• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.26
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• pp.25-34
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• 2021

3D printing technology has been actively applied for the restoration of cultural properties. However, its application to the restoration of glass cultural properties has not yet been reported and thus requires further study. In this study, 3D printing technology was used to restore a defective part of a glass sarira bottle that forms an element of a series of sarira reliquaries commissioned by Yi Seonggye (known as King Taejo after founding the Joseon Dynasty) that was excavated from Geumgangsan Mountain (designated as Treasure No. 1925) and is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. The defective area was reproduced using 3D printing and the printed reproduction was reproduced again using an epoxy resin. This latter piece was used as the restoration component rather than the 3D printed element. After the completion of the conservation treatment, the materials used for the 3D printing were compared with transparent materials used to restore ceramics to evaluate their usability and stability. A total of five specimens were produced, including from photocurable resin made by a stereo lithography apparatus (SLA), epoxy resin, acrylic resin, and more. They were exposed to UV for 96 hours to test for yellowing. Of the two specimens made of photocurable resins and exposed to UV, one was sprayed with a UV blocking agent but the other was exposed as-is. The UV exposure test showed that the specimen made by the SLA and sprayed with a UV blocking agent and the specimen made of epoxy resin were stable in terms of yellowing with a change in the b-value was less than 1. They are thus considered to be suitable materials for the restoration of glass cultural properties. Such glass cultural properties are often diverse in shape and their restoration can be difficult as they generally consist of a range of complex parts that hamper restoration. In this regard, diverse materials should be considered when selecting materials for the restoration of glass cultural properties.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2020

This experiment was conducted at Sancheong from 2013 to 2015. The objective of this study was to establish the seeding rate, and to clarify the optimum nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production in the southern area of Korea. We employed Korean rye cultivar 'Gogu' in this test. The experimental design was a split-plot design with three replications. A split-plot design was used with three seeding levels (3, 5, and 7 kg 10 a^-1) on the main plots and other treatments fully randomized in sub-plots. A factorial arrangement of treatments included three different nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 3, 6, and 9 kg 10 a^-1). The grain yields of rye affected by increasing the seeding rate. The number of spike per m² and immature grain weight was increasing, while the fertility rate and the number of grain per spike were decreased as seeding rate were increased from 3 kg 10 a^-1 to 7 kg 10 a^-1. The percentage of a productive tiller, 1-liter weight, and 1000-grain weight also decrease by increasing seeding but the grain yields of rye had less effect. There was an increase in the number of spike per m², the number of grain per spike, and grain yields as nitrogen fertilizer level was increased from 0 kg 10 a^-1 to 9 kg 10 a^-1 and followed a delaying heading and an increasing lodging of the plant. But grain yields did not affected by the interaction of seeding rate × nitrogen fertilizer levels. The best seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production were 5 kg and 3 kg 10 a^-1, respectively, considering seed and fertilizer reduction and the prevention of pollution by excess fertilization.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.45-53
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• 2022

In order to improve the emission of diesel engines, natural gas-diesel dual fuel combustion compression ignition engines are in the spotlight. In particular, a reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion strategy is investigated comprehensively due to its possibility to improve both efficiency and emissions. With advanced diesel direct injection timing earlier than TDC, it achieves spontaneous reaction with overall lean mixture from a homogeneous mixture in the entire cylinder area, reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) and improving braking heat efficiency at the same time. However, there is a disadvantage in that the amount of incomplete combustion increases in a low load region with a relatively small amount of fuel-air. To solve this, sensitive control according to the diesel injection timing and fuel ratio is required. In this study, experiments were conducted to improve efficiency and exhaust emissions of the natural gas-diesel dual fuel engine at low load, and evaluate combustion stability according to the diesel injection timing at the operation point for power generation. A 6 L-class commercial diesel engine was used for the experiment which was conducted under a 50% load range (~50 kW) at 1,800 rpm. Two injectors with different spray patterns were applied to the experiment, and the fraction of natural gas and diesel injection timing were selected as main parameters. Based on the experimental results, it was confirmed that the brake thermal efficiency increased by up to 1.3%p in the modified injector with the narrow-angle injection added. In addition, the spray pattern of the modified injector was suitable for premixed combustion, increasing operable range in consideration of combustion instability, torque reduction, and emissions level under Tier-V level (0.4 g/kWh for NOx).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.277-286
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• 2023

Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of muscle mass and function. It is a natural part of aging and can lead to decreased mobility and increased frailty. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which is involved in muscle protein degradation, is closely linked to sarcopenia. Germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis hydrolysate (GRH) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but there have been no reports on its inhibitory effect on muscle reduction. However, no study has yet explored the relationship between GRH and muscle loss inhibition. In this study, we evaluated the effects of GRH on muscle atrophy inhibitory activity in dexamethasone (Dexa)-induced muscle atrophy C2C12 myotubes and mouse models. Moreover, we identified a molecular pathway underlying the effects of GRH on skeletal muscle. May Grunwald-Giemsa staining showed that the length and area of myotubes increased in the groups treated with GRH. In addition, the GRH-treated group significantly reduced the expression of muscle ring finger protein 1 and muscular atrophy F-box (MAFbx) in the Dexa-induced muscular atrophy C2C12 model. GRH also improved muscle strength in C57BL/6 mice with Dexa-induced muscle atrophy, resulting in prolonged running exhaustive time and increased grip strength. We found that muscle strengthening by GRH was correlated with a decreased expression of the MAFbx gene in mouse muscle tissue. In conclusion, GRH can attenuate Dexa-induced muscle atrophy by inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway via downregulation of the MAFbx gene expression.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2023

When carrying out development projects around Ardeidae breeding habitats, we intend to devise a plan for sustainable coexistence by presenting measures to select and reduce key evaluation items so that conflicts can be prevented in advance at the environmental impact assessment stage. The results of the study are as follows. The main evaluation items are animal and plant items for preservation of Ardeidae breeding habitats and odor and noise items that can evaluate the effects of odors and noise in Ardeidae breeding habitats. First, the scope of the survey in animals and plants categories is not limited to legal guardian species, but includes egrets breeding and feeding grounds corresponding to major species breeding grounds and migratory birds, and preservation measures are established according to the reduction of the area of breeding and feeding grounds. Second, in the odor category, the irradiation period includes the period when the odor generation is the highest from the end of June to the end of July. The odor evaluation standard is based on the complex odor discharge standard, which is a concentration regulation, and the odor concentration felt by humans shall be 2 to 5OU/m³ and the frequency shall be 2% or less. Third, in the noise category, the timing of the survey is measured every month from May to August, including when the sound of egrets and young birds is combined to maximize noise generation. Since the noise of Ardeidae, a bird in summer, occurs only for a certain period of time, measures are taken to reduce noise by securing separation distances, securing buffer green areas, and installing construction rather than installing artificial structures such as soundproof walls. In order for existing Ardeidae breeding sites to maintain an appropriate density of populations and not move populations elsewhere, it is necessary to manage nesting tree and maintain stable habitat quantity and quality.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2023

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a coating agent on pork storage. Pork was coated with a coating agent containing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and mandarin peel powder (M). The treatments were divided into control, a 0.1% CMC treatment, and a 0.1% CMC +5% M treatment, and pH, color, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), and the number of viable cell counts were measured. In the case of redness (a), it was found that the reduction over the storage period was less in the 0.1% CMC + 5% M treatment than in the control and the 1% CMC treatment. When stored at 4℃ and 25℃, TBARS of pork tended to increase during the storage period, followed by control, 0.1% CMC treatment, and 0.1% CMC + 5% M treatment, indicating that lipid oxidation was most suppressed in pork coated with mandarin peel powder. As a result of measuring the VBN of pork stored at 4℃ and 25℃, the 0.1% CMC + 5% M treatment showed lower values than the control and 0.1% CMC treatment. When the film-coated pork was stored at 4℃, the number of viable cell counts in the 0.1% CMC +5% M treatment area was 7.13±0.96 log CFU/g on the 12th day of storage, delaying the growth of viable cell counts for approximately 3 d more than other treatments. Therefore, coating pork with a film containing CMC and mandarin peel powder has been confirmed to delay the increase in the number of viable cell counts while reducing the quality change during pork storage, which is an effective alternative to improving the storage of fresh food as an edible film.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.79-94
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• 2009

The research project was conducted to develop a paper bagging machine for grape. This technology was aimed to highly reduce a labor for paper bagging in grape and bakery. In agriculture labor and farm population has rapidly decreased since 1980 in Korea so there was so limit in labor. In particular there is highly population in women and old age at rural area and thus labor cost is so high. Therefore a labor saving technology in agricultural sector might be needed to be replaced these old age with mechanical and labor saving tool in agriculture. The following was summarized of the research results for development of a paper bagging machine for grape. 1. Development of a new paper bagging machine for grape - This machine was designed by CATIA VI2/AUTO CAD2000 programme. - A paper bagging machine was mechanically binded a paper bag of grape which should be light and small size. This machine would be designed for women and old age with convenience during bagging work at the field site. - This machine was manufactured with total weight of less than 350g. - An overage bagging operation was more than 99% at the actual field process. - A paper bagging machine was designed with cartridge type which would be easily operated between rows and grape branches under field condition. - The type of cartridge pin was designed as a C-ring type with the length of 500mm which was good for bagging both grape and bakery. - In particular this machine was developed to easily operated among vines of the grape trees. 2. Field trials of a paper bagging machine in grape - There was high in grape quality as compared to the untreated control at the application of paper bagging machine. - The efficiency of paper bagging machine was 102% which was alternative tool for the conventional. - The roll pin of paper bagging machine was good with 5.3cm in terms of bagging precision. - There was no in grape quality between the paper bagging machine and the conventional method. - Disease infection and grape break was not in difference both treatments.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.106-114
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• 2023

