• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1151-1155
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• 2008

This study aimed to investigate the alterations in plasma antioxidant activity after the consumption of a single oral dose of curcumin, vitamin C, and E administered individually or in combination to (i) assess possible synergies or antagonism between the antioxidants and (ii) determine the optimal composition of the antioxidant mixture such that the duration of action is prolonged to beyond that of individual antioxidants. Each antioxidant was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats, and blood samples were drawn at different time points up to 180 min to measure the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Five antioxidant compositions (M1-M5) were evaluated to assess the possible synergies or antagonisms among them and to determine the optimal composition of the antioxidant mixture. Blood samples were collected up to 360 min post-consumption. A single oral dose of individual antioxidants significantly increased the TAC values; however, the time to reach the peak TAC value varied. Among the 5 antioxidant compositions, M2 exhibited the highest and most prolonged antioxidant effect in plasma; this was greater than the proportional sum of the effects of the individual antioxidants in the composition. This result indicates a synergistic interaction among antioxidants in the optimal composition M2.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.115-125
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• 2000

In recent years a great deal of information has accumulated for livestock on vitamin. function, metabolism and supplemental needs. The role of the antioxidant "vitamins" (carotenoids, vitamin E and vitamin C) in immunity and health of livestock has been a fruitful area of research. These nutrients play important roles in animal health by inactivating harmful free radicals produced through normal cellular activity and from various stressors. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that these antioxidant vitamins generally enhance different aspects of cellular and noncellular immunity. A compromised immune system will result in reduced animal production efficiency through increased susceptibility to diseases, thereby leading to increased animal morbidity and mortality. Vitamin E has been shown to increase performance of feedlot cattle and to increase immune response for ruminant health, including being beneficial for mastitis control. Vitamin E given to finishing cattle at higher than National Research Council (NRC) requirements dramatically maintained the red color (oxymyoglobin) compared with the oxidized metmyoglobin of beef. Under commercial livestock and poultry production conditions, vitamin allowances higher than NRC requirements may be needed to allow optimum performance. Generally, the optimum vitamin supplementation level is the quantity that achieves the best growth rate, feed utilization, health (including immune competency), and provides adequate body reserves.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between adolescent smoking and antioxidant vitamins. Subjects were 87 non-smokers and 90 smokers. who were female high school students. Smokers were divided into tow groups by smoking status, 35 light smokers (packyear<1) and 53 heavy smokers(packyear$\geq$1). Dietary intakes were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes of vitamin C and A were analyzed by smoking status using Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program for professional (CAN-PRO). Serum vitamin C level was measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method and serum levels of vitamin A and E were measured by HPLC. Erythrocyte lipid peroxide levels was measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) method. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. The mean vitamin C intakes of non-smokers, light smokers and heavy smokers were 58.2mg/day, 50.1 mg/day 58.1mg/day, respectively. The mean vitamin A intakes of non-smokers, light and heavy smokers were 28.1$\mu\textrm{g}$R.E./day, 278.7$\mu\textrm{g}$R.E./day and 289.6$\mu\textrm{g}$R.E./day, respectively. There was no significant difference in dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins by smoking status. However, the serum vitamin C level, 11.40mg/l in heavy smokers was 12% lower than that of than that of 12.70mg/l in non-smokers. The serum vitamin A level was not significantly different among the groups. Vitamin E level, 8.79mg/l in heavy smokers was 8% lower than that of 9.53mg/l in non-smokers. There was no significant correlation between the dietary intakes and serum levels of vitamin A and C. The erythrocyte TBARS level, 1.90nmol/ml in light smokers was significantly lower (p<0.05) than 2.71 nmol/ml in heavy smokers or non-smokers. The correlation data showed that the cerythrocyte TBARS level had a significant positive correlation with packyear. Overall results might suggest that cigarette smokers with a longer smoking history need more dietary intakes of vitamin C and E than do non-smokers to reach the same serum level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.708-718
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• 2007

