• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.713-720
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• 1996

To study the effect of caffeine intake levels on iron metabolism, the iron utilization, iron contents of serum, liver, spleen, kidney, hemoglobin and hematocrit were compared in rats of different sex fed various levels of caffeine (3.5 and 7.0mg/100g body weight) for three weeks. There were no significant caffeine induced differences in feed intake, body weight gain but feed intake of male rats were significantly lower than that of female rats. Hemoglobin, hematocrit and iron contents of the serum were not significantly different between caffeine free and caffeine groups or male and female rats. Iron contents of kidney were decreased by elevation of injected caffeine levels rather than those of liver and spleen. caffeine male groups showed more increased uine volume, urinary and fecal excretions of iron than caffeine free or caffeine female groups. Apparent digestibility and retention of iron were significantly decreased by increment of injected caffeine levels. Male rate rats were more susceptible to injected caffeine on iron excretion than female rats. Current findings suggest that excessive caffeine consumption can affect iron excretion via urine and feces thereby decrease the utilization of iron, and have more significant effect on male than female rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.830-836
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• 2003

The classical energy balance method was used to measure the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of four batches of broiler starter and finisher diets produced by two commercial feed companies. The results showed there was little variation in protein content between batches, but NDF content varied from 13.3% to 15.5% between batches of diet. The batch variation in chemical composition differed between feed manufacturers. While there was no difference in AME and feed conversion ration (FCR) between batches of starter diets produced by company A, FCR and AME ranged from 1.76-1.94 (p<0.001) and 11.38-11.90 MJ/kg air dry (p<0.05), respectively, for diets produced by company B. Similar results were found in a second experiment. There was no difference in AME, dry matter digestibility (DMD) and FCR between batches for finishing diet produced by company B, but a large variation occurred for the finisher diets from company A (p<0.01), where the ranges of FCR, AME and DMD were 1.95-2.30, 10.5-12.3 (MJ/kg air dry) and 58-68%, respectively. FCR was correlated with AME. AME was negatively related to the content of fibre in the diet, but positively related to DMD. The preliminary results based on 24 samples showed that near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) has the potential to predict FCR, intake, AME and DMD of commercial broiler diets, with $R^2$ being 0.93, 0.89, 0.95 and 0.98, respectively. The standard error of cross validation was below 0.2 for AME and only 0.06 for FCR.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.200-207
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• 2009

This study examined the effects of com gluten (CG) and its hydrolysate consumptions on weight reduction in rats fed a high-fat diet. Eight-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were fed a high-fat diet (40% calorie as fat) for 4 weeks. They were then randomly divided into four groups and fed the isocaloric diets with different protein sources for 8 weeks. The protein sources were casein (control group), intact CG (CG group), CG hydrolysate A (CGHA group, 30% of protein as peptides and 70% as free amino acids) and CG hydrolysate P (CGHP group, 93% of protein as peptides and 7% as free amino acids). Body weight gain, adipose tissue weights, nitrogen balance, absorptions of energy, protein and fat, lipid profiles in plasma, liver and feces and hepatic activities of camitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT), fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme (ME) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were assessed. The CGHA diet had the highest amount of BCAAs, especially leucine, and most of them existed as free amino acid forms. The CGHA group showed significant weight reduction and negative nitrogen balance. Protein absorption and apparent protein digestibility in the CGHA group were significantly lower than those in other groups. Adipose tissue weights were the lowest in the CGHA group. Activity of CPT tended to be higher in the CGHA group than in other groups and those of FAS, ME and G6PDH were significantly lower in the CGHA group than in other groups. In conclusion, the CGHA diet which had relatively high amounts of free amino acids and BCAAs, especially leucine, had a weight reduction effect by lowering adipose tissue weight and the activities of FAS, ME and G6PDH in experimental animals, but it seemed to be a negative result induced by lowering protein absorption, increasing urinary nitrogen excretion and protein catabolism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of eucalyptus (E. Camaldulensis) crude oils (EuO) supplementation on voluntary feed intake and rumen fermentation characteristics in swamp buffaloes. Four rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes, body weight (BW) of $420{\pm}15.0$ kg, were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were untreated rice straw (RS) without EuO (T1) and with EuO (T2) supplementation, and 3% urea-treated rice straw (UTRS) without EuO (T3) and with EuO (T4) supplementation. The EuO was supplemented at 2 mL/h/d in respective treatment. Experimental animals were kept in individual pens and concentrate mixture was offered at 3 g/kg BW while roughage was fed ad libitum. Total dry matter and roughage intake, and apparent digestibilites of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were improved (p<0.01) by UTRS. There was no effect of EuO supplementation on feed intake and nutrient digestibility. Ruminal pH and temperature were not (p>0.05) affected by either roughage sources or EuO supplementation. However, buffaloes fed UTRS had higher ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen as compared with RS. Total volatile fatty acid and butyrate proportion were similar among treatments, whereas acetate was decreased and propionate molar proportion was increased by EuO supplementation. Feeding UTRS resulted in lower acetate and higher propionate concentration compared to RS. Moreover, supplementation of EuO reduced methane production especially in UTRS treatment. Protozoa populations were reduced by EuO supplementation while fungi zoospores remained the same. Total, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacterial populations were increased (p<0.01) by UTRS; However, EuO supplementation did not affect viable bacteria. Nitrogen intake and in feces were found higher in buffaloes fed UTRS. A positive nitrogen balance (absorption and retention) was in buffaloes fed UTRS. Supplementation of EuO did not affect nitrogen utilization. Both allantoin excretion and absorption and microbial nitrogen supply were increased by UTRS whereas efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was similar in all treatments. Findings of present study suggested that EuO could be used as a feed additive to modify the rumen fermentation in reducing methane production both in RS and UTRS. Feeding UTRS could improve feed intake and efficiency of rumen fermentation in swamp buffaloes. However, more research is warranted to determine the effect of EuO supplementation in production animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.237-246
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• 2014

