• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.463-469
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• 2012

This study utilized a standardization and cluster analysis technique for the selection and classification of beneficial bacteria. A set of synthetic data consisting of 100 individual variables with three characteristics was created for analysis. The three characteristics assigned to each independent variable were designated to have different numeric scales, averages, and standard deviations. The variables were bacterial isolates at random, and the three characteristics were fermentation products, including cell yield, antioxidant activity of culture, and enzyme production. A standardization method utilizing a standard normal distribution equation to record fermentation yields of each isolate was employed to weight their different numeric scales and deviations. Following transformation, the data set was analyzed by cluster analysis. The Manhattan method for dissimilarity matrix construction along with complete linkage technique, an agglomerative method for hierarchical cluster analysis, was employed using statistical computing program R. A total of 100 isolates were classified into groups A, B, and C. In a comparison of the characteristics of each group, all characteristics in groups A and C were higher than those of group B. Isolates displaying higher cell yield were classified as group A, whereas those isolates showing high antioxidant activity and enzyme production were assigned to group C. The results of the cluster analysis can be useful for the classification of numerous isolates and the preparation of an isolation pool using numerical or statistical tools. The present study suggests that a simple technique can be applied to screen and select beneficial microbes using the freely downloadable statistical computing program R.

• CELLMED
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.15.1-15.5
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• 2013

Previous reports showed that Compound Astragalus and Salvia miltiorrhiza extract (CASE), which was mainly composed of astragalosides, astragalus polysaccharide and salvianolic acids, inhibited hepatic fibrosis by mediating transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ (TGF-${\beta}$)/Smad signaling. Our aim was to examine the effects of CASE on D-galactosamine (D-GalN) treated liver injury in mice and carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. CASE was administered to mice with D-GalN-induced liver injury and to rats with $CCl_4$-induced liver fibrosis, respectively. Liver injury was routinely evaluated by relative liver weight, serum levels of ALT, AST, hyaluronic acid (HA), hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, hydroxyproline (HYP) and histopathologic changes. Treatment of mice with CASE (60, 120, and 240 mg/kg, ig) significantly lowered ALT, relative liver weight, and MDA levels when compared with D-GalN treated mice. CASE (120, 240 mg/kg) significantly lowered ALT, AST, HA, HYP, and MDA levels against $CCl_4$ treated rats. Decreased SOD level was reversed with CASE treatment. Upon histopathological examination, CASE treatment had significantly inhibitory effect on the progression of hepatic fibrosis in rats. These results indicate that CASE might be effective in treatment and prevention of acute and chronic hepatic injury due to its antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.679-687
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• 2018

Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) is one of the major Pinus species in Korea. Red pine bark is removed prior to the chipping process in the wood industry and discarded as waste. However, red pine bark contains a considerable amount of naturally occurring phenolics, including flavonoids, and therefore may have a variety of biological effects. In this study, we investigated if Korean red pine bark extract (KRPBE) could protect neuronal PC-12 cells from oxidative stress and inhibit cholinesterase activity. Analysis of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography results revealed four phenolics in KRPBE: vanillin, protocatechuic acid, catechin, and taxifolin. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of KRPBE were 397.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight (DW) and 248.7 mg catechin equivalents/g DW, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of KRPBE measured using ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC assays were 697.3, 521.8, and 2,627.7 mg vitamin C equivalents/g DW, respectively. KRPBE and its identified phenolics protected against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, which degrade the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to terminate neurotransmission in synaptic clefts, were inhibited by treatment with KRPBE and its identified phenolics. Taken together, these results suggest that KRPBE and its constituent antioxidative phenolics are potent neuroprotective agents that can maintain cell viability under oxidative stress and inhibit cholinesterase activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.225-231
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• 2008

