 and 18.6 in 2006 and it was found that it was increasing every year since the execution of five-day workweek system 2. Gender distribution of subjects using emergency room was higher in male than in female every year. 3. Means of transport to emergency room were mostly private car and others(public transport or on foot), but use of ambulance was increasing. 4. Residential areas of subjects were mostly 'Myeon area' in 2004~2005, but it was changed to residents at 'Eup area' in 2006. 5. Distribution of patients by medical departments was highest in internal medicine and surgery in 2004~2006 and rate of visiting pediatrics was increasing every year. 6. Time to stay at emergency room was most at 'below 30 min'. in 2004~2006, but cases of stay for 'more than 2 hours' were increasing every year. 7. On presence or absence of trauma in patients visiting emergency room, rate of visit to emergency room with 'no trauma' was higher and this result was increasing every year. 8. As a result of classifying severity of patients visiting emergency room, use rate of emergency room by 'non-emergency' patients was over 90% in 2004~2006 and such a phenomenon was deepened in 2006 compared to that in 2004. 9. Measures after emergency care of patients were most in case of 'discharge' in 2004~2006, but cases of admission to hospital after emergency care were increased every year. 10. According to use of emergency room by a day of the week, use on Sunday was most frequent in 2004~2006, but use on Friday the day before holiday was increasing. 11. According to distribution by age, use by those between '40~49' was most in 2004~2005, but use by those 'below 10' was most in 2006. 12. According to time to visit emergency room, using emergency room at "15:31~23:30 was most in 2004~2006, cases of visiting emergency room at day working hour were decreased every year and those at evening and night working hours were increased. Conclusion: In sum, it was found that characteristics of patients visiting emergency room and their actual status were changed after the execution of five-day workweek system and efforts to rearrange emergency medical system are required.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.119-137
• /
• 1995

Maternity nurses' roles are to find out women's various responses related to the health problems during pregnancy, to intervene adequate nursing and supports, and to help them adapt satisfactorily to new situation, such as hospitalization. The purposes of this study are : firstly, to inquire about women's emotional status, feeling of discomfort, and the nursing need during hospitalization because of discomfort, and the nursing needs during hospitalization because of the possibility of abortion by threatened and habitual abortion : secondly, to provide fundamental data for developing adequate nursing intervention and improving hospital management. The subjects of this study were 62 women who were hospitalized, visited out-patient clinic for follow-up, and stayed at home after discharge since August, 1993 from one hospital located in Seoul, from March 23 to April 13, 1994. The questionnaire was consisted of 21 items of emotion(Reliability Cronbach's alpa, .77), 19 items of feeling of discomfort(.79), and 21 items of nursing needs (.89), and nurses' performance according to nursing needs,(.90). These were measured by using Likert Scale and analyzed by using SPSS / $PC^+$ with the descriptive statistics, $X^2$-test, and ANOVA. Research findings are as follows : 1) The subjects' average age, hospitalized days, and gestational age are 32.2, 15.7, 12.9 by respectively. 2) 88.7% of the subjects are getting antepatal care, 66.1% are experiencing 1.75 times of spontaneous abortion, and 82.3% are nuclear family. 3) The Emotions were mainly comprized negative and subjective state of minds such as uneasiness, anxiety, and discomfort. The domains of emotions were related to 'fetus', 'herself', 'hospitalization', and 'husband's 'families', in rank. The highest scored item was "I, above anyone else, am mostly stressed from abortion." 4) The feelings of discomforts were firstly related to 'personal discomfort arising from absolute bed rest', 'meals provided', Usage of hospital, perse', 'health team', in rank. 5) The nursing needs frequently pointed out were 'Nurses kindly explain of me the purpose, method, and results of the lab. test', 'Nurses sincerely pay attention to my word in communication'. The least nursing needs were 'Nurses observe my feces and whether I have constipation or not'. 'When I can't move, nurses help me by holding my arms or pulling my bed'. 6) The highest performed items were 'Nurses observe whether I bleed or not', and 'Nurses give me drug with exact dose in time'. The least performed items was about hospital environment, such as 'Temperature, ventilation & humidity in the room should be controlled'. 7) Besides religion that is related to nursing need with statistically significant difference, none of general characteristics were related to emotion, feeling of discomfort, and nursing needs.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.273-285
• /
• 2002

Three materials for sport underwear were manufactured by order for study, and among them, suitable material in order to perform an experiment on the effect of wearing was adopted. The results are as follows: The result of wearing an experimental clothes for sports manufactured as a foundation-type underwear for sports showed that if the same compositional materials were applied, laminating material had higher rate than that of others in the amount of sweat. Concerning relative humidity in clothes and the amount of sweat absorbed in clothes among the two kinds of materials which were produced by laminate, material 2(nylon+modal) was statistically exerts higher influence on the amount of sweat. The humidity in clothes keeps the optimal condition of 59.8%, and breast part showed the highest relative humidity. The material 2(nylon+modal) showed the highest comfortableness, the sense of warmth, humidity and voluminousness, and the sense of pressure. Follow-up survey revealed that in case of material 2, higher amount of sweat than that of the group objects in its early phase, and the amount of sweat varies from individuals. The temperature in clothes of folded parts of experimental clothes and maximum surface temperature was equivalent to that of average skin. With the lapse of time, the weight decreased of 11.03% in maximum, and 3.12% in minimum. The amount of change in the girth was greater in part of body frame than that of limbs, and especially, navel and waist part showed high decrease, and upper breast, breast and the largest part of abdomen showed relatively low decrease. The above experiment revealed that materials for suitable to the underwear for sports for loss of weight by an exercise should be made of doubled-nylon and modal, along with the laminate processing, which heightens the amount of sweat. Thus, wearing an experimental wear gave satisfaction in the view of the beauty of appearance as it did not discharge flowing secretion to the outside at the time of exercise.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.187-224
• /
• 1999

