• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.400-408
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare EMG activity during horticulture motion and upper limb rehabilitation motion, to confirm whether horticulture motion is suitable for upper extremity rehabilitation of hemiparesis. Design: Three-group cross-sectional design. Methods: The 45 subjects were divided into three groups: hemiparesis (n=15), elderly (n=15) and healthy (n=15). We have recorded EMG signals of six upper limb muscles Upper trapezius (UT), Middle deltoid (MD), Anterior deltoid (AD), Biceps brachii (BB), Triceps brachii (TB), Brachioradialis (BR) during horticultural motions and three upper limb rehabilitative motions. The dependent variables were peak EMG, integral EMG, co-contraction ratio. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the horticultural motion and rehabilitation motion of the three groups. Results: The peak EMG was significantly different in MD, AD, BB, TB according to the motion(p<0.05), and the UT, BB were significant differences according to the group(p<0.05). The integral EMG was significantly different in MD, AD, BB, TB, BR according to the motion(p<0.05), and the BB were significant differences according to the group(p<0.05). The co-contraction ratio was significantly different in TB/BB according of the motion, and there was no difference between the groups. Conclusions: As a result of this study, horticultural motion alone was insufficient for upper arm rehabilitation, and horticultural motion alone was insufficient to induce continuous activity of the forearm.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.356-361
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• 2024

본 논문에서는 2.4 GHz 이상의 주파수 대역에서 동작하는 동일면 도파관 (CPW; coplanar waveguide) 급전 초광대역 반원-디스크-모양 다이폴 안테나의 설계와 제작을 다루고 있다. 안테나 급전을 위해 반원-디스크-모양 다이폴 안테나의 아래 쪽 팔의 중심에 CPW 급전 선로를 추가하였다. 소형화를 위해 반원-디스크-모양 다이폴의 두 팔의 끝에 사각형 패치를 추가하였고, 5.4-6.3 GHz 대역에서 임피던스 정합을 개선하기 위해 다이폴 안테나의 중심 부분의 CPW 급전 선로의 슬롯 폭을 증가시켰다. 제안된 안테나의 시뮬레이션 전압 정재파비 (VSWR; voltage standing wave ratio)가 2 이하인 대역은 2.369-30 GHz (170.7%)이고, 제작된 안테나도 20 GHz까지 동작하는 네트워크 분석기로 측정한 결과 2.378-20 GHz까지 VSWR 2 이하로 유지되어 차세대 이동통신용 초광대역 안테나로 적용할 수 있다.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.106-123
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• 2000

The purpose of the survey was to clarify the clinical features and management of the anorectal malformations (ARM) in Korea. Twenty-seven members of the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons were surveyed. The members completed a case registration form for each patient during the two years period of 1996-1997, and a questionnaire that contained their management preferences for primary and complicated patients. Twenty-four members of the 22 institutions registered 295 cases of the ARM, and 27 out of 34 members (77.1 %) responded to the questionnaire. The patients were classified by the Wingspread classification of ARM(1984). The case registration form was a modification of Wingspread workshop for the postoperative assessment and case registration. The male to female ratio was 1.7 : 1. The average number of patients per surgeon was 6.1 cases per year. Prematurity(< 36 weeks) was present in 1.9 % of cases and low birth weight (< 2.6 Kg) in 12.1 %. Among 187 male patients, 62 were high(H) type, 29 intermediate(l) type, 88 low(L), and 8 unclassified. In female, there were 2 cases of cloacal anomalies(C), 4 H type, 30 I type, 66 L type and 6 unclass ified. For male, 87.9 % of H and I type were operated by the Pena procedure, but only 7.9 % in L types. In female, all of C, H and I types, and 40.9 % of L type were done by the Pena procedure. One case expired (MR; 0.003%) as a result of surgical complication. Over-all complication rate was 12.5 %. Among 6 cases of reoperation, 4 were failed Pena procedures. Among 140 colostomies sigmoid colon was utilized in 75.7%, and loop colostomy was commonly used. Ten surgeons prefered primary maturation of the stoma. In conclusion, posterior sagittal anorectoplasty is popular for high types of ARM in this country, but considerable number of patients are still suffering from failed operations. For better understanding and analysis, necessity of prospective study by new classification was discussed.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