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the laying stage which is a critical period for chick survival. We investigated the relationship of neonatal chick performance, brain antioxidant status and vitamin E supplementation level in hens. Starting at 17 weeks, hens were randomly divided into five groups. The control group received a basal diet without supplemental vitamin E (VE, dl-${\alpha}$-tocopherol acetate). Other groups received the same basal diet supplemented with vitamin E (40, 80, 120 and 160 mg/kg) through growth to egg production. Hens were artificially inseminated at 28 weeks of age and egg yolks were collected at day two. All remaining eggs were hatched. Yolk vitamin E content, hatchability and fertility of eggs were evaluated. Brains of the newly hatched chicks were further evaluated for their oxidative stress status, antioxidative status and vitamin E levels. Increased reproductive performance was observed in fertility and hatchability in the group supplemented at 40 mg/kg. Egg yolk and neonatal brain ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was highest in eggs from hens fed 120 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg supplemental vitamin E, respectively. Brain MDA, ROS and iron levels were significantly higher in unsupplemented hens (p<0.01). SOD activity was significantly higher in the group supplemented at 160 mg/kg than in all other groups. We concluded that maternal supplementation of vitamin E had beneficial effects on fertility, hatchability of eggs, neonatal brain oxidative status and SOD activity.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.389-395
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• 2011

In the present study, a suitable drying method was developed for citrus press cakes (CPCs), which are produced as a by-product in citrus juice plants, and the protective effect of methanol extract of CPCs prepared by far-infrared radiation (FIR) drying against $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage was evaluated versus that of freeze-dried CPCs. Methanol extract of FIR-dried CPCs exhibited comparatively good ROS scavenging activity versus the freeze-dried CPCs at the concentration of 100 ${\mu}g$/mL. The extract strongly enhanced the cell viability against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage in Vero cells. Lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of the extract from FIR-dried CPCs was comparable to that of the extract from freeze-dried CPCs. This sample also exhibited good protective effects against $H_2O_2$-mediated cell apoptosis as demonstrated by decreased apoptotic body formation in the nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342. In the comet assay, the CPC extracts exhibited strong inhibitory effects against $H_2O_2$-mediated DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, this study demonstrated that FIR drying effectively preserves CPC as a functionally important natural antioxidant source and the FIR drying can be adapted for drying CPCs and is more economical for massive production than freeze drying.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.308-317
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• 2020

S. komarovii is halophyte that grows in soil or waters of high salinity, such as in saline semi-deserts, sloughs and seashores. Traditionally, S. komarovii has been used for food and medicinal purposes in Korea. S. komarovii was extracted in 70% ethanol to measure anti-oxidative activity using DPPH and ABTS assay. The IC₅₀ values of the S. komarovii extract against DPPH radicals and ABTS radicals were 186.10 mg/mL and 121.89 mg/mL. In addition, total polyphenol and reducing power were measured. The S. komarovii extract exhibited superior polyphenolic (22.5%) and antioxidant (28.4%) contents. Regarding cell bioactivity, MTT assay was conducted to reveal cytotoxicity of S. komarovii extract and showed the non-cytotoxicity of S. komarovii extract. Anti-inflammatory and skin whitening effects were measured at 100 ㎍/mL. Therefore, this study suggests that the S. komarovii extract can be used as a functional cosmetic product material.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2011

Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) play pivotal roles in plant defense to different abiotic and biotic stresses. In order to understand the function of ginseng spermidine synthase gene, a key gene involved in biosynthesis of polyamines, transgenic plant was generated in Arabidopsis. The transgenic plants exhibited high levels of polyamines compared to the untransformed control plants. We investigated the tolerance capacity of transgenic plants to abiotic stresses such as salinity and copper stress. In addition, transgenic plants also showed increased resistance against one of the important fungal pathogens of ginseng, the wilt causing Fusarium oxysporum and one of important bacteria, bacterial blight causing Pseudomonas syringae. However, an activity of the polyamine catabolic enzyme, diamine oxidase (DAO) was increased significantly in F. oxysporum and P. syringae infected transgenic plant. Polyamine catabolic enzymes which may trigger the hypersensitive response (HR) by producing hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) seem act as an inducer of PR proteins, peroxidase and phenyl ammonium lyase activity. The transgenic plants also contained higher antioxidant enzyme activities, less MDA and $H_2O_2$ under salt and copper stress than the wild type, implying it suffered from less injury. These results strongly suggest an important role of spermidine as a signaling regulator in stress signaling pathways, leading to build-up of stress tolerance mechanisms.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.42-52
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• 2003

