• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.81-92
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• 2017

According to the revision of the Housing Act in 2013, it has been possible to carry out an apartment remodeling project involving two to three floor vertical extension. The remodeling project with vertical extension requires foundation reinforcement because structural safety due to additional load and enhanced seismic criteria must be met. In this case, structural analysis is performed to analyze the load distributed to existing PC pile and reinforced additional pile. The vertical stiffness ($K_v$) of the pile is required for structural analysis, but the research on the 20~30 year old PC pile stiffness is very limited. In this paper, the stiffness of the PC pile in accordance with the change of diameter and length was analyzed by examining the results of 38 field pile load tests performed during the construction of the apartments in the 1990's. As a result of the analysis, the pile stiffness decreases with the increase of the length-diameter ratio (L/D). In addition, the results of on-site pile load test are compared with the coefficient 'a' for estimating pile stiffness proposed in Korea Highway Bridge Design Standard (2008) and the Pile Foundation Design Guideline of Korea Railroad Corporation (2012). It shows that 'a' obtained through the estimation of the literature is very similar to the field test results in the range of 10

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.57-65
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• 2009

This study was intended to conduct a Real-scale fire test to predict the fire behavior by unit space at the apartment building where a huge casualties and injuries are likely. After setting the inflammables inside the house, the test aimed to identify the fire characteristics to each unit item was carried out. The house was divided into 4 unit space such as kitchen, living room, bedroom and a study for a real scale fire test. As a result, bedroom reached to flashover state in 5minutes after setting the fire, indicating a rapid fire growth such as 7433.3kW of maximum thermal emissivity, 578.6ppm of carbon monoxide, 1.25ppm of carbon dioxide and $1,350^{\circ}C$ of maximum indoor temperature. Particularly, the fire growth was made up to critical temperature which might cause a severe damage to the people within 3minutes, if the fire were not extinguished at inflammable space at the early stage of fire, which stressed the need of early response. The result of a real scale fire test could be compared with the outcome of expanded simulation test and used in predicting the fire spread at the space for different use.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.167-175
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• 2007

A renovation project of apartment housing is generally divided into four stages: Project inquiry stage, planning and feasibility stage, design stage and construction stage. Currently, procedure and managerial technique for a remodeling project has not been systematically established so that many companies have difficulty in doing their business. In particular, the design stage in participant which a project managers, designers, residents and engineers is more complicate than the other stages in terms of roles and working procedure. The design documents can be found trial and error if it is not well managed. The insufficient design caused by lack of ability to efficiently utilize information obtained during the stage and inappropriate decision-making not only results in diverse problems in the construction stage but also makes people suspect satisfaction and reliability on the remodeling improvements. Therefore the design stage is very significant issue on the renovation project. As the consequence, the design stage of a remodeling project is so important that it should be carefully managed, and composite understanding of the process to be executed. To do this, we provide roles and responsibility of each participant in the design stage and analyze the process where information is utilized in design stage. The information is analyzed in terms of input, tool and output.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.307-330
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• 2016

This article aims to explain how Gangnam, as a model and standard of compressed urbanization in South Korea, was created. Gangnam and Gangnam-style urbanization need attention not only because they contrast with Korea's urbanization in the past as well as urbanization in the West but also they provide an important model in contemporary Korea's politics, economy and culture. However, there are little studies of how Gangnam's peculiar urbanism was created. To fill this gap, this article will first capture Gangnam's peculiar urbanism as a material landscape and sociocultural lifestyle. Gangnam-style urbanism is (a) materially characterized by high-rise apartment complexes owned by the middle and upper class for dwelling and asset growth and (b) socio-culturally characterized by political conservatism, public indifference, competition over academic performance, appearance, and fashion, and nightlife. Then it will show Gangnam's archetype was created in a spatially and temporally compressed way in and through the spatial selectivity of Korean anti-communist authoritarian developmental state strategies: (1) anti-communism led to the diffusion and accommodation of the population through apartments in Gangnam in the context of its confrontation with North Korea and the fast-growing population of Seoul; (2) military authoritarianism excluded the low-income class and the urban poor from urban development; and (3) the developmental state adopted selective housing policy which treated construction companies and the middle class preferentially through exceptional zoning and price distortions, promoting the construction of apartment in Gangnam and its resultant uneven development.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.100-116
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• 2019