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of feeding an Escherichia coli (E. coli) derived phytase to pigs fed P deficient, corn-soybean meal diets. In Exp. 1, one hundred and twenty crossbred piglets ($9.53{\pm}0.84$ kg) were allocated to one of five treatments which consisted of four low P diets (0.61% Ca, 0.46% total P and 0.24% non-phytate P) supplemented with 0, 500, 1,000, or 20,000 FTU/kg E. coli phytase as well as a positive control formulated to be adequate in all nutrients (0.77% Ca, 0.62% total P and 0.42% non-phytate P). The treatments were applied to six pens with four pigs per pen for 28 days. In Exp. 2, ten crossbred pigs ($19.66{\pm}1.16$ kg) fitted with ileal T-cannula were used in a nutrient balance study. The pigs were assigned to treatments similar to those used in Exp. 1 in a doubly replicated $5{\pm}4$ incomplete Latin square design (5 diets with 4 periods). Each period consisted of a 5-d adjustment period followed by a 3-d total collection of feces and urine and then a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. Supplementation with phytase linearly increased (p<0.05) weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, bone breaking strength and fat-free dry and ash bone weight. There were linear increases (p<0.01) in the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM, GE, CP, Ca, total P, inositol hexaphosphate ($IP_6$) and some AA with increasing dose of E. coli phytase. Pigs fed 20,000 FTU/kg had a greater (p<0.05) AID of IP6 (80% vs 59% or 64%, respectively) than pigs fed diets with 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg phytase. There were linear increases (p<0.05) in the total tract digestibility of Ca, total P, Na, K, Mg, and Zn as well as in the retention of Mg and Zn with increased phytase dose. The retention and utilization of Cu, and the total tract digestibility of CP and Cu quadratic increased (p<0.05) with increased phytase dose. In conclusion, supplementation of 500 FTU of phytase/kg and above effectively hydrolyzed phytate in low-P corn-soybean diets for pigs. In addition, a super dose of phytase (20,000 FTU/kg) hydrolyzed most of the IP6 and consequently further improved mineral use, protein utilization and performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.900-907
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• 2007

