• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.7 s.106
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• pp.69-78
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• 2006

In the early Joseon when royal authority was not still firmly established, King Taejong, or Lee Bang Won tried to make their political position guaranteed through relationships with Ming, making efforts to develop relations with the Chinese nation positively. This political orientation towards Ming by of the king Taejong was also clearly reflected in the settlement of official uniform in the early Joseon, which can be described as follows. Gaoming(誥命), Yinxin(印信) and Mianfu(冕服) granted by Ming for the first time since the foundation of Joseon suggested that the Chinese nation recognized the formal settlement of Joseon dynasty and the inauguration of King Taejong. presumedly, the grants played a critical role in the firm establishment by King Taejong of his royal authority under unstable political conditions. Under the reign of King Taejong, Joseon tried to abolish ancient regime and, instead, accept systems and institutions of Ming as it maintained smooth relations with the Chinese nation. King Taejong whose royal authority was locally deemed lack in legitimacy and morality wanted to receive the moral recognition of his reign. So the monarch tried to not only strengthen his authority, but also take in advanced culture and civilization through submissive diplomatic relations with Ming. This was a practical diplomatic strategy that was clearly discriminated from toadyism. It was a policy towards Ming, pursuing substantial national benefit. Therefore, official uniform system under the reign of King Taejong should be understood accordingly.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.41-56
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• 2008

Existing studies show that authoritarians are obedient to the powerful even though they are coercive to the weak. However, the personal relationships are very diverse even in the range of the authority relations. The purpose of this study is to explain the differences in the obedience to authority between authoritarians and non-authoritarians in some situations which have different authority-levels. This study presumed that obedience to authority is affected by their own authoritarianism. For this study, four scenarios were used to provide subjects with the situations that are different in the strength of authority. And the results demonstrated that people behave differently according to the level of authority. The result showed that in the low-authority situation authoritarians tend to obey less to the authorities than non-authoritarians. This result is different from existing ones. It follows from what has been said that the loss of authority in Korea partially comes from the double standard of the authoritarians according to the strength of authority.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.75-96
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the functional changes of local educational authority policy based on the systems thinking perspective using causal loop diagrams. In the past, the main function of the local educational authority was to manage and supervise schools. Through this policy, local educational authority would be transformed into a support agency. However, this policy did not achieve the goal, was to cause confusion and require improvement. This study shows structured causes of the problem based on systems thinking. These diagrams make it possible for educational policy makers to provide ideas, although they have some complicated environment. The findings indicate that based on systems thinking in this policy can help those who related to policy decision than existing diagnosis method.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.28-38
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• 2018

Wikipedia is composed of millions of articles, each of which explains a particular entity with various languages in the real world. Since the articles are contributed and edited by a large population of diverse experts with no specific authority, Wikipedia can be seen as a naturally occurring body of human knowledge. In this paper, we propose a method to automatically identify key entities and relations in Wikipedia articles, which can be used for automatic ontology construction. Compared to previous approaches to entity and relation extraction and/or identification from text, our goal is to capture naturally occurring entities and relations from Wikipedia while minimizing artificiality often introduced at the stages of constructing training and testing data. The titles of the articles and anchored phrases in their text are regarded as entities, and their types are automatically classified with minimal training. We attempt to automatically detect and identify possible relations among the entities based on clustering without training data, as opposed to the relation extraction approach that focuses on improvement of accuracy in selecting one of the several target relations for a given pair of entities. While the relation extraction approach with supervised learning requires a significant amount of annotation efforts for a predefined set of relations, our approach attempts to discover relations as they occur naturally. Unlike other unsupervised relation identification work where evaluation of automatically identified relations is done with the correct relations determined a priori by human judges, we attempted to evaluate appropriateness of the naturally occurring clusters of relations involving person-artifact and person-organization entities and their relation names.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.121-133
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• 2009

This study tested the relations of schools organizational climate and teachers' job stresses, perceived by 913 teachers from 45 elementary, junior- and senior-high schools. Pearson's correlation analysis for the relations between the sub-factors of both organizational climate and job stresses and cannonical correlation analysis for the relative contribution of individual variable of organizational climate upon job stress were applied for the test. The results of Pearson's correlation analysis showed that while 'intimacy', 'esprit', 'considerations', and 'production emphasis' climate had negative correlations with job stress sub-factors, 'disengagement' and 'aloofness' climate had positive correlation. 'Student guidance', a sub-factor of job stresses, did not have statistically significant correlation with any sub-factors of organizational climate. Findings from cannonical correlation analysis showed 2 significant cannonical functions to explain the relations between the sets of variables. 'Disengagement' from organizational climate positively contributed with 'authority forfeiture' and 'dissention and conflict' of the job stresses variables.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.398-405
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• 2023

