• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2020

In metropolitan areas, the quantity and density of the underground structure increase rapidly in recent years. Even though most damage incidents of the underground structure were minor, there were still few incidents causing a great loss in lives and economy. Therefore, the safety evaluation of the underground structure becomes an important issue in the disaster prevention plan. Liquefaction induced uplift is one important factor damaging the underground structure. In order to perform a preliminary evaluation on the safety of the underground structure, simplified prediction equations were introduced to provide a first order estimation of the liquefaction induced uplift. From previous studies, the input motion is a major factor affecting the magnitude of the uplift. However, effects of the input motion were not studied and included in these equations in an appropriate and rational manner. In this article, a numerical simulation approach (FLAC program with UBCSAND model) is adopted to study effects of the input motion on the uplift. Numerical results show that the uplift and the Arias Intensity (Ia) are closely related. A simple modification procedure to include the input motion effects in the Sasaki and Tamura prediction equation is proposed in this article for engineering practices.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.326-332
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• 2017

The effects of exposure to an extremely low-frequency magnetic field (25 Hz 20G) on animal cells have been studied. In some reports, stimulation was performed for fixed frequency and variations in magnitude; however, animal-cell experiments have established that both parameters play an important role. The present work undertook the modeling, simulation, and development of a uniform-magnetic-field generation system with variable frequency and stimulation intensity (0-60 Hz, 1-25G) for experimentation with cell cultures in situ. The results showed a coefficient of variation less than 1 % of the magnetic-field dispersion at the working volume, which is consistent with the corresponding simulation results demonstrating a uniform magnetic field. On the other hand, long-term tests during the characterization process indicated that increments of only $0.4^{\circ}C$ in the working volume temperature will not be an interfering factor when experiments are carried out in in situ cell cultures.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.487-499
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• 2019

Energy-based seismic design of structures has gradually become prominent in today's structural engineering investigations because of being more rational and reliable when it is compared to traditional force-based and displacement-based methods. Energy-based approaches have widely taken place in many previous studies and investigations and undoubtedly, they are going to play more important role in future seismic design codes, too. This paper aims to compute the maximum earthquake energy input to elastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems for selected real ground motion records. A data set containing 100 real ground motion records which have the same site soil profiles has been selected from Pacific Earthquake Research (PEER) database. Response time history (RTH) analyses have been conducted for elastic SDOF systems having a constant damping ratio and natural periods of 0.1 s to 3.0 s. Totally 3000 RTH analyses have been performed and the maximum mass normalized earthquake input energy values for all records have been computed. Previous researchers' approaches have been compared to the results of RTH analyses and an approach which considers the pseudo-spectral velocity with Arias Intensity has been proposed. Graphs of the maximum earthquake input energy versus the maximum pseudo-spectral velocity have been obtained. The results show that there is a good agreement between the maximum input energy demands of RTH analysis and the other approaches and the maximum earthquake input energy is a relatively stable response parameter to be used for further seismic design and evaluations.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.341-380
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• 2023

This study evaluates the seismic fragilities in fill slopes in South Korea through parametric finite element analyses that have been barely investigated thus far. We consider three slope geometries for a slope of height 10 m and three slope angles, and two soil types, namely frictional and frictionless, associated with two soil states, loose and dense for frictional soils and soft and stiff for frictionless soils. The input ground motions accounting for four site conditions in South Korea are obtained from one-dimensional site response analyses. By comparing the numerical modeling of slopes using PLAXIS^2D against the previous studies, we compiled suites of the maximum permanent slope displacement (D_max) against two ground motion parameters, namely, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and Arias Intensity (I_A). A probabilistic seismic demand model is adopted to compute the probabilities of exceeding three limit states (minor, moderate, and extensive). We propose multiple seismic fragility curves as functions of a single ground motion parameter and numerous seismic fragility surfaces as functions of two ground motion parameters. The results show that soil type, slope angle, and input ground motion influence these probabilities, and are expected to help regional authorities and engineers assess the seismic fragility of fill slopes in the road systems in South Korea.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2015

