• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 2018

Background: Danggwisusan is a herbal medicine which is used to treat bruises, static blood, external injuries, and somatalgia in Korean medicine. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether Danggwisusan hot aqueous extract had an inhibitory effect upon inflammatory cytokine production and oxidation. Methods: Cytotoxic activity of Danggwisusan extract was examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The amount of nitric oxide produced was measured using Griess reagent. Prostaglandin E2 production was measured using an enzyme immunoassay. Inflammatory cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$) were measured by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The anti-oxidative effect of Danggwisusan was measured by the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl method. The amount of polyphenol and flavonoid contents were measured by Folin and Ciocalteauea phenol reagent and aluminum nitrate. Results: Danggwisusan hot aqueous extracts did not show significant toxicity at 10, 20, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$. At a dose of $100{\mu}g/mL$, Danggwisusan hot aqueous extract significantly inhibited nitric oxide and $PGE_2$ production, and significantly reduced $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production. At a dose of $100{\mu}g/mL$, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging capability was over 50%. Conclusion: This study showed that Danggwisusan hot aqueous extract may have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects on macrophages.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.1053-1060
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• 2017

The present study examined the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Pinus koraiensis (PK) cone shell extracts in vitro. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of PK cone shell extracted with hot water, 20% ethanol (EtOH), or 50% EtOH were examined using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activites, as well as nitric oxide (NO) and anti-inflammatory cytokine measurements. The 20% EtOH extract of the PK cone shell decreased the NO and inflammatory cytokines secretion, and increased the ABTS radical scavenging, SOD, CAT, and GPx activities. This indicates that the 20% EtOH extract of the PK cone shell would be helpful in inflammation and oxidation systems. Therefore, the 20% EtOH extract of PK cone shell has great potential as a useful health food.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2017

Objectives : Alpiniae oxyphyllae Fructus (AOF) is an herbal medicine, which has been used for the treatment of fatigue, chills, and poor physical conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of AOF hot aqueous extract. Methods : The cytotoxicity of AOF extract was evaluated using the MTT assay. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by the Griess reaction. Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production was measured by a commercial competitive enzyme immunoassay. Cytokine production (IL-1tion co6, and TNF- F- was measured by ELISA. The anti-oxidative effect of AOF extracts was measured by the DPPH method. Polyphenol and flavonoid contents were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent and aluminum chloride, respectively. Results : AOF hot aqueous extract did not show toxicity at doses of 25, 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$. AOF extract significantly inhibited NO production at doses of 100 and $200{\mu}g/mL.PGE_2$ production was inhibited by AOF extract treatment at doses of 100 and $200{\mu}g/mL$. AOF extracts reduced IL-6 production in a dose-dependent manner. IL-1ent maTNF- F- 1ent mannerd IL-6 production in uction at doses of 100 and ${\mu}g/mL$. The DPPH free radical scavenging capability was above 50% at $200{\mu}g/mL$. Conclusion : This study suggests that AOF hot aqueous extract may exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies are required for validating the safety and efficacy of AOF.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.29-38
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• 2017

Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the change in marker compounds, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of salt-water processed Cortex Eucommiae. Methods To evaluate the influence of processing on anti-oxidant effect of Cortex Eucommiae, changes in total phenol, total flavonoid, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) between processed and raw Cortex Eucommiae were assessed. In addition, nitrite assay was conducted to determine the influence of processing on anti-inflammatory effect of Cortex Eucommiae. Cell viability was also examined as to elucidate whether processing affects cytotoxicity of Cortex Eucommiae. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was conducted to monitor changes in pinoresinol diglucoside amount of processed and raw Cortex Eucommiae. Results Salt-water processed Cortex Eucommiae showed higher total phenol and flavonoid amount, compared to raw Cortex Eucommiae. Furthermore, anti-oxidative activity of processed Cortex Eucommiae was improved as discovered in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Anti-inflammatory effect of Cortex Eucommiae was also enhanced following salt-water processing, as evidenced in nitrite assay. HPLC analysis found that the amount of pinoresinol diglucoside, widely known as the marker compound of Cortex Eucommiae, increases through salt-water processing. All experiments were performed with non-toxic concentration of Cortex Eucommiae; processing did not affect the cytotoxicity of Cortex Eucommiae up to the currently adopted concentration. Conclusions The present results support that salt-water processing of Cortex Eucommiae is beneficial in terms of marker compound amount, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. Additional investigations are needed to standardize the processing method of Cortex Eucommiae.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.245-253
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the biological effects of organic soybean extracts. Cellular and molecular analysis was performed to determine anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects of soybean extracts. First, we obtained various solvent extracts of soybean such as water, ethanol, and methanol. Molecular and cellular analysis were performed with 0.1 mg/ml concentration of each solvent extracts. The results of anti-oxidative, antiinflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of organic soybean extracts were prominent. However, organic soybean extracts were not observed in anti-allergic effects determined by releasing histamine from rat mast cell line, RBL-2H3. Conclusively, organic soybean suppress inflammatory responses. In addition, organic soybean could be applied as a functional food ingredient for treatment of chronic inflammation, asthma, and atopic dermatitis with enhanced anti-inflammatory activities.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.244-251
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• 2020

