• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.117-124
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• 2002

Anthropogenic changes have been made to the water budget for the Mediterranean Sea as a result of river diversion projects. The decrease in freshwater inflow to the Mediterranean represents an effective increase in the overall net evaporation over the basin. Hydraulic control models for the exchange between the Mediterranean and Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltar predict that the salinity of the Mediterranean should increase if the net evaporation over the Mediterranean increases. Increases in the salinity of the deep waters in both the western and eastern Mediterranean basins have been observed. The causes of such higher deep water salinity are attributed to increases in intermediate water salinity which are ultimately mixed down into the deep sea during wintertime buoyancy loss events. The pattern of the Mediterranean salinity increase is instructive for understanding how the water mass properties in a basin change over time as a result of anthropogenic changes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.405-407
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• 2005

To evaluate the main hydrogeochemical characteristics, river waters are investigated using element리 and isotopic compositions in South Korea. In this area, the chemical compositions are mostly classified into three groups; $Ca^{2+}-{HCO_3}^-$ type, $Ca^{2+}-Cl^{-}-{NO_3}^-$ type and $Ca^{2+}-{HCO_3}^{-}-Cl^{-}-{NO_3}^-$ type. These types are affected by two major factors: water-rock interaction and anthropogenic inputs such as sewage and fertilizers. Based on the values of ${\delta}^{18}O$ and ${\delta}D$, most of waters are originated from precipitation except two samples contaminated. The lithology and geography of basins mainly control the water chemistry. Elemental and isotopic compositions show that water chemistry are mainly controlled by three end members, especially by carbonate dissolution, and suggest that anthropogenic input affect the water chemistry. Also, three weathering sources are identified: silicates, dolomite and limestone.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.315-327
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• 2007

This study investigated temporal and spatial variation of Pb and stable Pb isotopes accumulated in Ulleung Basin core sediments (4) using MC ICP/MS in order to identify the sources of anthropogenic Pb in the East/Japan Sea. Leached (1M HCl) Pb concentration and isotope ratios ($^{207}Pb/^{206}Pb\;and\;^{208}Pb/^{206}Pb$) were nearly constant during 300 yrs past than 1930, but increased up to twice in concentration and as much as 3.41% (1.70%) after 2000. On the other hand, residual Pb concentrations were nearly constant for past 400 yrs. The accumulation rates of anthropogenic Pb in the basin area were in the range of $3.1-3.5mg/m^2/yr$, which were similar levels to total atmospheric Pb deposition fluxes from 1990s to the present. In the slope area, more increase of anthropogenic Pb accumulation than the levels expected from mass accumulation rate could be found after the middle of 1990s. From the detailed evaluation for the temporal and spatial variation of accumulation rate and isotope ratios of anthropogenic Pb, we proposed probable sources and pathways of anthropogenic Pb. Pb emmision by coal burning from the China and Korea initiated the accumulation of anthropogenic Pb in the sediments of East/Japan Sea from 1930s. The accumulation of Pb increased by the addition of anti-nocking agents from both countries untill the beginning of 1990s, but from the middle of 1990s to the present, the phase-out of gasoline additives and the rapid increase of coal burning from the China maintained the atmospheric Pb levels in the Ulleung basin nearly similar to before. However, the local sources within this basin might take an important role in the rapid increase of anthropogenic Pb accumulation in slope areas from the middle of 1990s.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-77
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• 2002

