• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1549-1556
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• 2008

The objective of this study were to evaluate the antioxidant activity and the anti-inflammatory effects of Angelica tenuissima (AT) which has been used widely as a traditional medicine. The antioxidant activities of AT was tested by DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide anion scavenging and nitric oxide scavenging. AT showed strong antioxidant activity in all experiment. In macrophages nitric oxide (NO) is released as an inflammatory mediator and has been proposed to be an important modulator of many pathophysiological conditions and high concentratin of NO is produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In this study we have examined the inhibition effects of NO by 85% methanol extracts of AT in mouse (C57BL/6) peritoneal macrophage. AT (100, 1000 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$) suppressed nitric oxide production and iNOS expression without any notable cytotoxicity and it also inhibited the expression of inflammatoryenzymes like cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). These data suggest that 85% methanol extracts of AT may possibly be used as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.591-598
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• 2020

Lactobacillus plantarum KU15149 was demonstrated to have probiotic behavior and functions, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. L. plantarum KU15149 obtained from homemade diced-radish kimchi has a high survival rate under artificial gastric acid (pH 2.5, 0.3% pepsin) and bile salt (0.3% oxgall) conditions. However, L. plantarum KU15149 did not produce β-glucuronidase, which is known to be a carcinogenic enzyme with resistance to several antibiotics, such as gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. L. plantarum KU15149 strongly adhered to HT-29 cells and had high antioxidant activity in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging and β-carotene bleaching assays. L. plantarum KU15149 also exhibited a pronounced inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production, along with expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, when RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS. Therefore, L. plantarum KU15149 exhibited pharmaceutical functionality as a potential probiotic.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.243-247
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• 2013

Novel Phellinus linteus HN1009K (HK1009) has been characterized on speedy mycelial growth and yearly artificial cultivation. In this study, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract from mycelium and fruiting body of P. linteus HN1009K (HK1009) were compared to those of P. linteus (PL, Korea Sangwhang) and P. baumii (PB, Jangsu Sanghwang) as controls. HK1009 extract showed higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity in both mycelial and fruiting body samples than those of PL and PB. However, in xanthine oxidase assay, antioxidant effect was highly measured on mycelial samples of PL and HK1009. Mycelial extract of HK1009 induced high inhibitory effect on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells comparing to PL and PB without toxicity on the cells. The results suggest that P. linteus HN1009K possesses superior antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.11-14
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Alum (AL) and Burnt Alum (BAL), which are commonly used as external ointments. Methods: Extracts of AL and BAL were classified into three groups: 20, 50, and $100mg/{\mu}{\ell}$. The cytotoxicity was measured by using MTT assays in human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The anti-oxidant effect was measured by using the DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) radical scavenger. The anti-inflammatory effect was measured by using the inhibitory efficacy for the amount of nitric-oxide (NO) produced in mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). Results: BAL showed a higher level of cytotoxicity than AL. The AL groups showed a concentration-dependent scavenging effect on DPPH radicals, but no significant relevance was found. The BAL groups showed a concentration-dependent scavenging effect on DPPH radicals. The scavenging effects of the BAL groups were almost insignificant, but the values for the 20, 50, and $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ trials were different. The BAL groups showed significant concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on NO production, but the AL groups did not. Conclusions: AL showed an anti-oxidant effect more efficiently than BAL did, which demonstrated a superior anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, for external usage, AL must be distinguished from BAL.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.99-111
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• 2022

Objectives: Rehmanniae Radix Preparata (RRP) has been used as a traditional remedy to treat gynecology and endocrine diseases. Recently, studies on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of RRP have been reported, so it was judged that RRP extracts would have an anti-depressive effect. Methods: We investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-depressive effect of RRP on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression and LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. RRP inhibited the LPS-stimulated excessive release of nitrite in the BV2 cells. RRP also significantly inhibited the inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Results: RRP significantly suppressed the LPS-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and nuclear factor (NF)-𝜅B activation. In addition, administration of RRP not only inhibited the immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST) but also increased the total travel distance in the open field test (OFT). Also, RRP inhibited the elevation of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in brain of LPS-injected mice. Conclusions: Considering the overall results, our study showed that RRP exhibited the anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-depressive activities via deactivation of MAPKs and NF-𝜅B.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.162-176
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• 2019