Three male Gayal (Bos frontalis) and three male Yunnan Yellow cattle (Bos taurus) were fed pelleted lucerne and measurements made of digestibility, nitrogen utilisation, rumen fermentation and microbial population and key plasma metabolites. Total actual dry matter intake was similar but when expressed in terms of live weight or metabolic live weight feed intakes were significantly higher (p<0.05) for Gayal than cattle. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, fibre and dietary nitrogen were similar for both Gayal and cattle. Rumen ammonia nitrogen and total volatile fatty acids were significantly higher (p<0.05) for Gayal than cattle and total numbers of viable rumen bacteria, cellulolytic and amylolytic bacteria, but not proteolytic bacteria nor protozoa, were significantly greater (p<0.05) for Gayal than cattle. Although Gayal have a different rumen ecology to cattle, similar digestive parameters were exhibited. Further research is required to establish relationship between rumen ecology and digestive parameters.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2007

평균 체중이 각각 167kg(실험 1), 355kg(실험 2) 그리고 449kg(실험 3)인 한우 거세우 12두씩을 공시하여 성장단계별로 건물섭취량이 동일한 조건에서 CP 섭취량 증가가 단백질 균형 및 N 배설량에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 각 시험의 공시축은 CP 수준이 평균 9%. 14%, 18% DM가 되도록 ground corn grain을 corn gluten meal 일정 비율 대체 혼합한 배합사료를 섭취하였다. 사료 CP 섭취량 증가로 CP 소화율은 유의성있게 증가하였으나, 건물소화율은 유의하게 증가하지 않았다. 사료 CP 섭취량 증가는 분 N 배설량 증가보다는 주로 뇨 N 배설량을 증가(P<0.05)시켰다. 유지수준 이상에서 섭취된 CP의 체축적 효율은 육성기에 약 70%, 비육기에는 46~39%로 공시축의 성장과 체중증가에 따라서 크게 낮아졌다. 따라서 분뇨를 통한 N 배설량은 육성기에는 섭취 CP의 60%, 비육기에는 70%로 가축의 성장에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.401-409
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a complex Lactobacilli preparation on performance, resistance to E. coli infection and gut microbial flora of weaning pigs. In exp. 1, twelve pigs (7.65$\pm$1.10 kg BW), weaned at 28 d, were randomly allotted into 2 groups and placed in individual metabolic cages. During the first 7 d, one group of pigs was provided ad libitum access to water containing $10^5$ colony forming units (CFU) Lactobacilli per ml and the control group was provided tap water. The Lactobacilli preparation included Lactobacillus gasseri, L. reuteri, L. acidophilus and L. fermentum, which were isolated from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract mucosa of weaning pigs. On d 8, 20 ml of $10^8$ CFU/ml E. coli solution (serovars K99, K88 and 987P at the ratio of 1:1:1) was orally administered to each pig. Diarrhea scores and diarrhea incidence were recorded from d 7 to 14. On d 14, pigs were euthanized and digesta and mucosa from the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon were sampled using aseptic technique to determine microflora by culturing bacteria in selective medium. The results showed that Lactobacilli treatment significantly decreased E. coli and aerobe counts (p<0.01) but increased Lactobacilli and anaerobe counts (p<0.01) in digesta and mucosa of most sections of the GI tract. A 66 and 69.1% decrease in diarrhea index and diarrhea incidence, respectively, was observed in the Lactobacilli treated group. In exp. 2, Thirty-six crossbred Duroc$\times$Landrace$\times$Yorkshire piglets, weaned at 28$\pm$2 days, were selected and randomly allocated into 2 groups. There were 18 piglets in each group, 3 piglets in one pen and 6 replicates in each treatment with 3 pens of barrow and 3 pens of female piglet in each treatment. Piglets had ad libitum access to feed and water. The initial body weight of piglet was 7.65$\pm$1.09 kg. Dietary treatments included a non-medicated basal diet with Lactobacilli ($10^5$ CFU/g diet) or carbadox (60 mg/kg) as control. On d 21, six pigs per group (one pig per pen) were euthanized. Ileal digesta was collected to determine apparent amino acid digestibility. Microflora content was determined similarly to exp.1. The results showed that Lactobacilli treatment significantly improved average daily feed intake (ADFI) of pigs compared to carbadox (p<0.05) during the first 2 wks after weaning and average daily gain (ADG) and ADFI increased significantly (p<0.05) from d 8 to 14. Nitrogen and total phosphorus digestibility also increased (p<0.05). Bacterial counts were similar to exp. 1. The results indicate that the complex Lactobacilli preparation improved performance for 2 wks after weaning, enhanced resistance to E. coli infection, and improved microbial balance in the GI tract.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.165-175
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• 1994