지진에 대한 사면 재해도 작성 시 일반적으로 Newmark 활동블록 이론에 기초한 변위 추정식이 사용된다. 하지만 기존에 제안된 추정식들은 활동면에서의 동적 응답을 고려하지 않고 제방, 흙댐, 매립지 등 비교적 완만한 경사의 지반구조물을 대상으로 제안되었으며 산사면과 같이 경사진 기반암에 토사층이 피복된 경우에는 적합하지 않다. 본 연구에서는 산사면의 지형적 특성을 모사한 2차원 비선형 동적해석을 수행하여 이의 동적 응답 특성을 분석하였다. 지진 시 산사면의 영구변위는 활동면에서 계산된 등가가속도를 Newmark 활동블록 방법에 적용하여 계산하였다. 이와 같이 계산된 영구변위는 본 연구에서 제안된 간편 변위 추정식과 비교하여 정확도를 평가하였다. 검토 결과, 산사면의 기하학적 증폭은 입력 지진의 세기와 주기, 토층의 고유주기에 영향을 크게 받으므로 이를 고려하지 않는 기존의 경험식은 영구변위를 정확하게 예측하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 변위 예측식의 정확도는 최대지반가속도, 최대지반속도, Arias 진도, 평균주기와 토층의 고유주기가 고려될 경우 현격하게 향상되는 것으로 분석되었으며 이를 기반으로 하여 새로운 변위추정식이 제시되었다. 나아가 본 연구에 제안된 변위추정식은 산사태 재해 위험도 예측에 적용되어 정확성이 검증되었다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.577-587
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• 2018

The quantitative assessment of the seismic collapse risk of a structure requires the usage of an optimal intensity measure (IM) which can adequately characterise the severity of the ground motion. Research suggests that the average spectral acceleration ($Sa_{avg}$) may be an efficient and sufficient alternate IM as compared to the more traditional first mode spectral acceleration, $Sa(T_1)$, particularly during seismic collapse risk estimation. This study primarily presents a comparative evaluation of the sufficiency of the average spectral acceleration with respect to ground motion duration, and secondarily assesses the impact of ground motion duration on collapse risk estimation. By assembling a suite of 100 historical ground motions, incremental dynamic analysis of 60 different inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDF) oscillators with varying periods and ductility capacities were analysed, and collapse risk estimates obtained. Linear regression models are used to comparatively quantify the sufficiency of $Sa_{avg}$ and $Sa(T_1)$ using four significant duration metrics. Results suggests that an improved sufficiency may exist for $Sa_{avg}$ when the period of the SDF system increases, particularly beyond 0.5, as compare to $Sa(T_1)$. In reference to the ground motion duration measures, results indicated that the sufficiency of $Sa_{avg}$ is more sensitive to significant duration definitions that consider almost the full wave train of an accelerogram ($SD_{a5-95}$ and $SD_{v5-95}$). In order to obtain a reduced variability of the collapse risk estimate, the 5-95% significant duration metric defined using the Arias integral ($SD_{a5-95}$) should be used for seismic collapse risk estimation in conjunction with $Sa_{avg}$.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제82권6호
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• pp.785-799
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• 2022

The effect of earthquakes in earthquake resistant structure design stages is influenced by the highest ground acceleration value, which is generally a strength-based approach in seismic codes. In this context, an energy-oriented approach can be suggested as an alternative to evaluate structure demands. Contrary to the strength-based approach, the strength and displacement demands of the structure cannot be evaluated separately, but can be evaluated together. In addition, in the energy-oriented approach, not only the maximum effects of earthquakes are taken into account, but also the duration of the earthquake. In this respect, it can be said that the use of energy-oriented earthquake parameters is a more rational approach besides being an alternative. In this study, strength and energy-oriented approaches of earthquake parameters of 11 different periods of single degree of freedom systems were evaluated over 28 different earthquake situations. The energy spectra intended to be an alternative to the traditional acceleration spectra were created using the acceleration parameter equivalent to the input energy. Two new energy parameters, which take into account the effective duration of the earthquake, are proposed, and the relationship between the strength-oriented spectral acceleration parameters and the energy parameters used in the literature is examined by correlation study. According to the results obtained, it has been seen that energy oriented earthquake parameters, which give close values in similar period situations, will be a good alternative to strength oriented earthquake parameters. It was observed that the energy parameters were affected by the effective duration of the earthquake, unlike the strength-based parameters. It has been revealed that the newly proposed energy parameters considering the effective duration give good correlations. Finally, it was concluded that the energy parameters can be used in the design, and the newly proposed effective energy parameters can shorten the analysis durations.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2018