Background: In recent years, pediatric chronic sinusitis patients who don't respond with antibiotics are increasing, but there are a few reports on the herbal medicine therapy treating pediatric chronic sinusitis, so this report was studied. Objective: To demonstrate the effect of herbal medicine therapy in the chronic sinusitis before and after treatment using computed tomograpy (CT) and plain radiograpy. Materials and methods: Ninty patients (45 mail and 45 femail) treated in our hospital between February 1998 and August 1999 were studied. Ages ranged from 3 to 13 years (mean age :6.5 years). Sixty two patients had a underlyiing family history (allergy or sinusitis of parents or brothers), In the past history, 68 patients had asthma, allergy of milk, atopic dermatitis, bronchiollitis and irritable bowel syndrom. Illness period was from 10 days to 96 months (mean period:12.4 month). Duration of treatment were from 25 days to 200days (mean:96 days). To ascertain the efficacy of treatment, CT in the 42 and plain radiopgrapy in the 48 patients were checked out. In the CT, three images were obtained 2cm interval on the coronal and axial plan. CT findings of the chronic sinusitis were analyzed for mucoperiostal thickening before and after treatment using 4 grades;(normal, mild, moderate, severe). Normal was defined as below 3mm thickening of mucoperiosteum; mild was 3-5mm thickening; moderate was 5mm-1cm thickening; severe was above 1cm thickening. Plain radiograpy using Water's view provided maxillary sinus, anterior ethmoid sinus, frontal sinus. Normal was defined as simillar to density between sinus and oronasal cavity; mild was defined as generally increased density with no significant mucoperiosteal thickning; moderate was partial mucosal thickening without bony hypertropy; severe was total haziness with mucoperiosteal thickening. Gamihyunggyeyungyo-tang was administered mainly. Gamigwaghyangjeungki-san, Gamizwakwi-eum and Gamihyangso-san were administered for through oral route additional symptoms Results: Of the 90 patients, 84 patients showed complete recovery (93%), 4 patients showed no significant interval change(4%) and 2 patients were aggrevated (2%). Sixty patients were severe(67%) and 26 patients were moderate (29%), 4 patients were mild(4%) The duration of treatment was varied with patient conditions (91 days in average); severe were 101.7 days, moderate were 70 days and mild were 63 days. Fifty three patients with maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis were 114 days, 35 patients with maxillary sinusitis only were 71.5 days. Fifty eight patients with both maxillary sinusitis were 94.6 days, 26 patients with either maxillary sinusitis were 65 days. The symtoms of chronic sinusitis were nasal obstruction(75%), cough(69%), purulunt or mucosal discharge(62%), lymphoid follicle(54%), postnasal dripping(49%), headache(23%) and nose bleeding(22%). Conclusion: We know that herbal medicine therapy is the effective treatment of pediatric chronic sinusitis using plain radiograpy and CT. The duration of treatment may be significant assosiation with the location and degree of chronic sinusitis.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.469-478
• /
• 1997

This study was conducted to develop an automatic nutrient-solution mixing system for small-scale sewers. The nutrient-solution mixing system consisted of a low-cost and precise metering device and data acquisition ＆ control system with a personal computer. and, the metering device was composed of three parts those were supply pumps, metering cylinders and venturi tube. The system controlled electric conductivity(EC) and pH of nutrient-solution based on the time-based feedback control method with the information about temperature, EC, and pH of the nutrient-solution. The performance of the nutrient-solution mixing system was evaluated through the control of EC and pH while compared with those of commercial system. Also an experimental cultivation of tomato was conducted to verify and to improve the developed system. Results of this study were as follows. 1. The correlation coefficient of meteing device between the flow rate and operating time was 0.9999, and the linear reuession equation computed was y=21.759x, where y is the discharge($g$) and x is the operating time(s). 2. Calculated errors for the developed metering device and two commercial pump were $\pm$0.3% $\pm$2.45% and $\pm$1.38 % FS error respectively. 3. An automatic nutrient-solution mixing system based on a low-cost and precise metering device was developed. 4. The full scale errors of the developed system in controlling EC and pH at 23$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ were $\pm$0.05mS/cm and $\pm$0.2, respectively 5. When using the commercial system, the controlled values of EC and pH of the 500 $\ell$ of water were 1.29 mS/cm and 6.1 pH for the setting points of 1.4 mS/cm and 6.0 pH respectively at 23$pm1^{\circ}C$. 6. The developed nutrient-solution control system showed $\pm$0.05 ms/cm of deviation from the setting EC value over the experimental cultivation period. 7. The deviation from the average values of Ca and Mg mass content in the several nutrient-solution were 0.5% and 1.8% respectively.