This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of yogurt fermented at low temperature and the anti-inflammatory effect it has on induced colitis with 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in Balb/c mice. Yogurt premix were fermented with a commercial starter culture containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus at different temperatures: $22^{\circ}C$ (low fermentation temperature) for 27 h and $37^{\circ}C$ (general fermentation temperature) for 12 h. To measure antioxidant activity of yogurt samples, DPPH, $ABTS^+$ and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays were conducted. For animal experiments, inflammation was induced with 2.5% DSS in Balb/c mice. Yogurt fermented at low temperature showed higher antioxidant activity than that of the yogurt fermented at general temperature. In the inflammatory study, IL-6 (interleukin 6) was decreased and IL-4 and IL-10 increased significantly in DSS group with yogurt fermented at general temperature (DYG) and that with yogurt fermented at low temperature (DYL) compared to that in DSS-induced colitic mice (DC), especially DYL had higher concentration of cytokines IL-4, and IL-10 than DYG. MPO (myeloperoxidase) tended to decrease more in treatments with yogurt than DC. Additionally, yogurt fermented at low temperature had anti-inflammatory activity, although there was no significant difference with general temperature-fermented yogurt (p>0.05).

• Advanced Industrial SCIence
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2023

This study was performed as a preliminary experiment to develop functional feed additives using by-products generated during the production of black garlic. Therefore antioxidant and immune enhancing activity of black garlic pomace were measured. As a result of measuring the antioxidant activity of black garlic pomace, it was found antioxidant activity. Nitric oxide (NO) assay was performed to test the immune enhancing activity of vegetable samples including black garlic pomace among the samples used in the experiment. As a result of the NO assay experiment, highest concentrations of black garlic pomace, aster glehni, and MIX form produced NO, which Garlic pomace (69.4%), aster glehni (35.9%), and MIX (45.3%), respectively, compared to LPS (100%). In conclusion, it is considered that black garlic pomace contains an anti-inflammatory effect, and if the optimal mixing ratio of black garlic pomace and aster glehni is selected, it will be of sufficient value as a feed additive containing an anti-inflammatory effect.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.280-293
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• 2011

There is currently increased interest in the identification of antioxidant compounds that are pharmacologically potent and have low or no side effects. Plants produce significant amounts of antioxidants to prevent the oxidative stress caused by photons and oxygen, therefore they represent a potential source of new compounds with antioxidant activity. FARFARE FLOS has been frequently used on the respiratory system including bronchitis, phthisis. In this study, the antioxidant activity of extract from FF was studied in vitro methods by measuring the antioxidant activity by TEAC, measuring the scavenging effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) [superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical] and on reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [nitric oxide and peroxynitrite] as well as measuring the inhibitory effect on Cu2+-induced human LDL oxidation. The FF extracts were found to have a potent scavenging activity, as well as an inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation. And this study was designed to evaluate whether FFEA may ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammatory status through the antioxidative mechanism in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with FFEA significantly reduced LPS-stimulated inflammatory response in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the FF extracts have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro system, which can be used for developing pharmaceutical drug against oxidative stress and atherosclerosis.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 2019

Rhus javanica L. is Anacardiaceae plant distributed in East Asia. We evaluated the antioxidant activity and antiinflammatory effect of leaf, branch, root of ethyl acetate fraction from R. javanica. To confirm effective each extraction, The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity assays, and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated based on inhibitory activities on the protein and mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The phenolic compounds content of each extract was analyzed with Folin reagents and HPLC/PDA method. The gallic acids were identified and quantified. The roots of R. javanica showed strong antioxidant activity. Its total phenolic compounds content were higher than the orders. In addition, anti-inflammatory activity inhibited the protein and mRNA expression of nitric oxide production factor, following the same pattern as contents of phenolic compounds included gallic acid and its antioxidant activity. In conclusion, R. javanica showed effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Especially, the roots were evaluated to be highly valuable as a natural resource for reducing inflammation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.174-183
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• 2023

Various skin diseases are occurring due to external factors such as urbanization and increase in environmental pollution and wearing masks due to COVID-19. Accordingly, various functional cosmetics are being released, but as some side effects are reported, research on functional cosmetics materials using natural plants is necessary. Therefore, in this study, the antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Phyllanthus emblica, Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), and Commiphora myrrha mixed extracts (PGC) that pharmacological efficacy has been verified were analyzed and their potential as functional cosmetics raw materials was examined. Four extracts (PGC-1~4) were prepared according to the extraction method. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity experiments were conducted for the antioxidant efficacy of the extracts. In addition, paper disc experiments and LPS inflammation-inducing cytokine experiments were conducted to examine the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, a cell viability test was performed to confirm cytotoxicity. As results of the study, all extracts showed antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects without cytotoxicity, and in particular, PGC-4, a fermentation and ultrasonic extract, showed the best efficacy. This means that the extraction yield of useful components varies depending on the extraction method.