Background: Winged scapular (WS) causes muscle imbalance with abnormal patterns when moving the arm. In particular, the over-activation of the upper trapezius (UT) and decrease in activity of the lower trapezius (LT) and serratus anterior (SA) produce abnormal scapulohumeral rhythm. Therefore, the SA requires special attention in all shoulder rehabilitation programs. In fact, many previous studies have been devoted to the SA muscle strength training needed for WS correction. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of shoulder girdle muscle and ratio according to the angle of shoulder abduction and external weight in supine position. Methods: Twenty three WS patients participated in this experiment. They performed scapular protraction exercise in supine position with the weights of 0 kg, 1 kg, 1.5 kg, and 2 kg at shoulder abduction angles of $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, and $90^{\circ}$. The angle and weight applications were randomized. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to collect the EMG data of the SA, pectoralis major (PM), and UT during the exercise. The ratio of PM/SA and UT/SA was confirmed. Two-way repeated analyses of variance were used to determine the statistical significance of SA, PM, and UT and the ratios of PM/SA and UT/SA. Results: There was a significant difference in SA according to angle (p<.05). Significant differences were also identified depending on the angle and weight (p<.05). The angle of abduction at $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$ and weight of 2 kg showed the highest SA activity. However, there was no significant difference between PM and UT (p>.05). There was a significant difference between PM/SA and UT/SA in ratio of muscle activity according to angle (p<.05). Significant differences were found at PM/SA angles of $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ (p<.05). For UT/SA, significant difference was only observed at $90^{\circ}$ (p<.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, in order to strengthen the SA, it was found to be most effective to use 1 and 1.5 kg weights with abduction angles of $0^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$ at shoulder protraction in supine position.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.609-614
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 부피는 기존 1단 감속기와 동일한 수준을 유지하면서 2단의 감속비를 갖는 소형감속기에 대한 개발을 위하여 새로운 형태의 편심캠을 이용한 감속기의 연구를 진행하였다. 따라서 자동차에 적용되는 무단변속기의 개념을 이용하여 2단 감속기를 설계하였다. 캠은 감속풀리와 가속풀리에 각각 연결되어있는 V-벨트를 압착하여 미끄러짐을 최소화하기 위하여 텐셔너 역할을 할 수 있도록 $180^{\circ}$의 위상차를 두고 편심형태를 가지는 구조로 설계하였다. 또한 캠의 직경을 35mm로 하고, 외경의 폭을 18mm로 하여 v-벨트의 외측부분과 캠이 완벽하게 접촉할 수 있는 구조로 설계하였다. 감속을 위한 저속 풀리는 입력축에 지름 50.8mm의 풀리를 설치하고, 출력축에 지름76.2mm의 풀리를 설치하였다. 가속을 위한 고속 풀리에는 입력축에 지름 76.2mm의 풀리를 설치하고, 출력축에 지름 50.8mm의 풀리를 설치하였다. 설계된 내용을 토대로 변속기의 동력전달효율실험과 발열특성에 대한 실험을 진행하여 타당성을 검증하였다. 또한 타당성 검증을 통하여 감속기의 적합성을 증명하였다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제46권11호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2009