Objective: For designing an optimal countermeasure against ageing and ageing related disease, it is necessary to understand the ageing mechanism and other reactive species. Free radicals are associated with the mechanisam of biological ageing and age-related diseases. This study was performed to identifiy the scavenging effect of Radix Cynanchi Wilfordii Herbal-Acupunture Solution(RCWHA) on Nitric Oxide(NO), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH) and Interleukin-4(IL -4). Methods: The activity to scavenge DPPH radicals and NO was observed in vitro, We evaluated the antioxidant activity of RCWHA by using DPPH or NO free radical method. Also the inhibitory effect on IL-4 in RCWHA was observed in vitro, Results: The followings are the summary of the results; (1) There is a significant scavenging effect of RCWHA on NO in 0.1mg/ml and 10mg/ml group after 24hrs. (2) There is no significant scavenging effect of RCWHA on DPPH. (3) There is a significant scavenging effect of RCWHA on IL-4 in $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ group. Conclusions: These findings indicate that RCWHA can be used as antioxidant or antiimflamatory drug. But further study is needed about the effect of RCWHA.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.49-57
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• 2016

Objectives： Polygonati Rhizoma (PR) has containing the bioactive compounds such as poly sccharide A,B,C, oligosaccharide, amino acid, it has reported to anti-diabetes and hypertension, atherosclerosis. In this study, we were evaluates antioxidant and anti-physical fatigue effects of PR and steamed PR.Methods : The sample was divided into 5 groups-PR0 (PR without steaming process), PR1 (PR with once steaming process), PR3 (PR with third steaming process), PR6 (PR with sixth steaming process), PR9 (PR with ninth steaming process). We measured anti-oxidant activity through contents of polyphenol, flavonoid and DPPH, ABTS free radical scavenging capacity. And, anti-physical fatigue effect was evaluated using the swimming test, and the AMPK protein expressions in soleus muscle.Results ： As a result, polyphenol, flavonoid, DPPH, ABTS free radical scavenging capacity of PR were increased as steaming times. Anti-physical fatigue effects by swimming test, PR0 have significantly increased, but steamed PR groups were decreased. The AMPK protein expressions of PR0 and PR1 groups were increased comparing with PR3, PR6 and PR9. All groups had effects on decreasing TG, creatine in blood serum, but had no effects on TC in blood serum.Conclusions ： In conclusion, PR with 9 steaming process was more excellent than not-processed PR in anti-oxidant effect such as DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity and contents of polyphenol, flavonoid, but, not-processed PR increased swimming times than processed PR. These results suggest that processed PR has anti-oxidant effect as steaming times, and not-processed PR may be a novel potential anti-physical fatigue agents than processed PR.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.15-28
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• 2014

Objectives This study was carried out to find out the Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Components of Mahwangbujaseshin-tang in LPS-Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages. Methods There are 5 experimental groups. ; normal, control, EH (Ephedrae Herba), ALRP (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata) and AR (Asiasari Radix). The extract of EH, ALRP and AR ($100{\mu}g/ml$) was added to each group. We examined cytotoxicity, total phenolic contents, DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity, Intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, NO (Total Nitric oxide), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2), $IL-1{\beta}$ ($interleukin-1{\beta}$), IL-6 (interleukin-6), $TNF-{\alpha}$ (tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$), MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9), TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1) and HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) expression level. Results 1. Total phenolic contents of EH were in the highest level. 2. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity of EH was in the highest level. 3. ROS production was significantly decreased in AR. 4. NO production was significantly decreased in EH, ALRP, AR and iNOS expression was decreased in EH, AR. 5. PGE2 and COX-2 expression was decreased in EH, AR. 6. $IL-1{\beta}$ production was significantly decreased in EH, AR and IL-6 production was significantly decreased in AR. $TNF-{\alpha}$ production was significantly decreased in ALRP, AR. 7. MMP-9 and TIMP-1 production were significantly decreased in EH. 8. HO-1 expression was significantly increased in EH. 9. With simultaneous usage of SnPP which is expression inhibitor of HO-1, NO, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production were partially increased in EH, ALRP, AR. Conclusions According to this study, Components of Mahwangbujaseshin-tang have anti-oxidants and anti-inflammation effects in LPS-Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages.