• Title/Summary/Keyword: annual production

Search Result 934, Processing Time 0.025 seconds

A Quantitative Model for Estimating Fishery Production Damages as a Result of Thermal Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants (원자력발전소의 온배수 배출량을 고려한 어업생산감소율 추정 모델)

  • Zhang, Chang-Ik;Lee, Sung-Il;Lee, Jong-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
    • /
    • v.42 no.5
    • /
    • pp.494-502
    • /
    • 2009
  • A quantitative model was developed in order to estimate fishery production damage due to anthropogenically induced environmental changes. The model is described in the following equation, $Y_D=\frac{{\phi}_D}{{\phi}_G}[Y_0{\cdot}(t_p-t_0)-\frac{Y_0}{{\phi}_G}(1-e^{-{\phi}_G(t_p-t_0)})]$, where, $Y_D$ is annual amount of fishery production by nuclear power plant. ${\varphi}$ D and ${\varphi}$ G are instantaneous decreasing coefficient of fishery production by nuclear power plant and instantaneous decreasing coefficient of gross fishery production, respectively. $Y_0$ is annual mean fishery production without damages. $t_p$ is the present time, and $t_0$ is the starting time of damages. The model was applied to fishing grounds near a nuclear power plant on the east coast of Korea. Since fishery production damages have become bigger with increasing emission of thermal effluents from generators activities in the power plant, this factor has also been considered as, $\delta_{D_i}=\delta_D\({\sum}\limits_{i=0}^{n}\;W_i/W_T\)$, where, $\delta_{Di}$ is the cumulative damage rate in fishery production from generators, $\delta_D$ is the total cumulative damage rate in fishery production, $W_i$ is the emission amount of thermal effluents by generator i, and n is the number of generators in the nuclear power plant. This model can be used to conduct initial estimates of fishery production damages, before more detailed assessments are undertaken.

Selection on milk production and conformation traits during the last two decades in Japan

  • Togashi, Kenji;Osawa, Takefumi;Adachi, Kazunori;Kurogi, Kazuhito;Tokunaka, Kota;Yasumori, Takanori;Takahashi, Tsutomu;Moribe, Kimihiro
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • v.32 no.2
    • /
    • pp.183-191
    • /
    • 2019
  • Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare intended and actual yearly genetic gains for milk production and conformation traits and to investigate the simple selection criterion practiced among milk production and conformation traits during the last two decades in Japan. Learning how to utilize the information on intended and actual genetic gains during the last two decades into the genomic era is vital. Methods: Genetic superiority for each trait for four paths of selection (sires to breed bulls [SB], sires to breed cows [SC], dams to breed bulls [DB], and dams to breed cows [DC]) was estimated. Actual practiced simple selection criteria were investigated among milk production and conformation traits and relative emphasis on milk production and conformation traits was compared. Results: Selection differentials in milk production traits were greater than those of conformation traits in all four paths of selection. Realized yearly genetic gain was less than that intended for milk production traits. Actual annual genetic gain for conformation traits was equivalent to or greater than intended. Retrospective selection weights of milk production and conformation traits were 0.73:0.27 and 0.56:0.44 for intended and realized genetic gains, respectively. Conclusion: Selection was aimed more toward increasing genetic gain in milk production than toward conformation traits over the past two decades in Japan. In contrast, actual annual genetic gain for conformation traits was equivalent to or greater than intended. Balanced selection between milk production and conformation traits tended to be favored during actual selection. Each of four paths of selection (SB, SC, DB, and DC) has played an individual and important role. With shortening generation interval in the genomic era, a young sire arises before the completion of sire's daughters' milk production records. How to integrate these four paths of selection in the genomic era is vital.