Salinization is an important environmental problem encountered in coastal aquifers. In order to evaluate the salinization problem in the western coastal area of Korea, we have performed a regional hydrochemical study on shallow well groundwaters (N=229) collected within 10 km away from the coastline. The concentrations of analyzed solutes are very wide in range, suggesting that the hydrochemistry is controlled by several processes such as water-rock interaction, seawater mixing, and anthropogenic contamination. Based on the graphical interpretation of cumulative frequency curves for some hydrochemical parameters (esp., $Cl^{-}$ and ${NO_3}^-$), the collected water samples were grouped into two major populations (1) a background population whose chemistry is predominantly affected by water-rock interaction, and (2) an anomalous population which records the potential influences by either seawater mixing or anthropogenic pollution. The threshold values obtained are 34.7 mg/l for $Cl^{-}$ and 37.2 mg/l for ${NO_3}^-$, Using these two constituents, groundwaters were further grouped into four water types as follows (the numbers in parenthesis indicate the percentage of each type water) : (1) type 1 waters (38%) that are relatively poor in $Cl^{-}$ and ${NO_3}^-$, which may represent their relatively little contamination due to seawater mixing and anthropogenic pollution; (2) type 2 waters (21%) which are enriched in $Cl^{-}$, Indicating the considerable influence by seawater mixing; (3) ${NO_3}^-$-rich, type 3 waters (11%) which record significant anthropogenic pollution; and (4) type 4 waters (30%) enriched in both $Cl^{-}$ and ${NO_3}^-$, reflecting the effects of both seawater mixing and anthropogenic contamination. The results of the water type classification correspond well with the grouping on a Piper's diagram. On a Br x $10^4$versus Cl molar ratio diagram, most of type 2 waters are also plotted along or near the seawater mixing line. The discriminant analysis of hydrochemical data also shows that the classification of waters into four types are so realistic to adequately reflect the major process(es) proposed for the hydrochemical evolution of each water type. As a tool for evaluating the degree of seawater mixing, we propose a parameter called 'Seawater Mixing Index (S.M.I.)’ which is based on the concentrations of Na, Mg, Cl, and $SO_4$. All the type 1 and 3 waters have the S.M.I. values smaller than one, while type 2 and type 4 waters mostly have the values greater than 1. In the western coastal area of Korea, more than 21% of shallow groundwaters appear to be more or less affected by salinization process.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.487-492
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• 2001

In this technical information, the springtime TSP measurement data between 1993 and 1996 at Kosan are presented. Based on the data, it was found that the concentrations of crustal species increase when Yellow Dust phenomenon occurs. Among anthropogenic species, the concentration of Pb and NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ increase when Yellow Dust phenomenon occurs. Further research agenda are discussed to study the effects of Yellow Dust.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 2007

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are anthropogenic contaminants found globally in water, ice, soil, air and sediment. Modern analytical techniques allow us to determine these chemicals in environmental matrices at parts per trillion levels or lower. Environmental forensic on PCBs opens up new avenues of investigation such as transport and fate of water masses in oceans, sedimentation, onset of primary production, migration of marine mammals, their population distribution and pharmacokinetics of drugs inside organisms. By virtue of persistence, bioaccumulation, bioconcentration and structure-activity relationship PCBs emerge as unconventional chemical tracers of new sort.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.E2
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• pp.57-68
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• 2002

Atmospheric dry deposition fluxes and size segregated concentrations of particulate metal elements were measured at four sites in Kunpo, a small city in the Seoul metropolitan area in Korea. At each site, aerosol samples were collected by dry deposition plates, a cascade impactor, and a coarse panicle rotary impactor during four sampling periods. At all sites, the average fluxes of metals measured during daytime were higher than nighttime fluxes due to higher wind speeds and higher ambient concentrations during daytime. The average fluxes of crustal elements (Al, Ca) were 1∼2 orders of magnitude higher than anthropogenic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). The daytime fluxes of Al and Ca were between 90 and 12000 $\mu\textrm{g}$ m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/, and the nighttime fluxes of Al and Ca were between 20 and 2200 $\mu\textrm{g}$ m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/. The daytime fluxes of Pb, a typical anthropogenic element, were between 20 and 160$\mu\textrm{g}$ m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/, and the nighttime fluxes of Pb were between ND and 100$\mu\textrm{g}$ m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/. Also the ambient metal concentrations during daytime were higher than nighttime. Based on a dust emission estimation study in Kunpo, it was found that dust emissions during daytime are higher than nighttime. The concentrations of crustal elements were higher than anthropogenic elements. The distributions of heavy metals were mainly in small particles (D$\_$p/ 9㎛). The fraction of crustal elements in the large particles (D$\_$p/> 9㎛) were higher than anthropogenic elements.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.95-112
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• 2002

