• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.582-586
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• 2008

Total phenolic compounds and antioxidative activities of rooibos tea(Aspalathus linearis) fractions were studied. Three extracts, using hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, were prepared. Total phenolic compounds were 3069.3 mg/100 g extract in the hexane fraction, 18604.4 mg/100 g extract in the ethyl acetate fraction, and 13458.8 mg/100 g extract in the ethanol fraction. Levels of vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, 4-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were analyzed by RP-HPLC, and totals of 3452.6 and 3156.1 mg/100 g of extract were found in the ethanol and ethyl acetate fraction, respectively. In the DPPH assay, the ethanol fraction(82.2% of contol) and the ethyl acetate fraction(78.9%) showed the highest free radical scavenging capacities. The induction period of each tea fraction in the fish oil rancimat assay was measured. When 500 ppm of the ethanol fraction was applied, a 1.19 h induction period was observed. This was 2-fold greater than the induction period of the control.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.276-284
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• 2015

This study was designed to investigate the effect of garlic shoot extract administration on serum and liver tissue lipid levels in hyperlipidemic rats. The rats were fed a 45% high-fat diet to induce hyperlipidemia. They were then administered garlic shoot extract (50%) and ethanol extract (75%) at 200 mg/kg B.W./day (GSA-1, GSB-1) and 400 mg/kg B.W./day (GSA-2, GSB-2) for 5 weeks. The total lipid and triglyceride contents in serum were lowest in the GSB-2 group, and the total cholesterol content was significantly lower in the GSA-2 and GSB-2 groups than in the control group. The high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol content of the GSB-2 group was similar to that of the normal group. The low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol contents were significantly lower in the GSB-1 and GSB-2 group than in the control group. atherogenic index (AI) and cardiac risk factor (CRF) were lowest in the GSB-2 group (0.58 and 1.57, respectively). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were significantly higher in the control group than in the normal group, and the levels of AST, ALT, and ALP were significantly lower in the GSA-2 and GSB-2 groups than in the control group. The total lipid content in liver tissue was significantly lower in all the experimental groups compared to that of the control group, but it was not significantly different among the experimental groups. The total cholesterol and triglyceride content in liver tissue was lowest in the GSB-2 group. Antioxidant activity in serum and liver tissue was highest in the GSB-2 group (40.16% and 47.41%, respectively).The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) content in serum and liver tissue was lowest in the GSB-2 group, with the significant difference. Our results suggest that garlic shoot extracts may improve lipid metabolism in serum and liver tissue and potentially reduce hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1581-1590
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• 2009

Hizikia fusiforme is a kind of brown edible seaweed that mainly grows in the temperate seaside areas of the northwest pacific, including Korea, Japan and China, and has been widely used as a health food for hundreds of years. Recently, H. fusiforme has been known to exert pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticoagulant activities. However, the molecular mechanisms of H. fusiforme in malignant cells have not been clearly elucidated yet. In this study, the effects of ethyl alcohol extract of H. fusiforme (EAHF) on the anti-proliferative effects of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were investigated. EAHF treatment resulted in a concentration-dependent growth inhibition by including apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells and G1 phase arrest in MCF-7 cells, which could be proved by MTT assay, DAPI staining, agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry analysis. In MDA-MB-231 cells, the increase in apoptosis induced by EAHF treatment correlated with up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax expression. EAHF treatment induced the proteolytic activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and a concomitant inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, $\beta$-catenin, phospholipase-${\gamma}1$ protein and DNA fragmentation factor 45/inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase. Taken together, these findings provide important new insights into the possible molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer activity of H. fusiforme.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.424-429
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• 2010

Prunus mume is rich in organic acid, and excels in antioxidant activity. However, development of processed foods using Prunus mume is very limited, and characteristics of its products are different according to the region they are processed in. In this study, we collected 13 kinds of sugar-preserved Prunus mume home-made products in Hadong, and investigated their physical and manufacturing characteristics to select a superior product. 5 kinds of sugar-preserved Prunus mume products were selected according to results of sensory evaluation, and the overall acceptability of product No.13 was superior. Moisture contents of the 5 samples ranged from 45.2~53.3%, and pH and acidity showed similar values at about 2.8 and 0.4%, respectively. Sugar content of product No.13 were slightly lower than other products. Crude protein and lipid contents were similar at about 0.4 and 0.5%, respectively. Hardness value of product No.13, selected by its texture in sensory evaluation, was higher than others. The main components of organic acids were oxalic, malic, citric and fumaric acid, and citric acid content occupied more than 60% of total organic acid content. Also, the main components of free sugar were glucose and fructose.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.245-255
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• 2018