Litter Production and Decomposition in the Pinus rigida Plantation in Mt. Kwan-ak (관악산에 식재된 리기다소나무림에서의 낙엽의 생산과 분해)

  • Kim, Jae-Geun;Chang, Nam-Kee
    • The Korean Journal of Ecology
    • /
    • v.12 no.1
    • /
    • pp.9-20
    • /
    • 1989
  • Annual production and decomposition of litter were studied in piuns rigida platation in Mt. Kwan-ak. The peak time of litter production was October-November. The litterfalll at that time was 54% of annual litter production. But the peak time of litterfall of reproductive parts was Junejuly. The peak times of litter production in Alnus hirsuta plantation were June-July, and November. It is thought that difference of seasonal distribution of letterfall between two forest types were assigned to litter falling factors such as temperature and insects. Total amount of letter loss increased according to time. Particulary, the peak time of loss rate was July-August. It was shown that the protein and phosphorus were accumulated in the letter for an experimental period. The amount of crude protein increased to 150% of initial amount. The amount of potassium was increased by August and then decreased rapidly. The contents of crude fat, holocellulose, lignin, and Na were decreased slowly. The loss of holocellulose was the largiest among them. Calcium was in steady state. It was thought that this variation pattern was assigned to leaching of soluble parts by high temperature, rainfall and growth rate of microorganisms.

  • PDF

The Transition of Production, Consumption and Price of Non-ferrous Metals (비철금속(非鐵金屬)의 생산(生産), 소비(消費), 시세(時勢)의 추이(推移))

  • Moon, W.J.
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
    • /
    • v.2 no.3
    • /
    • pp.1-25
    • /
    • 1969
  • In considering the mining industry, it is necessary to study the production, consumption and price of ore and metals in every country of the world in order to determine the trend of the industry in the present and for the future. This study is necessary especially for exporting domestically produced are which is in excess of domestic consumption and for importing are, or metal where local production does not meet domestic demand. It will be treated of Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, W, Mo, which are the most important non-ferrous metals, and which greatly affect the mining industry of Korea. The presentation will concern itself only with the free world. About 1, 200 ton of gold are produced annually with little fluctiation in recent years. Most of the gold produced is consumed by advanced countries for industrial uses as well as for producing precious objects. The U.S.A. expends yearly about four times its domestic production and Japan about three times its domestic production for industry and arts. Because of the instability of the currency of the U.S.A., England and France, recently, the price of gold has been $ 41-42 per ounce, whereas the official price is $35.00 per ounce. It will be expected that the official price will be raised in the near future. As for silver, about 6,500 tons are produced annually with no special fluctuation change in recent years. However, the annual consumption is about 14,000 ton, so the supply and demand is extremely unbalanced. The shortage is made up by the sale of the U.S. treasury's reserve stock and the reclaiminig of silver from coins and other scrap. As the Treasury'S reserves will be exhausted in a year or two, the price of silver which is $1. 64 per ounce, will go up drastically in about a year. As for copper, 5,257,000 ton's were mined in 1966. It's production is being increased about 5% annually. However, consumption exceeds production by about 100,000 ton a year. The recent Foreign refinery copper price in the U.S.A is $ 60 per pound. The supply of copper being insufficient to meet international demands, the price will go up and with no prospect of being lowered in the near future even with the slight annual increase in production. About 2,100,000 to 2,200,000 tons of lead are produced annually. Consumption exceeds production by about 50,000-60,000 tons annually. The current price of lead in New York is $ 155 per pound. As the supply of lead is internationally stable, It will be believed that there will be no significant change in its price in the near future. In 1967, 3,926,000 tons of Zinc were produced. There is annual increase of 4-7% in production. The annual consumption exceeds production by 100,000 to 200,000 tons. The current zinc price in the St. Louis market inthe U.S.A. is $ 145 per pound. Even though its supply is stable and sufficient world wide, the consumption rate will increase at a faster pace than before; hence, the price will slowly go up. Tungsten mines yield about 11,000 tons a year. Its production has been relatively constant in the past few years. The amount of its consumption increases slowly world wide, but in the free world· there has been a slight annual decrease. However, since Red China has not been exporting their tungsten to other countries for several months, the price on the London market of S.T.U. of $Wo_3$ has increased to $ 44~46. Should Red China begin to export actively again the price will drop to $ 40~42. In 1967, 56,000 tons of Molybdenum were produced. Production exceeds consumption by 200,000 -30,000 tons annually. The current price in the U.S.A. is $ 1.72 per Mo pound. Since the rate of production in the U.S.A. is on the increase with large amounts of ore reserve, the price of molubdenum should not go up.

