• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.207-212
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• 2005

Prolyl endopeptidase (PEP, EC 3.4.21.26), also referred to as prolyl oligopeptidase, has been suggested to participate in learning and memory processes by cleaving peptide bonds on carboxyl side of prolyl residue within neuropeptides of less than 30 amino acids, and is abundant in brains of amnestic patients. Therefore, compounds possessing PEP inhibitory activity can be good candidate of drug against memory loss. Upon examination for PEP inhibition from traditional medicinal plants having tonic, stimulating, and anti-amnestic effects, Corni Fructus (Cornus officinallis) showed significant PEP inhibition. Ursolic and oleanolic acids, components of Corni Fructus, inhibited PEP with $IC_{50}$ values of $17.2\;{\pm}\;0.5$ and $22.5\;{\pm}\;0.7\;{\mu}M$, respectively.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.189-192
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• 2005

Anti-amnestic activities of Korean red ginseng (Ginseng Radix Rubra) and Crude drug-combined preparations (RGCDP-1, RGCDP-2, and RGCDP-3) were evaluated by the animal experiment. RGCDP-1 and RGCDP-2 were prepared based on Korean folk prescriptions, 'Chongmyongtang' and 'Guibitang', respectively, while RGCDP-3, by a combination of both. Among the three preparations, RGCDP-3 was found to show the most potent anti-amnestic activity as evaluated by the passive avoidance test with mice, indicating synergistic action by combined effect of RGCDP-1 and RGCDP-2.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.170-174
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• 2005

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the response to a hepatitis B vaccination, and investigate the HBV DNA in subjects with isolated anti-HBc. Methods: 34 subjects with persistent isolated anti-HBc were included in the study. 32 subjects negative for HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc were included as a control group. They were all vaccinated with Hepaccine at 0, 1 and 2 months, and anti-HBs titers were measured 1 month after the 1st and 3rd vaccinations (1 and 3 months). The HBV-DNA was tested by polymerase chain reaction in subjects with isolated anti-HBc. Results: After the 1st & 3rd vaccinations, the anti-HBs titers$\geq$10mIU/ml were 70.6 & 70.6% in isolated anti-HBc group, and 34.4 & 81.2% in the control group, respectively. There were statistically significant differences after the 1st vaccination, but none after the 3rd, between the two groups. In the isolated anti-HBc and control groups, the primary, amnestic and no responses were 0 vs. 46.9%, 55.9 vs. 6.3% and 29.4 vs. 18.8%, respectively. The HBV DNA was not detected in all subjects with isolated anti-HBc. Conclusion: None of the subjects with isolated anti-HBc had a false positive result (primary response); therefore, they should be excluded from vaccination programs in Korea. To differentiate between immunity and occult infections, a single dose of vaccine, with a follow-up anti-HBs test, is preferable for subjects with isolated anti-HBc. An amnestic response indicates late immunity, and no response a suspect occult infection.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.85-105
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to characterize the neuroprotective effects and anxiolytic-like effects of Gongjin-dan and Polygala japonica, Polygala tenuifolia, Acorus gramineus mixed pills(G.J.D-P.P.A.). Methods : The neuroprotective effects of G.J.D-P.P.A. determined by the passive avoidance and Y-maze tasks and Morris water maze task, and the anxiolytic-like effects of the G.J.D-P.P.A. using an elevated plus-maze(EPM) in mice. Results : Drug-induced amnesia was induced by treating animals with scopolamine(1 mg/kg, i.p.). A single G.J.D-P.P.A.(400 and 800 mg/kg) administration significantly enhanced cognitive function and attenuated scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments as determined by the passive avoidance and Y-maze tasks(P < 0.05) and also reduced escape-latency on the Morris water maze task(P < 0.05). The administration of GJD-PPA(400 and 800 mg/kg) significantly increased the percentage of time spent in open arms and entries into the open arms of the EPM compared with saline-treated control group(P < 0.05). Moreover, there were no changes in the locomotor activity and myorelaxant effects in any group compared with saline-treated control group. Conclusions : These results suggest that GJD-PPA dramatically possesses the anti-amnestic and cognitive-enhancing activities related to the memory processes, and promotes the anxiolytic-like activity in mice.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.185-199
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• 2011

In the present study, we assessed the effect of the PPA (Polygala japonica Houtt., Polygala tenuifolia WILLD. and Acorus gramineus SOLAND. mixed preparation), a traditional herbal prescription, on the learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine. The cognition-enhancing effect of PPA was investigated using a passive avoidance test, Y-maze test and the Morris water maze test in mice. Drug-induced amnesia was induced by treating animals with scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). A single PPA (400 and 800 (mg/kg)) administration significantly reversed the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in the passive avoidance test (P<0.05). On the Y-maze test, PPA (400 and 800 (mg/kg)) also significantly reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice (P<0.05). PPA also improved escape latencies in training trials and increased swimming times and distances within the target zone of the Morris water maze (P<0.05). These results suggest that PPA attenuates amnesic state induced by scopolamine and that these Effect are mediated by enhancing the cholinergic dysfunction.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to characterize the effect of the Ethanolic extracts of Platycodon grandiflorum and its permented production the learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine. Methods : The cognition-enhancing effect of Platycodon grandiflorum and its permented production were investigated using a passive avoidance test, the Morris water maze test and Y-maze test in mice. Drug-induced amnesia was induced by treating animals with scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Results : The results showed that the Permented Platycodon grandiflorum extract-treated group (100 mg/kg, p.o.) and the tacrine-treated group (10 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia based on the Passive avoidance Y-maze test and Water maze test. And these results are same manner in DPPH radical scavenger effect and Acetylcholineseterase inhibition effect. Conclusions : These results suggest that 80% Ethanol extract of fermented P.grandiflorum showed significant anti-amnestic and cognitive-enhancing activities related to the memory processes, and these activities were parallel to treatment duration and dependent of the learning models.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.165-171
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• 2009