The research was aimed to analyze the functional constituents (GABA and isoflavone), radical (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and hydroxyl) scavenging activities and enzyme (${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and lipase) inhibitory effects of soypowder milk (SPM) and fermented soy-powder milk (FSPM) with varied Lactobacillus brevis. Ten ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA) producing lactic acid bacteria that showed 96-99% similarity with L. brevis, according to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, were isolated from fermented kimchi. The conversion rates of GABA were obtained 66.96-93.51, 63.76-84.58, and 57.05-69.75% in monosodium glutamate, gluten and soy protein, respectively. The levels of pH and glutamic acid of FSPM were found lower than those of SPM, but the acidity and GABA contents were higher. The GABA conversion rate of FSPM with BMK484 strain was attained the highest 69.97%. The contents of isoflavone glycoside ($1290.93{\mu}g/g$) was higher in SPM, but the content of isoflavone aglycone ($287.27-501.9{\mu}g/g$) was higher in FSPM. The levels of isoflavone aglycone such as daidzein, glycitein and genistein, were found as the highest 240.2, 61.24 and $200.45{\mu}g/g$, respectively, when FSPM was made with BMK484 strain. The DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities of FSPM made with BMK484 strain were the relatively higher 60.31, 88.10, 61.25, 52.71, and 39.37%, respectively. Therefore, the L. brevis can be used as a material capable of simultaneously enhanced GABA and isoflavone aglycone in FSPM.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.373-382
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• 1984

Processing conditions of retort pouched fried mackerel fish meat paste and quality stability during storage were investigated. The reasonable amounts of added ingredients to the frozen mackerel meat paste were $10\%$ of corn starch, $1\%$ of soybean protein, $1.5\%$ of sodium chloride, $0.6\%$ of monosodium glutamate, $0.3\%$ of alcoholic extract of red pepper, and $0.1\%$ of sodium erythorbate as an antioxidant and also added water corresponding to $10\%$ of the frozen mackerel meat paste. After grinding the defrosted mackerel fish meat paste with ingredients, the meat paste was molded in bar type and fried in soybean oil at $170-180^{\circ}C$ for 3 minutes. The fried mackerel meat paste was cooled, vacuum-packed in laminated plastic film bag (polyester/polyvinylidene chloride/unoriented polypropylene : $12{\mu}m/15{\mu}/50{\mu}m,\;14{\times}19cm$) and finally sterilized at $120^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes in a hot water circulating retort. The pH, volatile basic nitrogen, moisture content, water activity, color, thiobarbituric acid value, peroxide value, texture and viable bacterial count of products were examined during 100 days of storage at $25{\pm}3^{\circ}C\;and\;5^{\circ}C$. The results showed that products could be preserved in good condition for 100 days at $25{\pm}3^{\circ}C$. Judging from sensory evaluation, the quality of products was not inferior to that of market products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1055-1061
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• 2007