  • PDF

Annual Net Production and the Stability of the Puer Phragmites communis Grassland on the Lower Course of Nakdong River (낙동강 하류의 순갈대초지에 있어서 년순생산성과 그 안정성에 관한 연구)

  • 강호감;장남기
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
    • /
    • v.5 no.1
    • /
    • pp.8-12
    • /
    • 1985
  • In the pure Phragmites communis grassland in the lower course of Nakdong river, the seasonal changes of standing crop and productive structure, annual changes of the maximum standing crop, and annual net production were estimated. The maximum standing crop of the pure P. communis grassland is on mid-September, the maximum average daily productivity was $32.7g/m^2/day$ from June to July. The leaf area index of the pure reed grassland increased to July, and then decreased slowly. The logitudinal growth of above-ground parts of the reed grassland was maximum state, 320cm, on mid September. Annual net production was $3,399g/m^2/year$, and it suggests that grassland is stable. Productive structure of the pure reed grassland indicated that the distribution of leaf was concentrated on the upper parts according to the grassland maturation.

  • PDF

A simple estimate of the carbon budget for burned and unburned Pinus densiflora forests at Samcheok-si, South Korea

  • Lim, Seok-Hwa;Joo, Seung Jin;Yang, Keum-Chul
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
    • /
    • v.38 no.3
    • /
    • pp.281-291
    • /
    • 2015
  • To clarify the effects of forest fire on the carbon budget of a forest ecosystem, this study compared the seasonal variation of soil respiration, net primary production and net ecosystem production (NEP) over the year in unburned and burned Pinus densiflora forest areas. The annual net carbon storage (i.e., NPP) was $5.75t\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in the unburned site and $2.14t\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in the burned site in 2012. The temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (i.e., $Q_{10}$ value) was higher in the unburned site than in the burned site. The annual soil respiration rate was estimated by the exponential regression equation with the soil temperatures continuously measured at the soil depth of 10 cm. The estimated annual soil respiration and heterotrophic respiration (HR) rates were 8.66 and $4.50t\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in the unburned site and 4.08 and $2.12t\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in the burned site, respectively. The estimated annual NEP in the unburned and burned forest areas was found to be 1.25 and $0.02t\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Our results indicate that the differences of carbon budget and cycling between both study sites are considerably correlated with the losses of living plant biomass, insufficient nutrients and low organic materials in the forest soil due to severe damages caused by the forest fire. The burned Pinus densiflora forest area requires at least 50 years to attain the natural conditions of the forest ecosystem prior to the forest fire.

The Energy Flow and Mineral Cycles in a Zoysia japonica and a Miseanthus sinensis Ecosystem on Mt. Kwanak 5. The Cycles of Potassium (관악산의 잔디와 억새 생태계에 있어서 에너지의 흐름과 무기물의 순환 5.칼륨의 순환)

