• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.124-138
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• 2017

Physico-chemical measurement of non-refractory submicron particles($NR-PM_1$) was conducted in Baengnyeong Island, Korea using Aerodyne High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) from 2012 to 2014. Organics and ammoniated sulfate were dominant species in $NR-PM_1$. The organics was found to have similar fractions(approximate 40%) of $NR-PM_1$ during the summer and winter, while the sulfate fractions of $NR-PM_1$ were calculated to be approximately 47% and 31% for the summer and winter, respectively, suggesting the possibility that particles provide non-acidic surfaces for condensation of nitric acid in the winter. The nitrate fractions of approximate 4% and 20% of $NR-PM_1$ were observed in August (summer) and November (winter), respectively, resulting that the relatively low concentration of sulfate in $NR-PM_1$ provided a non-acidic surface for nitric acid condensation and formation of particulate ammoniated nitrate is favored thermodynamically in winter. The new particle formation (NPF) event and particle growth rate were analyzed for each month in 2014 using Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer(SMPS). The Percent of NPF events was the highest in winter, but NPF event was not observed during summer due to relatively high temperature and frequent rainfall. The average particle growth rate was 3.5 nm/h and the highest particle growth rate was 5.5 nm/h in May. We observed the long-range transport of the anthropogenic sulfate from the East Asia during the intensive monitoring period of November between Qingdao and Baengnyeong Island in 2013. The relatively high concentrations of m/z 60 measured in HR-ToF-AMS was observed in May and June at Baengnyeong Island, suggesting the possibility of the influence of biomass burning from the East Asia to the Korean Peninsula.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.475-485
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• 2001

The presence of airborne particles in the earth atmosphere expert important controls on the global climate because of their effects on the radiative balance. However, there are major uncertainties associated with the direct and indirect radiative effects of aerosols. In addition, their physicochemical properties cannot only the decline of air quality but also damage human health. Airborne particles were collected by two different commercial air samples, high volume sampler(for TSP) and low volume sampler(for P $M_{10}$ ) at the campus of Kunsan National University during February to September, 2000. In most cases, TSP and P $M_{10}$ were sampled once a week for the duration of 24 hours from 9:00 a.m. In addition samples were collected more intenisve, when the yellow dust was expected. Each sample was analyzed for pH and major ions concentration (C $l^{[-10]}$ , S $O_4$$^{2-}$, N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ , N $a^{+}$, N $H_4$$^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$) by ion chromatography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Acidity (pH) of TSP and P $M_{10}$ ranged from 5.09 to 8.51 and from 6.22 to 7.54, respectively. The concentrations of airborne particles were found to satisfy both the short and long-term air quality standards during the sampling period. If the ratio of ionic concentrations originating from None sea salt(Nss) to sea salt(ss) in aerosol samples was concerned, it was found that the ionic concentrations from marine environment contributed dominantly in total mass concentration in the airborne particles. When seasonal trends were examined, the TSP concentrations in spring were higher than those of other seasons. It may result form frequent occurrences of yellow dust and during the spring season. The concentration ratio of P $M_{10}$ to TSP ranged from 0.78 to 1 during the sampling period. pH in the airborne particle was highest during spring, but the other seasons maintained almost same level. These results suggest that alkaline species in yellow dust can directly neutralize aerosol acidity. During spring season, yellow dust could be a positive factor that can defer the acidification of surface soil and water by neutralizing acidic aerosols in the atmosphere.osphere.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.45-59
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 NOAA AVHRR 밝기온도 자료로부터 해수면 온도(SST) 산출에 황사 에어로솔은 미치는 영향을 복사전달 모델을 사용하여 분석하고, SST 복원 알고리즘을 개선하였다. 봄철의 황사에 의한 AVHRR 밝기온도 변화를 모의하기 위한 복사전달 모델의 입력 자료로서 지상 태양광 관측 자료로부터 분석한 황사 에어로솔 광학적 특성 (에어로솔 광학적 두께 및 크기분포)과 라디오 존데 연직분포 자료(기압, 기온, 및 습도)를 이용하였다. 황사 에어로솔은 적외선 복사대에서 흡수에 비해 산란이 매우 큼을 보였으며, 이러한 특징은 지표면에서 방출되는 상향복사량을 산란시켜 대기상부에서 관측되는 밝기 온도를 감소시키는 경향과 관련이 있다. 광학적 두께가 1인 황사의 경우 직하점에서 약 2 K, 위성 천정각이 $50^{\circ}$인 경우에는 약 4 K의 감쇄를 유발하였다. 황사 존재시 AVHRR 적의채널 11, $12{\mu}m$의 밝기온도 차 역시 감소하는 경향을 보이고 있지만 그 값은 미미하였다. 기존 SST 복원 알고리즘은 황사발생시 SST를 실제 값보다도 낮게 산출함을 보였으며, 이를 보정하기 위해 에어로솔 광학적 두께, $11{\mu}m$에서의 밝기온도, 그리고 위성 천정각을 추가하여 알고리즘을 개선하였다. 개선된 SST 복원 알고리즘은 황사의 두께가 1인 경우 2.7 K정도의 오차를 개선하였다.

