• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2022

The study aimed to identify the effectiveness of the training program based on the social story strategy for developing self-determination skills among students with autism spectrum disorder. The population of the study consisted of all students with autism spectrum disorder in the Desired Hope Association for People with Disabilities in Makkah Al-Mukarramah and the sample of the study consisted of (6) students. The study used the quasi-experimental approach with one group. To achieve the objectives of the study, the ARCS scale for self-determination skills was used, Hassan Al-Masry (2018). The results of the study revealed, through comparing the students' performances in their pre and post-tests regarding to the ARKS scale and through their answers on the scale, the effectiveness of the training program based on the social story for developing the skills of self-determination among students with autism spectrum disorder. The results also showed that there were statistically significant differences after applying the program when significance level was (0.001). The result came in favor of the post-test.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2020

Deep learning (DL) is a kind of machine learning technique that uses artificial intelligence to identify the characteristics of given data and efficiently analyze large amounts of information to perform tasks such as classification and prediction. In the field of neuroimaging of neurodevelopmental disorders, various biomarkers for diagnosis, classification, prognosis prediction, and treatment response prediction have been examined; however, they have not been efficiently combined to produce meaningful results. DL can be applied to overcome these limitations and produce clinically helpful results. Here, we review studies that combine neurodevelopmental disorder neuroimaging and DL techniques to explore the strengths, limitations, and future directions of this research area.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.95-96
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• 2014

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2017

Objectives The purpose of this study is to report the effectiveness of Korean medicine on treating autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in childhood. Methods We treated an 8-years-old patient who was diagnosed with autism (grade II) with herbal medicine, acupuncture and electric moxibustion. Every 11 months, Korean-Childhood Autism Rating Scale (K-CARS) was used to assess the patient's symptom progression. Results After 21 months of Korean medicine treatment, the child's overall health was improved. Moreover, language ability, emotional control, memory and cognitive abilities got better, as well as anxiety, agitation, and aggressive behavior related to ASD were also decreased. K-CARS score at the initial stage of the treatment was 39.5 points, which can be considered as severe autism. After 11 months of the treatment, the K-CARS score was 34.5 points which is mild-moderate autism. Conclusions Korean medicine treatment can be effective in improving symptoms of ASD. However, further studies are needed to demonstrate the treatment benefits to ASD.

• BMB Reports
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• 제52권7호
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• pp.424-433
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• 2019

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental monogenic disorder with a strong genetic influence. Idiopathic autism could be defined as a type of autism that does not have a specific causative agent. Among signalling cascades, mTOR signalling pathway plays a pivotal role not only in cell cycle, but also in protein synthesis and regulation of brain homeostasis in ASD patients. The present review highlights, underlying mechanism of mTOR and its role in altered signalling cascades as a triggering factor in the onset of idiopathic autism. Further, this review discusses how distorted mTOR signalling pathway stimulates truncated translation in neuronal cells and leads to downregulation of protein synthesis at dendritic spines of the brain. This review concludes by suggesting downstream regulators such as p70S6K, eIF4B, eIF4E of mTOR signalling pathway as promising therapeutic targets for idiopathic autistic individuals.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.40-50
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• 2023

Objectives: This study examined the validity of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition (CARS-2) compared with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) in identifying autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: A total of 237 children were tested using both the CARS-2 and ADOS-2. We examined the correlation using Pearson's correlation analysis. In addition, we used a receiver operating characteristic graph to determine the optimal standard version of the CARS-2 (CARS2-ST) cutoff score for ASD diagnosis using the ADOS-2. Results: The concurrent validity of the CARS2-ST was demonstrated by a significant correlation with the ADOS-2 (r=0.864, p<0.001). The optimal CARS2-ST cutoff scores were 30 and 28.5 for identifying autism and autism spectrum, respectively, based on the ADOS-2. Conclusion: We suggest a newly derived CARS2-ST cutoff score of 28.5 for screening ASD and providing early intervention.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.11-25
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study is to provide evidence of pathogenesis, pattern differentiation, treatment principle, formula of traditional Chinese medicine for autism spectrum disorder by reviewing journal articles published in China. Methods We searched literatures dated up to 8 January, 2018 in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and evaluated pathogenesis, pattern differentiation, treatment principle, formula of traditional Chinese medicine for autism spectrum disorder. Results Thirty four studies were selected for analysis. These studies included pathogenesis, pattern differentiation, treatment principle, formula of traditional Chinese medicine for autism spectrum disorder. The most common pattern differentiations were the pattern of kidney essence depletion, pattern of phlegm confounding the orifices of the heart, pattern of dual vacuity of the heart and spleen, pattern of effulgent heart-liver fire, pattern of liver failing to course freely. The most common treatment principles were supplementing the kidney, transquilizing, fortifying the spleen, transforming phlegm, opening the orifices, and calming the liver. The most commonly-used formulas were Yukmijihwangtang (六味地黃湯), Modified Ondamtang (加味溫膽湯), Guibitang (歸脾湯), Yangsimtang (養心湯), Jwaguihwan (左歸丸), Cheonmagudeungeum (天麻鉤藤飮), and Danchisoyosan (丹梔逍遙散). Conclusions This study shows the latest trend of pathogenesis, pattern differentiation, treatment principle, formula of traditional Chinese medicine for autism spectrum disorder. Further study is needed to solidify these findings.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.26-42
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study is to figure out the recent trend of the treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by comparing Korean and Chinese clinical studies. Methods National Digital Science Library (NDSL), Oriental medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System (OASIS), Research Information Sharing Service (RISS) and Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal (KTKP) were used to search Korean studies which were published from January, 2011 to May, 2017. Also Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang data were used to search Chinese studies which were published from the same period. Key words of 'Autism' and 'Autism spectrum disorder' were used. Results 3 Korean studies and 21 Chinese studies were selected and analyzed to find out the most commonly used diagnostic criteria, treatments, including herbal medicine and acupuncture, and treatment assessment procedures. Conclusions As a result of comparing Korean and Chinese clinical studies for the treatment of ASD, both Korean and Chinese medicine treatments showed their effectiveness. However, there were some differences between two countries' clinical trends. In order for this study to be helpful, more highly evidenced clinical studies should be followed.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2021

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in social communication/interaction and restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior. ASD is a relatively common psychiatric disorder, with a prevalence of approximately 1.7% in children. Although many children and adolescents with ASD visit the hospital for medical help for emotional and behavioral problems such as mood instability and self-harming behavior, there are also many visits for sleep disturbances such as insomnia and sleep resistance. Sleep disturbances are likely to increase fatigue and daytime sleepiness, impaired concentration, negatively impact on daytime functioning, and pose challenges in controlling anger and aggressive behavior. Sleep disturbance in children and adolescents with ASD negatively affects the quality of life, nothing to say the quality of life of their families and school members. In this review, sleep disturbances that are common in children and adolescents with ASD and adolescents are presented. The developmental and behavioral impacts of sleep disturbances in ASD were also considered. Finally, non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments for sleep disturbances in children and adolescents with ASD and adolescents are reviewed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2015

In patients with a language developmental delay, it is necessary to make a differential diagnosis for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), specific language impairment, and mental retardation. It is important that pediatricians recognize the signs and symptoms of ASDs, as many patients with language developmental delays are ultimately diagnosed with ASDs. Pediatricians play an important role in the early recognition of ASDs, because they are usually the first point of contact for children with ASDs. A revision of the diagnostic criteria of ASDs was proposed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) that was released in May 2013. The autism spectrum describes a range of conditions classified as neurodevelopmental disorders in the fifth edition of the DSM. The new diagnostic criteria encompasses previous elements from the diagnosis of autistic disorder, Asperger disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. An additional change to the DSM includes synthesizing the section on social and communication deficits into one domain. In ASD patients, the appropriate behavioral therapies and rehabilitation treatments significantly affect the prognosis. Therefore, this makes early diagnosis and treatment very important. In conclusion, pediatricians need to be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of ASDs and be attentive to them in order to make an early diagnosis and provide treatment.