Objectives : In the present study, we assessed the effects of the ethanolic extract of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge on the learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine using the passive avoidance and the Morris water maze tasks in mice. Methods : The cognition-enhancing effect of C. pinnatifida was investigated using a passive avoidance test, the Morris water maze test and Y-maze test in mice. Drug-induced amnesia was induced by treating animals with scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Results : The ethanolic extract of C. pinnatifida (100, and 200 mg/kg) significantly reversed the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in the passive avoidance test (p < 0.05). Moreover, C. pinnatifida (200 mg/kg) also improved escape latencies in training trials and increased swimming times and distances within the target zone of the Morris water maze (p < 0.05). On the Y-maze test, C. pinnatifida (100, and 200 mg/kg) also significantly reversed scopolamine- induced cognitive impairments in mice (p < 0.05). Conclusions : The ethanolic extract of Crataegus pinnatifida dramatically possesses the anti-amnestic and cognitive-enhancing activities related to the memory processes, and these activities were parallel to treatment duration and dependent on the learning models.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.800-806
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• 2012

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by oxidative stresses which cause various chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) has been reported to contain various biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, radioprotective, anti-amnestic and anti-aging effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of Panax ginseng, treated with high temperatures and high pressures, on oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Oxidative stress was induced in the C2C12 cells through the introduction of $H_2O_2$ (1 mM), and cells were then treated with various ginseng preparations: dried white ginseng (DG), steamed ginseng (SG) and high temperature and high pressure treated ginseng (HG). In addition, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with various ginsengs for up to 8 days following standard induction of differentiation. Our results show that HG treatment significantly protected oxidative stress in both cell lines and enhanced gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the protective effects of ginseng on the oxidative stress of adipocytes and muscle cells.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.39-48
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• 2022

Objectives : In the present study, we assessed the effects of water extract of Ulmus davidiana(UED) on the learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine in mice through its favorable acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and antioxidant effect. Methods : The memory and cognitive enhancing effect of the UDE was investigated using a passive avoidance test, the Morris water maze test and Y-maze test in mice. In addition, to examine the mechanism of UDE using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and antioxidant activity. Results : The water extract of UDE (100, and 200 mg/kg) significantly reversed the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in the passive avoidance test (P < 0.05). Moreover, UDE (100, and 200 mg/kg) also improved escape latencies in training trials and increased swimming times and distances within the target zone of the Morris water maze (P < 0.05). On the Y-maze test, UDE (100, and 200 mg/kg) also significantly reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice (P < 0.05). In an in vitro study, UDE was found to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, changes in neurotrophic factor (CREB), and antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions : The water extract of UDE dramatically possesses the anti-amnestic and cognitive-enhancing activities related to the memory processes, and these activities were parallel to treatment duration and dependent on the learning models. These results suggest that the administration of UDE enhances learning and memory, and that this effect is partially mediated by ERK-CREB-BDNF signaling and the survival of immature neurons.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.69-77
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to characterize the effect of the Ethanolic extract of Stachys sieboldii and Lycopus lucidus on the learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine. Methods : The genetic difference of Stachys sieboldii and Lycopus lucidus were observed with RAPD analysis. The cognition-enhancing effect of Stachys sieboldii and Lycopus lucidus was investigated using a passive avoidance test, Y-maze test and the Morris water maze test in mice. Drug-induced amnesia was induced by treating animals with scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Results : As a result of RAPD analysis, Stachys sieboldii and Lycopus lucidus Radix was found to be genetically different and The results of learning memory analysis showed that Stachys sieboldii extract-treated group (500 mg/kg, p.o.) and the tacrine-treated group (10 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia based on the Passive avoidance Y-maze test and Water maze test. And these results are same manner in DPPH radical scavenger effect and Acetylcholineseterase inhibition effect. These results suggest that Stachys sieboldii extract maybe a useful cognitive impairment treatment, and its beneficial effects are depending on the origin plants. Conclusions : Commercially available Stachys sieboldii Radix consists of two original plant, one of them people misuse. To clarify the origin of the plant Memory tests were performed. These results suggest that 80% Ethanol extract of Stachys sieboldii showed significant anti-amnestic and cognitive-enhancing activities related to the memory processes, and these activities were parallel to treatment duration and dependent of the learning models.