육상에서 틸라피아를 양식할 때 문제가 되는 질소 및 인의 부하량을 측정하기 위하여, 시판되는 상품 사료로 치어와 미성어를 사육하여 사료 중 영양 성분의 소화율과 분의 배설량 등을 통해 환경수계에 미치는 오염 부하량을 추정하였다. 시판되는 틸라피아 사료의 단백질 함량은 평균 $33.8\%$ (질소 함량 $5.4\%$)였고, 인 함량은 평균 $1.4\%$였으며, 사료 공급후 24 시간내에 총 분 배설량의 $60\%$가 배설되었다. 틸라피아 치어 (평균 어체중 65.2g) 및 미성어 (평균 어체중 389g)좌 단백질 소화율 및 인의 소화율은 거의 차이가 없었으나, 지방의 소화율은 치어가 높았다. 질소 수지는 치어와 미성어의 경우, 공급한 질소의 $7.1\%$와 $9.9\%$를 분으로 배설하였고 뇨와 아가미를 통하여는 각각 $55.5\%$와 $62.3\%$를 배설하여, 어체에는 각각 $37.4\%$와 $27.8\%$를 축적하였다. 따라서 성장함에 따라 질소의 축적량은 줄면서 배설량은 늘어나는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 치어 1 톤 생산당 질소 및 인 부하량은 평균 49.5 kg과 6.3 kg 이였고 미성어의 경우 61.3kg과 13.4kg으로 어체 크기가 클수록 오염 부하량도 많아졌다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.176-182
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• 2017

본 연구는 단백질 균형시험에 의한 흑염소의 1일 유지 단백질 요구량을 구하기 위해 수행되었다. 평균체중 $31.78{\pm}4.54$의 8개월 령의 비육기 수컷 흑염소 6두를 공시하였고, $3{\times}3$ Latin square design 방법으로 처리구별 사료 내 조단백질 수준을 달리하여 흑염소에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 시험 기간은 2014년 10월 12일부터 2014년 11월 21일까지 40일간 이천의 흑염소 농장에서 진행하였다. 사료의 조단백질 수준은 처리구별로 13%(T1), 16%(T2), 19%(T3) 이며 TDN은 66%로 하여 배합한 TMR 사료를 사용하였으며 1일 사료급여량은 체중의 1.5%를 오후 5시경에 급여하였다. 처리구별 건물섭취량은 T1구가 925.14g/d, T2구가 966.67g/d, T3구가 936.08g/d으로 T2구에서 가장 높았고, 일당증체량은 T2구가 167.13g/d으로 T1과 T3구의 각각 109.26g/d, 118.98g/d 보다 높게 나타났으나 유의적 차이는 보이지 않았다. 건물 소화율은 T1과 T2과 T3구 각각 73.68%, 71.81%, 73.77%로 처리구간에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 조단백질 소화율은 T3구가 82.42%로 T1과 T2구 각각 72.73%, 65.72% 보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 조지방 소화율은 처리구별 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. ADF 소화율은 69.13%로 T1구에서 가장 높았다(p<0.05). CF와 NDF 소화율은 46.88~59.76%, 63.29~73.73%의 범위로 처리구간 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 조단백질 섭취량은 T1과 T2과 T3구에서 각각 128.78g/d, 154.57g/d, 181.23g/d로 사료 내 단백질 수준이 높아질수록 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 대사 체중 당 CP 섭취량과 CP 축적량과의 관계식에서 CP 균형이 0이 되는 X축 절편은 $1.63g/BW^{0.75}$이었다. 본 연구결과 8개월 령 수컷 흑염소에게 필요한 유지 조단백질 요구량은 $1.63g/BW^{0.75}$이며 흑염소의 사양표준 설정에 기초자료가 될 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 유지 단백질 요구량에는 성장단계 및 사양방법, 성별에 따라 차이가 발생할 수 있기 때문에 향후 그러한 요인들을 기준으로 한 흑염소 단백질 연구가 단계적으로 필요할 것으로 사료된다.