This study investigated therapeutic candidates with anti-inflammatory potential among traditional dietary ingredients targeting inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Both Avena sativa and traditional fermented products, such as Korean soy paste, are popular health foods. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of soy paste combined with A. sativa (KDA), compared with soy paste without A. sativa (KD) by evaluating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 mouse macrophages and HT-29 human colon epithelial cells. KDA significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and downregulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. In another in vitro experiment involving LPS-stimulated HT-29 cells, KDA suppressed the levels of IL-8, which is the chemokine elevated in IBD. In addition, KDA exhibited anti-oxidative properties, such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Our findings revealed that A. sativa combined with soy paste exhibits a synergistic anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect following fermentation. These results suggest that KDA may be used as a potential anti-inflammatory therapy against IBD.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.253-262
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effects of treatment for dermatitis using the herbal gel preparations. Scutellariae Radix(SR) and Zingiberis Rhizoma(ZR) were used for the purpose of herbal preparations. Baicalin, baicalein are the ingredients of SR, having biological effects like anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial and antiallergic action. 6-Gingerol is one of the ingredients of ZR having biologicai effects like anti-inflammatory and analgesic action. The three types of hydrogels(SRE, SRH, SZH) were formulated with Carbopol 940, Labrasol, Triethanolamine etc. Baicalin was hydrolysed to baicalein by $\beta$-glucuronidase for the purpose to increase rate of skin permeation. Content of ingredients by HPLC determination, rate of skin permeation using Franz type diffusion cell, anti-oxidative activity for the free radical, hydroxyl radical, superoxide, anti-inflammatory by using carrageenan injection, efficacy on the dermatitis induced by 2,4-dinitro-chlorobenzene(DNCB) were experimented. Baicalein showed higher permeability than baicalin, so it is considered that baicalein was more suitable form than baicalin for transdermal absorption by its lipophilic property. In the anti-oxidative experiments, SZH gel was the most effective scavenging activity than the other gels in all experiments. In anti-inflammatory test, SRM and SZH gel more decreased edma rapidly than SRE gel. In case of using SZH gel, treatment period for the dermatitis was more declined than that of other gel groups. These results suggests that the SZH hydrogel could be suitable preparations for the treatment of dermatitis.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Objectives : ROS are involved in a wide spectrum of diseases including chronic inflammation and cancer. S.chinensis Baill, a perennial herb commonly called Chinese lizard's tail or Sam-baek-cho in Korea, is used for the treatment of edema and inflammatory diseases in the Oriental folk medicine. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activities and anti-inflammatory effects of the two extracts, water(WE) and ethyl acetate(EAE) from S.chinensis Baill. Methods : Anti-oxidant activity was evaluated using Fe2+ chelating and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. DNA cleavage assay, and western blot and immunostaining for phospho-p65 were performed to evaluate anti-oxidative effect. Anti-inflammatory effect was performed using NO generation assay and western blot in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell. Results : In Fe2+ chelating activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, WE showed more strong scavenging activity for hydroxyl radical than EAE. WE scavenged hydroxyl radical by 12% at 3.2 ${\mu}g/ml$, 21% at 16 ${\mu}g/ml$, 32% at 80 ${\mu}g/ml$, 66% at 400 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 82% at 2000 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In addition, WE showed more strong chelating activity than EAE. WE chelated Fe2+ ion by 1.1% at 3.2 ${\mu}g/ml$, 8.2% at 16 ${\mu}g/ml$, 26.3% at 80 ${\mu}g/ml$, 72% at 400 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 89% at 2000 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Also, WE inhibited oxidative damage via its anti-oxidant activity. In anti-inflammatory effect, EAE inhibited NO production and iNOS expression. In addition EAE suppressed the NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPK signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions : Together, these data indicate that S. chinensis Baill, shows anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2018

This study aims to compare and analyze a willow tree (Salix Koreensis andersson) extract's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by investigating its: total polyphenol, flavonoid content, SOD-like activity, DPPH vitality. the willow tree was induced with LPS to determine its active anti-inflammatory effects. as a result, the willow methanol extract showed a higher total polyphenol and flavonoid content than those of willow distilled water extract, but the willow distilled water extract showed a higher SOD than that of willow methanol extract. in its DPPH scavenging ability, the willow methanol extract's antioxidant activity was higher than that of the willow distilled water extract. the willow extract's measurements such as the production of NO, inflammatory cytokine ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 measurement) were significantly reduced as its concentration level went down. according to the research outcomes, when induced, he will extract's macrophage produces mediator-like substances such as NO and inflammatory cytokine that can be used to alleviate the inflammatory response. therefore, the willow tree proved to be a useful raw plant material for the products designed to combat inflammatory activities due to its natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response substances such as NO and cytokine.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.79-92
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• 2014

Objectives : The aim of this study was identification of the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of Talmyung-san (TMS) in mouse macrophage, RAW264.7 cells. Methods : To identify the anti-oxidative effect of TMS, scavenging activities of DPPH radical, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite were measured in vitro. In RAW264.7 cells, DCFH-DA assay was conducted to examine the inhibitory effect of TMS on ROS production in response to lipopolysaccharide. And the productions of nitric oxide (NO), $PGE_2$ and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured. The levels of COX-2, iNOS, nuclear NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 expression and phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ in cytosol were detected by western blotting analyses. Results : TMS couldn't scavenged DPPH radical, but nitric oxide and peroxynitrite were decreased. TMS decreased intracellular ROS, NO, and IL-$1{\beta}$ production effectively. However, TMS inhibited $PGE_2$ levels only in high concentration ($300{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and TMS failed to suppress the production of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$. Results from immunoblot analyses revealed that TMS decreased activation of COX-2, iNOS, phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ and nuclear translocation of p65. Conclusions : TMS has anti-RNS and anti-inflammatory effects via NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway and more intensive studies will be required to evaluate therapeutic potential of TMS.