Urban green spaces, as a means to mitigate social problems and environmental risks, are getting more attention in evaluating urban environment. The inequity of green space distribution is becoming a major issue in urban planning and management. This study investigated the characteristics of green space in 3 districts (Jung-gu, Dongdaemun-gu, Seongdong-gu), that are composed of 46 administrative divisions in central Seoul, to analyze the environmental equity of urban green spaces. The correlations between the amount of green space, including the coverage of street trees, and the socioeconomic status of each administrative division were analyzed. To deduce the effects of plant coverage on the urban temperature regime, the relationship between the normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) was analyzed. The research revealed that the mean NDVI of an administrative division was negatively correlated with the percentage of basic living recipients and disabled people. The LST of a division with low NDVI was higher due to the lack of green coverage. Such environmental inequities were closely related to residential building type, which was strongly affected by the economic status of residents. The LST of an apartment area was $2.0^{\circ}C$ lower than that of single-family houses and multi-housing areas. This is expected as the average NDVI of the apartment area was more than twice as high as the other environments considered in this study. The inequity can be exacerbated without urban planning which is deliberately designed to reduce it.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.154-164
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to identify more types of residents in medium-sized apartments in Seoul by lifestyle that has been used as a variable of space planning and to investigate and present bathroom design appropriate for characteristics of each resident type. The article examines the general characteristics, lifestyle types, and preference for the bathroom design. A total of 642 samples, acquired via internet survey, were analyzed with the statistical computer program SPSS PC+ window version 16.0. The conclusion of the article are as follows: 1) The lifestyle of users living in medium-sized apartments are categorized into 4 types: trend seeking, aesthetic seeking, family seeking, information seeking types. 2) The preference for the bathroom design of trend seeking type, the toilet is a bidet-builtin type and the washstand is a semi-counter type and the bathtub is a spa type and the shower booth is a bathtub-extending type. The storage closet is a upper-fixed type with two sides, the finishing materials are tiles and PVC monorium, and light built in a wall. 3) The preference for the bathroom design of aesthetic seeking type, the toilet is a bidet-builtin type and the washstand is a semi-counter type and the bathtub is a whirlpool type and the shower booth is a steam-sauna type. The storage closet is a upper-fixed with one side and opened closet, the finishing materials are tiles. 4) The preference for the bathroom design of family seeking type, the toilet is a bidet-builtin type and the washstand is a stand type and the bathtub is a reclamation type and the shower booth is a partition type. The storage closet is a upper-fixed with three sides. 5) The preference for the bathroom design of information seeking type, the toilet is a bidet-builtin type and the washstand is a semi-counter and the bathtub is a spa type and the shower booth is a partition type. The storage closet is a upper-fixed type with two sides. The results of this study may be used as basic data in planning bathroom design for housing supply for housing suppliers, and used as significant information for residents to identify their own types that can be referred when they select apartments to live in.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.83-95
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• 2004

