• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.115-122
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• 2011

Recently, we have proposed a hypothesis that spinal structures have a stress sensor driving feedback mechanism, In the human spine, spinal structure could react to modify muscular action in such a way so as to equalize stress at the disc, therefore reduce the risk of injury, In this analysis, abdominal muscle and abdominal pressure, which were not included in the previous study, were added to identify those effects in spine stability during upright stance posture for the case where the intervertebral disc plays the role of mechanoreceptor, The musculoskeletal FE model was consisted with detailed whole lumbar spine, pelvis, sacrum, coccyx and simplified trunk model. Muscle architecture with 46 local muscles containing paraspinal muscle and 6 rectus abdominal muscles were assigned according to the acting directions. The magnitude of 4kPa was considered for abdominal pressure. Minimization of the nucleus pressure deviation and annulus fiber average tension stress deviation was chosen for cost function. Developed model provide nice coincidence with in-vivo measurement (nucleus pressure). Analysis was conducted according to existence of co-activation of abdominal muscle and abdominal pressure. Antagonistic activity of abdominal muscle produced stability of spinal column with relatively small amount of total muscle force. In contrast to the abdominal muscle, effect of abdominal pressure was not clear that was partly depending on the assumption of constant abdominal pressure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.97-110
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• 2011

In this study, the characteristics of body type of Chinese-korean Women between 15 and 17 Years Old Living in China were reviewed by analysing factors and groups in order to provide basic data required to research body types. The following are study results. 1. The study examined average, standard deviation, the minimum value and the maximum value of the 72 items gained from measuring Chinese-korean women between 15~17 years old living in China, and found that 21 items showed more than 4.0 standard deviation among the entire measurements. 2. The current study conducted a factor analysis for the 72 items in order to extract and compare components of body types among Chinese-korean women between 15~17 years old living in China. As a result, 9 factors were extracted, and characteristic values were ranged from 1.15 to 24.71 while the accumulated contributory rate was 75.98%. 3. Chinese-korean women between 15 and 17 years old living in China were classified into three types. Among the 72 items, it was observed that there were differences among groups in 64 items including 15 height items, 10 width items, 16 circumference items, 5 thickness items, 17 length items and weight, excluding neck width, head thickness, shoulder angle, head height, face length, waist back length, scye depth and waist to kip length. 4. As a result of proportion comparison using body indexes of Korean women between 15 and 17 years old living in China and Korea, it was found that, in height item, when regarding the height as 100, Korean women between 15 and 17 years old living in China tended to have longer lower half of the body in relation to the height compared to the Korean.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.113-130
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• 2005

With a view to developing male dress forms for educational purposes, human body measurement was made for male adults in their twenties residing in Busan, Korea. Based on the results, the following conclusion was obtained: 1. Comparison d the measurement in Busan and the data of the 5th Korean physical dimensions(Size Korea) In the comparison of the Busan male adults in their 20s with national physical dimensions(Size Korea) by way of the Mollison relational deviation line, all the 28 items revealed differences less than 0.7. As the Busan sample reflects the body type d the average Korean men in their 20s, Busan's measurement results can be safely used as the data for dress form development. 2. Results of front body type classification According to the factor analysis, seven factors of the front body type were produced to explain 77.25%. The factors were shoulder angles, waist height, hip shapes, chest shapes, proportion of body(chest, waist, hip)width to shoulder width and so on. Cluster analysis brought about three somatotype groups. First, the body type with the least differences in hip-waist width, shoulder-waist with, and hip angles (24,23% in appearance) was named Type H. Second, the body type with the most chest-waist width and hip angles (38.66% in appearance) was called Type Sam X Third, the body type with the greatest shoulder-chest width, shoulder-hip width, and shoulder angles (37.11% in appearance) was termed Type Y.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.75-82
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• 2021

The number of traffic accidents is about 230,000, and due to non-recurring congestion and high driving speed, the number of deaths per traffic accident on freeways is more than twice compared to other roads. Currently, traffic information is provided based on nodes and links using the centerline of the road, but it does not provide detailed speed information. Recently, installing sensors for vehicles to monitor obstacles and measure location is becoming common not only for autonomous vehicles but also for ordinary vehicles as well. The analysis using large-capacity location-based data from such sensors enables real time service according to processing speed. This study presents an mapping method for individual vehicle data analysis based on space. The processing speed of large-capacity data was increased by using method which applied a quaternary notation basis partition method that splits into two directions of longitude and latitude respectively. As the space partition was processed, the average speed was similar, but the speed standard deviation gradually decreased, and decrease range became smaller after 9th partition.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.302-309
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• 2021