In this paper, comparative analysis of the 9.12 Gyeongju and 11.15 Pohang earthquakes was conducted in order to provide probable explanations and reasons for the damage observed in the 11.15 Pohang earthquake from both earthquake and structural engineering perspectives. The damage potentials like Arias intensity, effective peak ground acceleration, etc observed in the 11.15 Pohang earthquake were generally weaker than those of the 9.12 Gyeongju earthquake. However, in contrast to the high-frequency dominant nature of the 9.12 Gyeongju earthquake records, the spectral power of PHA2 record observed in the soft soil site was highly concentrated around 2Hz. The base shear around 2 Hz frequency was as high as 40% building weight. This frequency band is very close to the fundamental frequency of the piloti-type buildings severely damaged in the northern part of Pohang. Unfortunately, in addition to inherent vertical irregularity, most of the damaged piloti-type buildings had plan irregularity as well and were non-seismic. All these contributed to the fatal damage. Inelastic dynamic analysis indicated that PHA2 record demands system ductility capacity of 3.5 for a structure with a fundamental period of 0.5 sec and yield base shear strength of 10% building weight. The system ductility level of 3.5 seems very difficult to be achievable in non-seismic brittle piloti-type buildings. The soil profile of the PHA2 site was inversely estimated based on deconvolution technique and trial-error procedure with utilizing available records measured at several rock sites during the 11.15 Pohang earthquake. The soil profile estimated was very typical of soil class D, implying significant soil amplification in the 11.15 Pohang earthquake. The 11.15 Pohang earthquake gave us the expensive lesson that near-collapse damage to irregular and brittle buildings is highly possible when soil is soft and epicenter is close, although the earthquake magnitude is just minor to moderate (M 5+).

• 자원환경지질
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.289-302
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• 2011

최근 들어 우리나라에서도 지진의 발생빈도가 증가함에 따라 지진관련 재해에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 특히 지진의 발생빈도가 증가함에 따라 지진에 의해 유발되는 산사태의 발생 가능성에 대한 연구의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 최근 필리핀 레이테섬 산사태의 경우처럼 집중강우에 의해 포화된 사변에서는 소규모의 지진에 의해서도 대규모의 산사태가 유발될 수 있다는 사실이 밝혀짐에 따라 소규모 지진의 발생빈도가 증가하고 있는 우리나라에서도 지진에 의한 산사태의 발생 가능성이 제기되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 강우에 의해 지하수위가 상승하여 포화된 지반 조건에서 소규모 지진에 의해 유발될 수 있는 산사태의 가능성에 대한 분석을 수행하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 국내의 지질 및 지형특성을 고려할 수 있는 Newmark displacement model을 해석모델로 선정하고 GIS 분석기법을 활용하여 연구대상지역에 대한 산사태 취약성 분석을 실시하였다. 연구 수행을 위하여 수치지형도와 지질도 등을 이용, 사변의 기하학적 특성과 지질공학적 특성에 대해 커버리지 형태인 10 m ${\times}$ 10 m 크기 격자(grid) 형태의 주제도를 작성하였으며 이를 지진특성에 의해 결정되는 Arias intensity와 임계가속도와 결합하여 Newmark 변위를 계산하였다. 본 연구에서는 특히 2007년 l윌 연구지역 주변에서 발생한 규모 4.8의 지진에 대하여 지진에 의해 유발되는 산사태의 취약성을 분석하였으며 지반의 포화정도가 취약성에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 지하수위를 변동시켜가며 분석을 수행하였다. 또한 지진의 규모와 진앙까지의 거리가 산사태의 취약성 해석결과에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 3.0 - 4.0 규모의 지진이 연구지역 내의 다양한 위치에서 발생하는 것을 가정하였으며 집중강우에 의해 지반에 포화된 상황을 고려하기 위해 지하수위를 변동시켜가며 산사태의 취약성을 분석하였다.