With rising concerns about pesticide spray drift by aerial application, this study attempt to evaluate aerodynamic property and collection efficiency of spray drift according to the leaf area index (LAI) of crop for preventing undesirable pesticide contamination by the spray-drift tunnel experiment. The collection efficiency of the plant with 'Low' LAI was measured at 16.13% at a wind speed of 1 m·s^-1. As the wind speed increased to 2 m·s^-1, the collection efficiency of plant with the same LAI level increased 1.80 times higher to 29.06%. For the 'Medium' level LAI, the collection efficiency was 24.42% and 43.06% at wind speed of 1 m·s^-1 and 2 m·s^-1, respectively. For the 'High' level LAI, it also increased 1.24 times higher as the wind speed increased. The measured results indicated that the collection of spray droplets by leaves were increased with LAI and wind speed. This also implied that dense leaves would have more advantages for preventing the drift of airborne spray droplets. Aerodynamic properties also tended to increase as the LAI increased, and the regression analysis of quadric equation and power law equation showed high explanatory of 0.96-0.99.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 1996

To elucidate the optimum fertilizer level and application method for band application under puddled-soil drill seeding in Jeonbuk series of fluvio-marine alluvial soil at National Honam Agricultural Experiment Station in 1995, using Dongjinbyeo, slow releasing compound fertilizer of 100％ and 80％ to conventional application level was applied totally as basal fertilizer simultaneously with seeding under 3cm and 5cm depth from soil surface in a distance of 4cm from the seeded row. Plant height was taller and tiller number was higher in band application than conventional application but ratio of effective tiller was vice versa. Panicle number was more but ratio of effective tiller ratio was lower in 100％ than 80％ level of band application and they were higher in 3cm than 5cm depth from soil surface. Leaf area index and dry weight was higher in conventional application at early growth stage but was vice versa after maximum tillering stage, and they were higher in 3cm depth at early growth stage but 5cm depth after maximum tillering stage. NH$_4$-N in soil was higher in conventional application at 25 days after seeding but, thereafter was lower than band application and it was higher in 3cm than 5cm depth till 40 days after seeding but was versa, thereafter. Lodging degree was slightly higher in band application, 100％ level and 5cm depth than in their counterparts. Panicle number and grain number per $m^2$ was lower in conventional application than 80％ or 100％ level of band application without significant difference between band application levels or application methods. Yield was higher at 80％ level of band application under 3cm depth than conventional application, but no significantly different among other application methods. Therefore, 80％ level of band application under 3cm depth of soil surface was more effective for puddled-soil drill seeding on the basis of the reduction of application efforts, better plant growth and higher yield in rice.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2019

The field trial was performed to evaluate the rice growth and yield in different direct seeding methods after Italian Ryegrass Harvest The required time for seed emergence was for 7 ~ 8days in the tested direct seeding methods and there was high in seedling establishment in order of wet hill-seeding with iron-coated seeds > water seeding with iron-coated seeds > wet hill-seeding with soil coverage with pregerminated seeds. The rice plant height was shorter in the tested direct seeding methods than that of machine transplanting until 45day after seeding but there was not significant difference in terms of statistical analysis at 63day after seeding. The growth of tiller number in the rice plant was high in water seeding with iron-coated seeds and wet hill-seeding with soil coverage and low in wet hill-seeding with iron-coated seeds compared to machine transplanting. The yield component in the tested direct seeding methods was not significant difference in terms of statistical analysis. The milled rice yield in the tested direct seeding methods was higher 2 ~ 8% being with 4.94 ~ 5.24t/ha than that of machine transplanting but there was not significant difference in terms of statistical analysis. The percentage of head rice was low in the tested direct seeding methods compared to machine transplanting. The weedy rice was not occurred in the tested rice cultivation methods. In conclusion the direct seeding method would be recommended to be a suitable to in following by Italian ryegrass harvesting in southern area of Korea in terms of reduction in production cost and high income basis for rice growing farmers.