The section speed enforcement system measures the starting instantaneous speed, the The section speed enforcement system measures the starting instantaneous speed, the ending instantaneous speed, and the section average speed, and imposes fines only for the portion that has been speeding the most. However, according to the Road Traffic Act, most of the systems are installed on highways, so existing research has been conducted on highway sections. In this study, it is expected that the installation of section speed enforcement systems on general national roads will be expanded according to the revision of related laws. ITS collection and operation data targeting the section speed enforcement system installed on National Road 3 Seongnam Icheon-ro was used to analyze traffic speed, standard deviation of traffic speed, and reduction in traffic accidents by dividing it into before installation, trial operation period, and after crackdown. As a result of the analysis, the traffic speed, standard deviation, and traffic accidents decreased by 13%, 25%, and 70%, respectively, after installation, confirming that the installation of the section speed enforcement system greatly contributed to the reduction of accidents.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.616-626
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to verify career maturity, achievement goal, learning attitude and academic achievement relation with subjects-related career education of middle school students. To achieve these aims, this study used SELS(Seoul education longitudinal study) of Seoul Education Research & Information Institute. Also, analysis as well as descriptive statistics calculation on average, deviation, skewness and kurtosis of variable factor and calculated characteristic item and degree of reliability(Cronbach ${\alpha}$). For goodness of fit test, this study used TLI(Tucker-Lewis index) and RMSEA(Root mean square error of approximation). To achieve the ultimate objects, this study used LMA(latent mean analysis) for analysis of difference career maturity, achievement goal, learning attitude and academic achievement relation with subjects-related career education in middle school students. The results are as follows. First, experience relation with subjects-related career education were influenced on career maturity with career cognition. Second, experience relation with subjects-related career education were influenced on achievement goal, learning attitude, and larger than career maturity and academic achievement. Third, experience relation with subjects-related career education were influenced on middle school students more than inexperienced relation with subjects-related career education.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.115-127
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• 2022

The study's goal was to investigate the levels of employee loyalty (EL) in two Thai railway rolling stock maintenance (RRSM) companies. Simple random sampling was used to obtain a final sample of 118 individuals from October 2021 through December 2021. The research instrument was a questionnaire with an expert IOC value between 0.67 to 1.00 and a questionnaire reliability Alpha (𝛼) average value of 0.82. Descriptive statistics included the mean and standard deviation (SD). SPSS for Windows Version 21 and Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was used for the analysis. Results showed that the 118 employee's overall perceptions of their RRSM employers' motivating factors, human resource management, satisfaction, and loyalty were high. HRM's performance evaluation had the most significant overall influence on EL. Moreover, from the analysis of the five EL questionnaire items, the most influential item was the employee's income as a contributing factor to their EL. This was followed by the suitability of their work. Also, it seems the employees had a high level of loyalty to their firms even if a better offer of more money was made. They also indicated a high level of pride in their respective firms.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.185-197
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• 1994

This study is to investigate the factors which affect self- esteem of the aged parents. In this study questionaires were used to measure solidarity between aged parents and adults children, self- esteem of aged parents. Subjects were 234 male and 235 female parents who were aged over 60. The data were analyzed by using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, and stepwise regression analysis. The results are as follows : 1) The solidarity between the aged parents and their adult children is average 65.5(Conversion value by 100 : 51.9) and shows the average level. The relations between solidarity and background variables are variables affected by education, pocket money, health, social activity and religion. 2) The degree of self- esteem in the aged parents is presented to average 26.1(Conversion value by 100 : 56.5) and shows the average level and it according to the background variables has a significant difference depending on education, pocket money, family living together, health, social activity, religion and the number of children. 3) To investigate the degree of self- esteem according to the degree of solidarity, the sub-areas of solidarity are subdivided into five groups. higher solodarity the group has, higher self- esteem it has. 4) The degree of effects of the variables which affect self- esteem in the aged parents is in such order as affectional solidarity($\beta$＝0.32), helping($\beta$＝0.14), education($\beta$＝0.10), solidarity by contact($\beta$＝0.09) and solidarity by argument($\beta$＝0.09) and $R^2$ of such variables are 30%.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.153-164
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the descriptive correlation of the commission intended to provide effective working practices to enhance job satisfaction and organizational engagement by examining the work environment of the dental hygienist. Methods: After the IRB approval, the subjects were dental hygienists working for dental hospitals and clinics in Busan from May 1st to May 31th of 2017. And the final 153 questionnaires were analyzed to SPSS 23.0 for windows, SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL. USA. The data was analyzed using average standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. Results: The average working environment of the subjects was found to be $3.37{\pm}0.53$ points with the average job satisfaction of the subjects of $3.29{\pm}0.50$ points and the average organizational commitment of the subjects of $3.25{\pm}0.59$ points. As the working conditions of the working environment are higher, it revealed that the higher the working environment, the better the job satisfaction. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study showed that the ability to support managers' abilities, leadership, and dental hygienists is the most influential factor in job satisfaction and organizational involvement. Also, hospital administrators are encouraged to provide excellent work and leadership skills to enhance both the quality of work and that of work ethic.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.51-58
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• 2018

G-SEED has been introduced with the aim of reducing energy use and resources since 2002, as the system of certificating environmental friendliness of buildings to create comfortable environment. This study analyzed the changes of certification standard of G-SEED since the revision in 2016, comparing certification results of office buildings by grade, category and certification items between G-SEED 2013-2 version and revised version of 2016. Also, this study analyzed the average points and their standard deviation of certification items including both deleted items and newly added items and extracted items needed to be reviewed in the future revision. In the revision, G-SEED has been extended its certification system to involve existing buildings and Innovative Design categories newly introduced with revising the certification items and difficulties. In revised version of G-SEED, the certification grade appeared to change its acquisition ratio decreasing Green2 and increasing Green4, during Green1 and Green3 were similar in proportion. The average scores by categories appeared decrease in Energy and Environmental Pollution category and Materials and Resources category, on the other hand, Maintenance category appeared the highest increase in the average score. Otherwise, Land Use and Transportation, Water Circulation, Ecology, Indoor Environment categories appeared similar average scores both version of G-SEED. In addition, the Innovative Design which was newly introduced category, seems to expect gradual gaining high scores according to technology development in future, although its possession has shown lower scores in revised version.