A precision analysis was conducted for the quantification of trace metal levels in airborne particulates using ICP-MS. According to our study the quantitative analysis using Whatman grade 41 filters produces more precise and representative values of metal concentrations than that using EPM 2000 filters. The mean concentration of PM 10 analyzed during 1998 ~ 2000 was 82 $\mu$g/m$^3$. The concentrations of human carcinogens such as As and Cr were 8.65 and 25.87 ng/m$^3$, respectively, while those of probable human carcinogens such as Cd and Pb were 3.13 and 219.46 ng/m$^3$, respectively. Time-weighted mean concentration, calculated using surface wind speed and direction, indicated that there were differences between metals of crustal origin and metals of anthropogenic origin. The rectorial concentrations of anthropogenic metals and PM 10 were higher for north -west sector with calm or low wind speed conditions than for any other sector with high wind speed conditions. On the contrary, the rectorial concentrations of crustal metals were high with high wind speed. In addition, the sectorial concentrations of crustal metals were more affected by south-west wind directions, which were compared with those of anthropogenic metals. The enrichment factor (EF) values of many anthropogenic metals were higher than 50, while those of crustal metals were lower than 3, respectively. The concentrations of Cr and Ni in Daejeon industrial complex area were 11 times higher than those in the background site of Kuopio in Finland, while that of Pb in the complex area was 22 times higher, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.9-18
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• 1986

For identification and apportionment of sources emitting particulate matters in environment, the multi-elemental characterization of size-density fractionated particulate matters was carried out. Eight types of samples were tested; soil, flyash released from burning of bunker-Coil, diesel oil, coal, and soft coal, urban road-way dust, urban dust fall, and airborne particulate matter. The fractions of particulate matters obtained by heavy liquid separation methos with a series of dichloromethane-bromoform were then analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry for Ni, Cr, Cu, An, Fe, Al, and Mg. Each sample showed a different concentration profile as a function of density, and a number of useful conclusions concerning characterization of elemental distribution were obtained. From the density distributions of elements in soil, the maximum value was found for all elements in the density range of 2.2 $\sim 2.9g.cm^{-3}$, including the density of $SiO_2$. However, the distribution of metallic compounds with the density lower than $2.2g.cm^{-3}$ was prevalent in urban roadway dust, urban dust fall, and airborne particulate matter. And the density distribution curves of these urban dusts also have the higher distribution at the density of 2.2 - 2.9g.cm^{-3}$, including the density of wind-blown silica. This tendency generally was prevalent in the natural source elements, such as Al, Fe, Mn, and Mg. The maximum values were found in the density ranges of 1.3 $\sim 2.2g.cm^{-3}$ from the density distribution of elements in oil fired flyash. These distributions of anthropogenic source elements, such as Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cr were higher predominately than those of natural source elements. And the higher distribution was found in the density range of $2.2 \sim 2.9g.cm^{-3}$ from the density distribution of elements in coal and soft-coal fired flyash. These distributions showed similar patterns to soil. But anthropogenic source elements somewhat predominated at the density ranges of $1.3 \sim 2.2g.cm{-3} and 2.9g.cm^{-3}$ to soil. Therefore the higher distribution of anthropogenic source elements in the density ranges of $1.3 \sim 2.2g.cm^{-3} and 2.9g.cm^{-3}$ was considered as anthropogenic origin.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.139-145
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• 2016

Recently, The attack on the USB and network are increasing in many domestic infrastructure. These attacks are the most independent of insider intention, caused by the Anthropogenic Manipulation. These attacks are Anthropogenic Response Measures for Physical Security. and Representative Technology has CCTV, Access Control System, Sensor Technology. However, Physical Security, it is represented by several Product family according to the Market, has become an obstacle but rather a variety of Physical Security Technology Development and Application. As the Anthropogenic Attacks have occur continually in the network, it need to the proper Physical Response Techniques in this situation. Therefore, In this paper, we will find out about the awareness and demand trends of Physical Security. And The Physical Vulnerable Factors of Network. Thereby this is expected to be utilized as a basis for the domestic Physical Security Technology development and deployment Road-map in a future.