The purpose of this project was to evaluate whether vitamin E supplementation could improve the antioxidant status and lymphocyte DNA damage in Korean postmenopausal women. This was double blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Thirty-five subject were randomized to receive either placebo 400 mg/capsule or natural $\alpha$-tocopherol 400 IU/capsule, 2 times a day for 6 weeks. We measured plasma vitamin C, $\alpha$-tocopherol, $\gamma$-tocopherol, $\alpha$-carotenoid, $\beta$-carotenoid, lycopene concentration and tail length, %DNA in tail, tail moment in lymphocyte DNA damage index. Vitamin E supplementation group had significantly increased plasma vitamin C(p<0.05), $\alpha$-tocopherol(p<0.000), whereas $\gamma$-tocopherol(p<0.000) and tail length(p<0.05) were significantly decreased. However, placebo supplementation group also had significantly increased plasma vitamin C(p<0.05). In conclusion, our study shows that vitamin E supplementation to Korean postmenopausal women may partially improve antioxidant status and lymphocyte DNA damage.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.219-226
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the change of chemical components and antioxidant activities in Hizikia fusiformis(Harvey) OKAMURA with blanching times. For chemical composition, the contents of minerals (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn), vitamins (vitamin C, ${\beta}$-carotene and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol) and total polyphenol were analyzed. The antioxidant activity was determined through free radicals (DPPH radical, superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide) scavenging activity and linoleic acid peroxidation inhibitory activity. As the blanching time increased, the contents of all minerals, vitamin C and total polyphenol decreased. However ${\beta}$-carotene and ${\beta}$-tocopherol were not affected by the blanching time. In addition antioxidant activities decreased with increasing blanching time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.369-377
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the change of biologically functional compounds and antioxidant activities in Ecklonia cava with blanching times. As biologically functional compounds, the contents of minerals(K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn), vitamins($vitamin\;C,\;{\beta}-carotene\;and\;{\alpha}-tocopherol$) and total polyphenol were analyzed. And antioxidant activity was determined through free radicals(DPPH radical, superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide) scavenging activity and linoleic acid peroxidation inhibitory activity. As the blanching time increased, the contents of minerals, vitamin C, ${\beta}-carotene$ and total polyphenol were decreased however ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ was not affected by blanching time, and antioxidant activities were decreased with blanching time.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.100-118
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• 2002

This study was to investigate the effect of long-term high intensity endurance training on the activation of antioxidation enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation and lipoprotein metabolism. 15 subjects were divided into, endurance exercise + antioxidation Vitamin supplement(n=5), endurance exercise(n=5), and the control(n=5) groups. The endurance exercise groups(endurance exercise + antioxidation Vitamin supplement and endurance exercise) had 12 week of endurance exercise program. The antioxidation Vitamin supplement group was taken a Vitamin C tablet with 1000mg/day and Vitamin E tablet with 671.14mg/day right after lunch. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. Looking at the changes of SOD, Endurance exercise+antioxidation Vitamin supplement group and endurance exercise groups showed the significantly greater decrease in the activation of SOD after 12 weeks of all-out exercise. 2. Looking at the changes of CAT, Endurance exercise+antioxidation Vitamin supplement group revealed subjects tended to increase CAT after all-out exercise although statistically non-significant. Endurance exercise+antioxidation Vitamin supplement group showed the significantly greater increase in the activation of CAT after 12 weeks treatment for all-out exercise. 3. Looking at the changes of GPX, Endurance exercise+antioxidation Vitamin supplement group revealed subjects tended to increase GPX for the rest and after all-out exercise although statistically non-significant. Endurance exercise+antioxidation Vitamin supplement group showed the significantly greater increase in the activation of GPX after 12 weeks treatment for all-out exercise. 4. The MDA change showed the significant decrease after 6 weeks, after 12 weeks for the all-out exercise of Endurance exercise + antioxidation Vitamin supplement group. 5. There was non-significant change in lipoprotein metabolism for the rest and after all-out exercise.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.811-817
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• 2016

Purpose: People have long been interested about antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin A and E to stay in healthy states. This present study provides trustworthy nutritional information and evaluates vitamin A and E contents in emphasized food items. Methods: Vitamin A or vitamin E emphasized foods including beverage, cereal, snack, chocolate product, other cocoa products, and sugar products were analyzed. The contents of vitamin A, E in samples were examined by high performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin A and vitamin E contents were compared with the labeled value indicated on the nutrition label. Results: Vitamin A (n=18) value ranged from 90% to 248% and vitamin E (n=20) value ranged between 96-413% of labeled value. Analyzed samples ranged more than 80% of the labeled value, which complied with food labeling rules. Conclusion: Providing accurate information for nutrition label is essential to confirm nutrient contents in foods. It will help to decide the adequate level of nutrient intake. Therefore, the nutrition labeling system should be supervised continuously with regular monitoring analysis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.906-913
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• 1998