Caesalpinia sappan L. is an indeciduous tree distributed in China, India, Miyanmar and Vietnam. Its heartwood has long been used in oriental folk medicines to treat diseases. In this study, antioxidative activities of Caesalpinia sappan L. and the effect of gamma irradiation on its chemical and biological properties were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc fr.) of Caesalpinia sappan L. was irradiated with 100 kGy of gamma ray. The dark red color of EtOAc fr. was significantly (p<0.05) removed by irradiation (Hunter L and b values increased and a value decreased). The total phenolic content of EtOAc fr. was 865 mg/g and it was increased to 1195 mg/g by gamma irradiation. DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of EtOAc fr. were very high and its activities were also increased by gamma irradiation. EtOAc fr. also inhibited the irradiation-induced DNA damage of lymphocyte as determined by comet assay. In conclusion, EtOAc fr. of Caesalpinia sappan L. extract showed high antioxidative activities in vitro. Furthermore, gamma irradiation on EtOAc fr. ameliorated the color and antioxidative properties. Therefore, it can be suggested that Caesalpinia sappan L. may be a good material for antioxidant function and gamma irradiation may be applied for the improvement of chemical and biological properties of Caesalpinia sappan L.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.599-610
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the effect of water extracts from Namhae special crops (NSC) on improved serum lipid composition using rats fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. Male Wister rats (200-210 g) were divided into six groups: Normal cholesterol diet group (Normal), 1% cholesterol diet group (Control), 1% cholesterol and NSC water extract powder supplemented groups, including, turmeric (Tu-EP), cactus (Ba-EP), aloe vera (Al-EP) and asparagus (As-EP). No significant differences were observed for food intake or body weight gain between the control and experimental groups. However, food efficiency ratio (FER) was the lowest in the As-EP group. The serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the NSC water powder extract supplement groups were lower than those in the control group. The serum high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol content in the Tu-EP group was higher than that in the other experimental groups. Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol content in the As-EP group was similar to that in normal group. Furthermore, the VLDL content in the Al-EP group was lower than that in the normal group. Serum antioxidant activity by TBARS level and DPPH radical scavenging were significantly higher in the Ba-EP group than that in the control group. Hepatic total cholesterol and lipid content in the Al-EP group decreased significantly compared to that in the control group. These results suggest that the NSC water extract may reduce serum cholesterol and prevent oxidative stress by stimulating antioxidative systems in rats fed a 1% cholesterol diet.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 2008

In this study, the antioxidative effects, inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and elastase and components of Fagopyrum esculetum extracts were investigated. Fagopyrum esculetum used for this study is hulls and dehulled seeds. The free radical(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, DPPH) scavenging activities($FSC_{50}$) and reactive oxygen species(ROS) scavenging activities($OSC_{50}$) of extract/fractions from Fagopyrum esculetum were measured. The aglycone($3.5{\pm}0.0{\mu}g/mL$) and ethyl acetate fractions($0.2{\pm}0.1{\mu}g/mL$) of hulls showed the most effective scavenging activities. The protective effects on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most prominent cellular protective effect(${\tau}_{50},\;771.7{\pm}9.9 min$ at 10 ${\mu}g/mL$). The inhibitory effect of aglycone fraction of hull and dehulled seeds on tyrosinase were examined ($53.6{\pm}0.5{\mu}g/mL,\;35.6{\pm}0.4{\mu}g/mL$, respectively). And The inhibitory effect of aglycone fraction of hull and dehulled seeds on elastase were investigated($3.7{\pm}0.4{\mu}g/mL\;and\;6.0{\pm}0.7{\mu}g/mL$ respectively). But 50% ethanol extract rarely exhibited the inhibitory activity on tyrosinase and elastase. (+)-Catechin and (-)-epicatechin were contained in ethyl acetate fraction of dehulled seeds. And ethyl acetate fraction of hull contains flavonoids of hyperin, quercetin, rutin and so on. These results indicate that extract/fractions of Fagopyrum esculentum can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. Fagopyrum esculentum extract could be used as a new cosmeceutical for whitening and anti-wrinkle products.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.583-591
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• 2013

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease associated with a cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to an allergen. Although the incidence of AD is increasing these days, therapeutics has yet to be developed for its treatment. The aim of this study was conducted in order to compare and investigate the characteristic between the Castanea crenata inner shell extract (CS) and the Castanea crenata inner shell extract fermented by Lactobacillus bifermentans (FCS) for an anti-atopic medication. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were similar to CS and FCS. In the DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging, the CS and FCS had the potential for antioxidant activities. Both of them did not exhibit cytotoxicity to HS68 cells. The evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity in Raw264.7 cells demonstrated that the FCS has inhibited the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide as compared to the CS. The anti-atopic dermatitis test was done through the induction of DNCB in AD hairless mice. The FCS has inhibited the development of the atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion by transdermal water loss, melanin and erythema of the skin as compared to the CS. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ production in hairless mice were inhibited by the FCS treatment. It indicates that the fermentation of the Castanea crenata inner shell has the potential for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.