Background: Starting from March 2020 until December 2021, different phases of Covid-19 pandemic have been identified in Italy, with several containing/lifting measures progressively enforced by the National government. In the present study, we investigate the change in occupational risk during the subsequent pandemic phases and we propose an estimate of the incidence of the cases by economic sector, based on the analysis of insurance claims for compensation for Covid-19. Methods: Covid-19 epidemiological data available for the general population and injury claims of workers covered by the Italian public insurance system in 2020-2021 were analyzed. Monthly Incidence Rate of Covid-19 compensation claims per 100,000 workers (MIRw) was calculated by the economic sector and compared with the same indicator for general population in different pandemic periods. Results: The distribution of Covid-19 MIRw by sector significantly changed during the pandemic related to both the strength of different waves and the mitigation/lifting strategies enforced. The level of occupational fraction was very high at the beginning phase of the pandemic, decreasing to 5% at the end of 2021. Healthcare and related services were continuously hit but the incidence was significantly decreasing in 2021 in all sectors, except for postal and courier activities in transportation and storage enterprises. Conclusion: The analysis of compensation claim data allowed to identify time trends for infection risk in different working sectors. The claim rates were highest for human health and social work activities but the distribution of risk among sectors was clearly influenced by the different stages of the pandemic.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.21
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• pp.177-199
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• 2009

In this study, I would try to observe the scopes and related matters of the authority of private security personnel based on the basic discussion about the identity of private security. Everybody knows, the problems of private personnel have been mainly discussed in the relations of the public police. Because the roles of private personnel are similar to the police, and in the perspective of the law, private security are regulated by the police. When we compared with the police, the scopes of authorities of private personnel are considered in several points. First, most private personnel are just only 'citizen', so they can exercise the authority as citizen. It can include self-defense, self-help. flagrante delicto arrest. But when discuss the authority in the scopes of a possessionary right or managemental right, the authority of private personnel can be extended somewhat. Moreover, when private personnel are delegated by the special laws, their authority are extended much more. Finally, when the whole authority are delegated by such as the privatization, private personnel authority can be nearly same to the police. But, it can be considered that the degrees of the delegated authority are flexible. And the exercise of the authority must be performed in the limit that not infringe the individual freedom and rights. It seems to me that the degrees of fairness in use of authorities and it's a permitted limit are set forth a premise not only the legitimate base but also judicial judgement. Therefore, the attitudes of the courts related the exercise of authority are very important. And the growth of private security and the extension of authority followed are inevitably accompany the various problems of responsibility, so it must be considered about that in many perspectives.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.171-176
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• 2021

The article considers some issues of criminal law protection of information relations. With the emergence of new types of threats to Ukraine's national security in the field of protection and defense of the state border, the issues of development and strengthening of information protection become especially important. Proper compliance with information legislation also depends on the established responsibility for its violation, which rests on certain provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is stated that these norms are placed in different sections and do not have a proper systematization. The article singles out the subjects of information relations in the border area, which are subject to criminal law protection: persons who are not bound by stable relations with the SBGS (who cross the state border of Ukraine, etc.); persons who are members of the SBGS (servicemen and employees); SBGS as a public authority (official and secret information, information about the activities of the agency, its officials, etc.).

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2022

Background: On the basis of its role for the development of occupational health research, information, good practices, the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) launched the present survey to collect information on public health and prevention policies put in place by the governments of the countries in the world to contain the pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online questionnaire focused on COVID-19 data, public health policies, prevention measures, support measures for economy, work, and education, personal protective equipment, intensive care units, contact tracing, return to work, and the role of ICOH against COVID-19. The questionnaire was administered to 113 ICOH National Secretaries and senior OSH experts. Collected data refer to the period ranging from the beginning of the pandemic in each country to June 30, 2020. Results: A total of 73 questionnaires from 73 countries around the world were considered valid, with a 64.6% response rate. Most of the respondents (71.2%) reported that the state of emergency was declared in their country, and 86.1% reported lockdown measures. Most of the respondents (66.7%) affirmed that the use of face masks was compulsory in their country. As for containment measures, 97.2% indicated that mass gatherings (meetings) were limited. Regarding workplace closing, the most affected sector was entertainment (90.1%). Conclusion: The results of this survey are useful to gain a global view on COVID-19 policy responses at country level.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.139-155
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• 2011

The failure of distinguishing homographs in describing relations of individual authors and relations of authorship(i.e. distinction of persons with the same name or persons of the same literary author's name) will cause difficulties of retrieving exact information. It is because relations of automorphism cannot be formed between the two sets mentioned above. Therefore, it is ultimately necessary to set up the criteria or tools to distinguish homographs in order to retrieve more exact information. In the past, some efforts were made to develop authority data in order to solve the homograph problems by individual libraries, documents and portal sites in Korea. It is well understood that developing authority data by an individual institution was very difficult with no criteria or no rules to clarify the homograph problems at the national level. This study is to develop ways of recognizing individual names including subject words and proper nouns. The results of the study will present methods of distinguishing and describing homographs between individual author sets, and authorship sets particularly focused on the areas of arts and popular culture.