This study an analyzes the effects of the P/S ratio of dietary lipids and antioxidant vitamin supplements on serum lipids level and fatty acid profile, the degree of lipid peroxidation, and the antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver of rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz($\alpha$) anthracene(DMBA). P/S ratio of dietary lipids was made into 0.5, 1 and 2 by mixing palm oil, soybean oil, sesame oil and perilla oil at 10%(w/w) fat level and n-6/n-3 ratio was fixed to 4. Antioxidant vitamin of $\alpha$-tocopherol or $\beta$-carotene was supplemented in addition to vitamin mixture which was given at 1 % of the standard diet. female Sprague-Dawley strain rats, about 60 days old, were divided into three groups(LP : low P/S ratio(0.5), MP : medium P/S ratio (1.0), HP , high P/S ratio(2.0)) and each group was sub-divided into three groups(S ; standard, T ; tocopherol supplemented, C : carotene supplemented): Two weeks after feeding experimental diets, all groups were treated with a single dose of DMBA(2mg/100g BW) by gastric intubation and fed experimental diet for 9 week. The results were as follows ; 1) Serum total cholesterol(TC) level was not significantly influenced by diet but tended to be lower in HP groups compared to LP and MP groups. Triglyceride level was the highest in LP groups and the lowest in $\alpha$-tocopherol supplemented groups. 2) Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) level, representing lipid peroxidation in hepatic microsome, tended to be increased as the unsaturation of dietary lipids increases. $\alpha$-Tocopherol supplement significantly decreased TBARS level. 3) The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSHPx) in hepatic cytosol showed the tendency to be high with increasing P/S ratio of dietary lipids. SOD activity was not significantly influenced by antioxidant vitamin, but GSHPx activity was significantly increased in $\alpha$-tocopherol supplemented groups. In summary, high polyunsaturated fat diet was effective on reducing the serum level of total cholesterol and triglyceride, while it increased unsaturation and peroxidizability of serum fatty acid. With increasing P/S ratio of dietary lipids, lipid peroxidation was increased in the liver and antioxidant enzyme system was induced to inhibit lipid peroxidation against oxidative damage. $\alpha$-Tocopherol supplement was effective in lowering lipid peoxidation, but $\beta$-carotene supplement did not exhibit antioxidant effect. (Korean J Nutrition 31(5) 906~913, 1998)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1482-1489
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• 2010

This study aimed to determine the effects of vitamin C and propolis-supplemented feeds on some blood parameters, lipid peroxidation, and activities of some antioxidant enzymes in broilers exposed to oxidative stress. 360 three-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly divided into four treatment groups each containing 90 animals, including six replicate groups for each treatment. The experimental groups were designated for a 3-42 days period as follows: no supplement to basal ration (Control-Group I); supplement of 500 ppm vitamin C and 200 ppm lead (as lead acetate) to basal ration (Group II); supplement of 1 g/kg propolis and 200 ppm lead (as lead acetate) to basal ration (Group III); and supplement of 200 ppm lead (as lead acetate) to basal ration (Group IV). The highest TG level (86.83 mg/dl) was observed in the lead supplemented group; however, the lowest aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) level (90.71 IU/L) was observed in the control group (p<0.05). The addition of lead increased the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level (p<0.01) compared to other treatments. However, the addition of vitamin C and propolis decreased the plasma MDA level close to control levels. The highest erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed in the lead addition group (p<0.01) while no significant differences were observed for SOD activities of the control, vitamin C +lead, and propolis+lead groups. The plasma reduced glutathione (GSH) activity of the control ($2.30{\mu}mol$/ml) was significantly lower than the lead administered group ($6.20{\mu}mol$/ml) (p<0.01); while this parameter was determined to be similar to other groups. No significant differences were observed between groups for liver GSH activity, but heart GSH activity of the control was significantly higher in comparison to other treatments (p<0.05). To obtain similar antioxidant effects, it is recommend that using propolis (1 g/kg) and vitamin C (500 mg/kg) supplementation in broiler diets may overcome the adverse effects of oxidative stress originating from dietary lead.