• 대기
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.283-304
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• 2024

This study analyzed the variability and correlation between ground-level air pollutant concentrations and the atmospheric mixing layer height using data from four types of air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and O₃) collected at AirKorea monitoring stations nationwide over a five-year period (2018~2022), and aerosol backscatter data observed by the Vaisala CL31 to derive atmospheric mixing layer heights. The five-year trends and variability of ground-level air pollutant concentrations under seasonal and hourly conditions were examined, as well as the seasonal distribution and diurnal variation of the atmospheric mixing layer height. Five correlation coefficient methodologies were applied to analyze the correlations between ground-level air pollutants and atmospheric mixing layer height under various seasonal and hourly conditions, confirming the dilution effect of the atmospheric mixing layer height. The results showed that PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and NO₂ generally had negative correlations with the atmospheric mixing layer height, while O₃ showed a strong positive correlation up to an altitude of 1,200~1,500 meters, and a negative correlation beyond that altitude. It was also shown that a single high concentration event (e.g., PM₁₀) can alter the overall correlation. The correlation can also vary depending on the characteristics of the correlation coefficient methodology, highlighting the importance of applying the appropriate methodology for each case during the analysis process.

• 대기
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.105-124
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• 2023

본 문헌 검토 논문에서는 대기물리 분야를 편의상 대기복사, 대기 에어로졸, 구름물리 관측 및 실험, 구름모델링, 강수물리로 나누어 각 분야에서 196 3년 한국기상학회가 발족된 이후 지난 60년간 역사적으로 어떠한 학술적인 발전을 이루어왔는지를 검토하였다. 대기복사 분야에서는 주로 복사관측과 복사이론 연구에 꾸준한 발전을 이루어왔으나 상대적으로 학회 회원들의 활동이 저조했다고 할 수 있다. 대기 에어로졸과 구름물리 분야는 기후변화 인자로서의 에어로졸의 역할과 그 중요성이 부각되면서 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 다양한 첨단 에어로졸 관측장비를 이용한 관측, 기상관측 전용항공기의 도입과 이를 이용한 에어로졸 연직분포 관측, 구름 속의 구름입자 직접 관측 등이 가능해졌고, 여러 국제 공동 에어로졸/구름 관측 캠페인에 주도적으로 참여하여 의미 있는 연구결과를 발표하고 있으며, 구름모델링 분야에서는 구름과정 모수화 연구에 학회 회원들의 기여가 두드러졌다. 또한 지상 원격탐사 장비를 이용한 강수입자 특성과 강수 물리 과정에 대한 연구도 매우 활발히 이루어졌다. 2022년 초에는 국립기상과학원이 구름챔버 제작을 완성하여 현재 세계적으로도 드물게 이루어지고 있는 구름챔버를 이용한 구름물리, 인공강수 연구를 시작 할 수 있게 되었다. 이러한 선도적 활동을 발판으로 향후에는 한국기상학회 회원들이 대기물리 분야에서 세계 기상학계를 이끌어 가는 커다란 발전을 이룰 것으로 전망해 본다.

• 대기
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.147-157
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• 2007

A weekend effect has been investigated in diurnal temperature range (DTR) for Seoul in Korea using 50-year (1955 ~ 2005) surface measurements of maximum and minimum temperatures, and particle mass concentrations (PM10). The minimum temperature increases by 0.42K per decade, 2 times faster than the maximum temperature during 1955 to 2005, for rapid urbanization has occurred in Seoul. The weekend effect, which is defined as the DTR for Sunday minus the average DTR for Tuseday through Thursday, can be as large as +0.08 K for the recent 20-year period relative to 0.01K for 1955 to 1975. Especially the wintertime DTR tends to have a remarkable positive weekend effect (+0.17K), that is, larger DTR on Sunday compared to weekdays, which seems to be associated with increased maximum temperature and thus an increase in DTR. This result could be explained by relative differences in PM10 concentration between Sunday and weekdays (Tuesday through Thursday), such that PM10 concentration on Sundays appears to be systematically lower about 12% than on weekdays. The annually average weekend DTR increases by 0.2K with $10{\mu}gm^{-3}$ decrease in PM10 concentration in comparison with weekdays. The results could be possible evidence of an anthropogenic link to DTR, one of climate important indicators, since no meteorological phenomenon is supposed to occur over a 7 day cycle.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.171-176
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• 1999