일반적으로 3차원 그래픽 깊이 캐쉬와 픽셀 캐쉬는 메모리 대역폭의 효율적인 사용을 위하여 라이트 백(write-back) 캐쉬로 설계된다. 또한 3차원 그래픽 특성상 캐쉬 읽기 접근을 시도한 주소에 대한 캐쉬 쓰기 접근 혹은 읽기 접근이 발생하지 않고 캐쉬 쓰기 접근만 발생하는 경우가 많다. 캐쉬 메모리의 모든 블록이 사용되고 있는 상태에서 캐쉬 접근 실패가 발생하면 캐쉬 메모리 한 블록이 교체 알고리즘(replacement algorithm)에 의하여 한 블록을 라이트 백 동작을 실행하고 그 블록에 다른 데이터를 저장한다. 이러한 캐쉬 접근 실패 발생은 방출되는 캐쉬 메모리 한 블록의 데이터를 저장하기 위한 외부 메모리 쓰기 접근과 캐쉬 접근 실패를 처리하기 위한 외부 메모리 접근을 동시에 발생시킨다. 따라서 연속적인 캐쉬 접근 실패가 발생하는 경우 다량의 메모리 읽기와 쓰기 접근이 동시에 발생되어 메모리 병목현상을 유발시키고 이는 결국 메모리 접근 소요 시간을 길어지게 한다. 이와 같이 연속적인 캐쉬 접근 실패는 캐쉬를 사용하는 프로세서나 IP의 성능 저하와 전력소비 증가를 유발한다. 본 논문에서는 캐쉬 사용 시 발생하는 메모리 병목현상을 최소화하기 위하여 빠른 라이트 백이라는 새로운 방법을 사용하였다. 이 방법은 캐쉬 메모리 블록에 들어있는 유효 데이터를 방출하는 시점을 조절하여 외부 메모리 접근이 다량으로 몰리는 것을 방지하는 것이다. 즉 같은 메모리 용량과 접근 성공율을 가지는 캐쉬의 성능을 증가시킬 수 있는 방법이다. 이를 통하여 메모리 병목 현상을 완화시킬 수 있고 또한 캐쉬 접근 실패 시 소요되는 평균 메모리 접근 소요시간을 줄일 수 있다. 이러한 새로운 캐쉬 구조를 위한 실험은 ARM11, 3차원 그래픽 가속기 및 다양한 IP들이 내장되어 있는 SoC 환경에서 3차원 그래픽 가속기의 깊이 캐쉬와 픽셀 캐쉬에 적용하여 진행하였으며 여러 가지 실험 벡터를 이용하여 결과를 측정하였을때 성능을 향상시킬 수 있다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.659-669
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• 2000

Many patients of acute myocardial infarction showed delay time before seeking treatment although they needed immediate thrombolytic therapy once they perceived their symptoms. The objectives of this study were to identify the relationship between clinical symptoms and the delay, and to find the time spent before seeking the treatment. This study was a retrospective research. The delay time for the treatment consisted of the length of delay from symptom onset to patients' decision (T1), from patients' decision making to finding transportation (T2), and from taking transportation to the first hospital arrival(T3). The subjects were 89 patients who were admitted in the ICU and Cardiac Ward at Chonnam University Hospital with the first attack of acute myocardial infarction. Center, USA The data was collected for three months from March 1st to May 31st of 1998 through questionnaires and reviewing patients' charts: The chart information was suppled by two nurses working at the ICU and Cardiac Ward. The data was analyzed by using frequency, mean and ANOVA through the SAS program. The results of study summarized as follows: 1. Sixty two patients (69.7%) were male and twenty seven patients (30.3%) were female, the ratio of male to female was 2.3 : 1. 2. In daily life, the 70.8% of the patients felt chest pain and discomfort fatigue in 67.4%, dyspnea in 57.3%, and pain in arm, neck, and jaw in 52.8%. During the attack, 97.8% of the patients felt chest pain and discomfort dyspnea in 82.1%, pain in arm, neck, jaw in 67.4% and perspiration in 51.7%. 3. The length of time a patient spent seeking time for treatment (T1+T2+T3) was 94.6 minutes, in which the time for patients' decision making for treatment (T1) was 70.3 minutes, time for finding transportation (T2) was 8.2 minutes, and time for the transportation of the patient to the first hospital (T3) was 16.1 minutes. Time for patients' decision making to go to a hospital(T1) was 74.2% of the total time sought for treatment. 4. The differences of time sought for treatment between perceptions about the seriousness of the symptoms were significant (F= 6.5, p< .01). The more serious the heart symptoms they felt, the shorter the seeking time for treatment. 5. The differences of the time delay before treatment between the degree of the symptoms were significant (F= 2.9, p< .05). The patients with the typical chest pain and discomfort spent shorter the seeking time for treatment than those with the atypical symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. 6. The differences of transportation time to the first hospital between the types of cars that the patients used, were significant (F= 4.3, p< .01). When the patients used 119 or 129 they spent the least time (5.3 minutes) for transportation, and followed by way of an ambulance (15.6 minutes), private car (20.6 minutes), and taxi (24.8 minutes).