Chilgok District is a historical area, which has had a certain amount of development. It has its own regional characteristics originating from its isolation from the existing built up area of Daegu City by the Kumho River This study explores the historical development processes and pending development issues of Chilgok District. In 1640 after the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, the district upgraded into Chilgok Dohobu due to its importance as a transportation hub of Youngnamdaero(the main road of Youngnam province in Chosun Dynasty). In its early stages, the government office was located in Kasan fortress, later the of office was moved to Eupnae-Dong. The Chilgok district has experienced a developmental lag resulting from the office's removal to Waegwan, located on the Kyungbu railroad since 1914. Later, due to the increasing influence of nearby Daegu City, urbanization continued gradually. Finally in 1981 Chilgok district was officially incorporated into Daegu Metropolitan City. In the later 1980s, the housing land development project was applied into the district centered on the alluvial plain of Palgeo-Cheon(stream) of the Northern part of Taejun-Bridge. Although the old built up zone was excluded from public sector development projects, private sector development has made the zone a modern town. Now, Chilgok district has transformed into a high-density residential new town in which high-rise apartment complexes mingle with numerous houses. As the district has developed, traffic jams have become a hot issue and it is going to get worse than now as the development continues. To solve this problem, Daegu city needs to swiftly construct the fourth belt way and the third subway line.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1699-1706
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to induce a indicator related to the response, handling and management which are appeared on each step of business enforcement in housing reconstruction projects. Then, it aims to appropriately and reasonably resolve the conflicts of reconstruction business with relevant subjects. These projects physician satisfaction and continual business was going to have the impact that any analysis of the structure in an evaluation. In addition, this study analyzes the impact structure on the business satisfaction and a intention for continuous business through this evaluation. This study sets a operational hypothesis in order to verify the relationship between the variables. then, it creates the structural model by using the Smart PLS 3.0. After analyzing the impact structure by using total 252 samples, this study adopts the final hypothesis which shows (+) path coefficient as set in the hypothesis and test statistic above 1.65. In result, six out of the nine hyphothesis are adopted. then, The 'Response to conflict' which affects the 'Management to conflict(H1)' has a path coefficient of 0.618. In addition, the 'Handling to conflict' which affects the 'Management to conflict(H2)' has a path coefficient of 0.150. The 'Handling to conflict' which affects the satisfaction of 'business' has a path coefficient of 0.101. and the 'management to conflict' which affects the satisfaction of 'business(H7)' has a path coefficient of 0.644. In addition, the 'Intention for continuous business(H8)' shows a path coefficient of 0.258. Finally, The satisfaction of 'business' which affects the 'intention for continuous business(H9)' has a path coefficient of 0.391.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2779-2788
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• 2012

The housing market is now difficult because of excess of the increase rate of housing and long-term recession but high-rise mixed-use buildings can mix residential facilities with various demand facilities focusing and they have the advantages to secure open space and excellent view by high-rise apartment. But there are problems by hindrance of skyline formation and height of buildings. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to suggest the height standard and the slenderness ratio to location types of Mixed-use Residential Tall buildings. For the method of the study, term arrangement through literature search and the precedent research survey were first done, the level of urban design and the details related to the height of buildings were done as the case research focusing on the 16 cases in Seoul. The following results were drawn by suggesting the height standard and the slenderness ratio by location type based on them. First, the height of mixed-use building by location type in the level of urban design gets higher starting from the secondary center of the city and can be suggested as from less than 150m to more than 200m. Second, the slenderness ratio shall be planned as more than 1:3 because the area of the ground level of mixed-use building is large unlike Mixed-use Residential Tall buildings and visual passage shall be placed so that unity of openness and group formation will be planned. Third, for the height related to Mixed-use Residential Tall buildings, amendment of the special architectural district system and the special law related to super high-rise buildings shall be enacted.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 1997

The dust chute was a part of equipment in apartment which have been settled down as new residential style in this country since 1960s. However, the dust chute was destructed by results of social discussion, and it ended up old remains which cannot be found in new towns. Nowadays, chute was substituted a collecting system from extra collecting sites which were prepared near residential area. This phenomenon was caused by the poor separating collection. Since the early part of 1995, the whole vocal operating the volume-base charge system has been placed as the institution capable of recycling and separating collection of residential wastes in this country. People pursue the residential quality which is suitable to the Greenround period. Such a diverse effort corresponding to the social change can be also accomplished in the field of waste collecting transportation. In this paper, the local heating system and waste combustion site and hollow are already applied to the new residential area in the form of housing development. After investigating of the waste collecting transportation method in other countries related to such facilities, this paper represents the feasibility and applicability of pneumatic waste collection system which is used practically in the new housing complex and large facilities in other countries.