To estimate the residence times of aerosols in air, the activities of $^{210}Pb$ and $^{210}Po$ in aerosols were measured at 4 sites in Pusan. All aerosol samples were collected by a high volume air sampler from January to October 1996. The activities $^{210}Pb$ and $^{210}Po$ in Pusan were varied from 11.77 to 67.57 dpm/1000$m^3$ and from 2.63 to 15.91 dpm/1000$m^3$, respectively. The mean activities were 34.62 dpm/1000$m^3$ for $^{210}Pb$ and 8.24 dpm/1000$m^3$ for $^{210}Po$. The highest values of the activities of $^{210}Pb$ and $^{210}Po$ were appeared at P3 site and the lowest values at P4 site. During the sampling period, the trends of the activities of $^{210}Po$ and $^{210}Pb$ were similar to total suspended particulate matter(TSP) concentrations. The mean residence times of atmospheric aerosols calculated from $^{210}Po$/$^{210}Pb$ activity ratio was about 60~80 days in Pusan. The longest residence time of atmospheric aerosols was in January because of the lack of rainout and washout, but the shortest residence time was in August, largely due to scavenging effect by frequent rains. The activities of $^{210}Po$ and $^{210}Pb$ in atmospheric aerosols were different in time and space, which seems that the distribution of $^{210}Po$ and $^{210}Pb$ activities and scavenging processes in air may be controlled by the local and meteorological conditions.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2011

Atmospheric aerosol deposition caused by Asian dust (KOSA) events provide nutrients, trace metals, and organic compounds over the Pacific Ocean that enhance ocean productivity and carbon sequestration and, thus, influence the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and climate. Using dust particles obtained from the snow layers on Mt. Tateyama and the surface sand of Loess Plateau in incubation experiments with natural seawater samples on a shipboard, we demonstrate that dust-particle additions enhanced the bacterial growth on the first day of incubation. Gram-positive bacterial group and alpha-proteobacteria were specifically detected form seawater samples including the mineral particles. Although the remarkable dynamics of trace elements and nutrients depend on dust-particle additions, it is possible that organic compounds present in the mineral particles or transported microbial cells could also contribute to an increase in the quantities of bacteria. The chlorophyll concentrations at fractions of every size indicated a similar pattern of change between the seawater samples with and without the dust-particle additions. In contrast, the chlorophyll measurement using submersible fluorometer revealed that the dynamics of phytoplankton composition were influenced by the dust-particles treatments. We conclude that the phytoplankton that uses the bacterial products would increase their biomass. We show that KOSA deposition can potentially alter the structures of bacterial communities and indirectly influence the patterns of marine primary production in the Pacific Ocean.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.322-329
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• 2017

Perturbation in ambient particulate matter ($PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10}$) and black carbon (BC) concentrations was studied during a firecracker bursting episode in Diwali (Festival of Lights) celebrations in Nagpur, India. Firecracker bursting resulted in greater escalation in fine particulates over coarse particulates while $PM_{2.5}$ was found to be dominated by $PM_1$ concentration. On the Diwali day, daily mean concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ exceeded Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standards by over 1.8 and 1.5 times, respectively, while daily mean BC concentration on the same day was almost two times higher than the previous day. The BC/$PM_1$ ratio reduced remarkably from about 0.26 recorded before fire-cracker bursting activity to about 0.09 during fire-cracker bursting on Diwali night in spite of simultaneous escalation in ambient BC concentration. Such aberration in BC/$PM_1$ was evidently a result of much higher escalation in $PM_1$ than BC in ambient air during firecracker bursting. The study highlighted strong perturbations in ambient $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10}$ concentrations and BC/$PM_1$ during the firecracker bursting episode. Altered atmospheric BC/$PM_1$ ratios could serve as indicators of firecracker-polluted air and similar BC/$PM_1$ ratios in local and regional air masses might be used as diagnostic ratios for firecracker smoke.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.803-813
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• 2022

In this study, we improved the water-based condensation particle counter in Atmospheric Research Aircraft NARA and investigated the condensation particle number concentration over the Korean peninsula. Pump and set point information were changed to improve the instrument used by aircraft for observation. Ground-based observational result showed that the error between two instruments, which are water-based condensation particle counter and butanol-based condensation particle counter, was 4.7%. Aerial observational result revealed that the number concentration before improvement indicate large variation with unstable condition, whereas the number concentration after improvement indicate a reasonable variation. After improvement, the number concentration was 706±499 particle/cm³ in the West Sea and 257±80 particle/cm³ in Gangwon-do, and these are similar to the concentration range reported in previous studies. Notably, this is the first attempt to use aerial observation with water-based condensation particle counter to investigate condensation particle number concentration.