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.169-179
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate occupational and individual risk factors and working conditions in relation to musculoskeletal symptoms in street cleaners. Investigation was conducted through a survey of 395 male street cleaners employed by the government office in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Chung-Nam from July to August of 2009. The control group was comprised of 143 male drivers and security guards. Risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms in street cleaners were investigated by multiple logistic regression analysis and also evaluated ergonomic risk factors by assessing working conditions of 4 street cleaners. As a result of symptom questionnaires, all of the prevalent rates of musculoskeletal symptoms in street cleaners had significantly higher results than those of the control group(p<0.05). On binary logistic regression analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms, street cleaners showed significant higher odds ratio as 18.84(95%CI: 6.56-54.12) in the arm/elbow, 10.49(95%CI: 4.29-25.65) in the hand/wrist compared to the control group. Both absence of rest breaks and exposure to ergonomic risk factors showed to be important internal risk factors of musculoskeletal symptoms among street cleaners. The exposure levels of QEC(Quick exposures checklist) in street cleaners were revealed to be higher on the shoulder/arm, wrist/hand, and neck than back, or from stress. The findings appear to show that street cleaners were high-risk group of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore street cleaners require a holistic interventional strategy, including adequate arrangement of rest breaks, improvement of working tools and control of individual risk factors such as obesity and smoking.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.148-153
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• 2013

Background: C-arm fluoroscope has been widely used to promote more effective pain management; however, unwanted radiation exposure for operators is inevitable. We prospectively investigated the differences in radiation exposure related to collimation in Medial Branch Block (MBB). Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial of 62 MBBs at L3, 4 and 5. After the patient was laid in the prone position on the operating table, MBB was conducted and only AP projections of the fluoroscope were used. Based on a concealed random number table, MBB was performed with (collimation group) and without (control group) collimation. The data on the patient's age, height, gender, laterality (right/left), radiation absorbed dose (RAD), exposure time, distance from the center of the field to the operator, and effective dose (ED) at the side of the table and at the operator's chest were collected. The brightness of the fluoroscopic image was evaluated with histogram in Photoshop. Results: There were no significant differences in age, height, weight, male to female ratio, laterality, time, distance and brightness of fluoroscopic image. The area of the fluoroscopic image with collimation was 67% of the conventional image. The RAD ($29.9{\pm}13.0$, P = 0.001) and the ED at the left chest of the operators ($0.53{\pm}0.71$, P = 0.042) and beside the table ($5.69{\pm}4.6$, P = 0.025) in collimation group were lower than that of the control group ($44.6{\pm}19.0$, $0.97{\pm}0.92$, and $9.53{\pm}8.16$), resepectively. Conclusions: Collimation reduced radiation exposure and maintained the image quality. Therefore, the proper use of collimation will be beneficial to both patients and operators.

• Archives of Hand and Microsurgery
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2018

목적: 무지 수근중수 관절염(thumb carpometacarpal joint arthritis)에 대한 관절성형술로 대다각골을 제거한 후 중수골을 안정시키는 여러 방법이 소개되어 있다. 현수 봉합 관절성형술은 덜 침습적이면서 술식이 쉬운 장점이 있다. 본 연구는 무지 수근중수 관절염 환자에서 이 술식을 이용하여 수술한 결과를 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 무지 수근중수 관절염으로 진단받고 현수 봉합 관절성형술을 시행한 환자 12명을 대상으로 후향적으로 연구하였다. 시각통증척도, 수술만족도, DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) 점수를 조사하였고, 단순방사선 검사에서 대다각골 공간 비율을 계측하였다. 결과: 평균 추시 기간은 23개월이었다. 수술 전후 통증 점수는 7.0에서 2.9로 유의하게 감소하여 호전을 보였고 (p<0.05), 수술만족도는 평균 6.9였다. 그러나 수술 전후 DASH 점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.06). 평균 대다각골 공간 비율은 수술 전 0.45, 수술 직후 0.33, 마지막 추시 시 0.23이었다. 결론: 현수 봉합 관절성형술은 수술 결과가 만족스럽고, 다른 술식과 비교하여 중수골 침강에 의한 대다각골 공간의 감소도 큰 차이가 없어 진행된 무지 수근중수 관절염 환자에서 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.