  • 장남기;김정석;심규철;강경미
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
    • /
    • v.9 no.4
    • /
    • pp.285-292
    • /
    • 1995
  • To elucidate the mineral cycles of potassium in a dynamic grassland ecosystem in a steady state condition, this investigation was cunducted along the northwest side on Mt. Kwanak. The exper-imental results may he summarized on communities of Z. japonica and M. sinensis as follows. As compared with some pronerties of the surface soils among two semi-natural grasslands, the levels of exchangeahle potassium were high in M. sinensis and low in Z. japonica. Contents of potassium for the litters of Z. japonica and M. sinensis were 1.69% and 2.51%, re-spectively. The annual production of potassium was 1.32 g /m$m^2$ in the Z. japonica grassland and 3. 08 g /m$m^2$in the M. sinensis grassland. For a case of steady production and release, the ratio of annual min- eral production to the amount accumulated on top of the mineral soil in a steady state provides estimates of the release constant k. The models of the release, accumulation and annual cycle of potassium in a grassland ecosystem are determined by the equation (1) to (3), respectively (Table 3). Since it requires a period of about each 0.693 /r, 3 /r and 5 /r years for the release and accumu-lation of 50, 95 and 99% of its steady-state level, the estimates for potassium in a dynamic grass-land ecosystem of Mt. Kwanak were 1.5, 6.6 and 11.0 years in the Z. japonica grassland, and were 2.7, 11.9 and 19.8 years in the M. sinensis grassland. The amounts of annual cycles for potassium in a grassland ecosystem under the steady-state conditions were 1.32 g /m$^2$ in the Z. japonica grassland and 3.08 g /$m^2$ in the M. sinensis grassland. Key words : ZQvsia japonica Ahscanthus sinensis, Mt. Kwanak, Potassium cycles.

  • PDF

Assessment of Offshore Wind Power Potential in the Western Seas of Korea (한국 서해안의 해상풍력발전 부존량 평가)

  • Ko, Dong Hui;Jeong, Shin Taek;Kang, Keum Seok
    • Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
    • /
    • v.27 no.4
    • /
    • pp.266-273
    • /
    • 2015
  • In this paper, annual wind data in 2014 at six locations(Seosudo, Gadaeam, Sibidongpa, Galmaeyeo, Haesuseo, Jigwido) are collected and analyzed in order to review optimal candidate site for offshore wind farm in the Western Seas of Korea. Observed wind data is fitted to Rayleigh and Weibull distribution and annual energy production is estimated according to wind frequency. GWE-3kH(3 kW-class) and GWE-10KU (10 kW-class) turbine are selected as wind turbine. Also, power curve are used to calculate wind energy potential. As a result, annual mean wind speed at six locations(Seosudo, Gadaeam, Sibidongpa, Galmaeyeo, Haesuseo, Jigwido) were calculated about 4.60, 4.5, 5.00, 5.13, 5.51, 5.90 m/s, respectively. In addition, annual energy production were estimated at 10,622.752, 11,313.05, 13,509.41, 14,899.55, 17,106.13, 19,660.85 kWh. Generally, annual mean energy density were between poor and marginal class and capacity factor at Jigwido was calculated at 22.44%. Its value is higher than the others.

Past and Present Meteorological Stress in Crop Production and Its Significance (농작물의 기상재해와 대책)

  • Eun-Woong Lee
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
    • /
    • v.27 no.4
    • /
    • pp.291-295
    • /
    • 1982
  • The biosphere of the earth is not only about to overpass the limit to meet the food demand of the world but also the stability of its food production has been also jeopardized by the disasters and pests, especially by the unpredictable weather disasters. In addition the agricultural and industrial pollution against biosphere aggravates the unstability of agricultural production and constitutes a threat in securing the food of the world. In Korea the yield level of crops has been greatly enhanced by the improved agrotechnologies and varietal improvement, but the yield variability due to unfavorable weather events and pests remained unchanged with the change in time. Among weather-related disasters the drought and flood damages has occurred most frequently and impacted most greatly on the agricultural production and its stability. During last decade (1970-l980) the rice production experienced the average annual loss of 0.544 million metric ton which was composed of 0.21 million M/T by climatic disaster, 0.21 million M/T by disease and 0.12 million M/T by insects, and the annual loss of upland crop production from climatic disasters amounted to 0.06 million metric tons. Especially in 1980, the global climatic disasters due to cold or hot temperature endangered the agricultural production all over the world and also the rice production of Korea recorded the unprecedented yield reduction of about 30 percent due to cool summer weather. Nowadays, the unusual weather conditions are prevaling throughout the world, and agro-meteologists predict that the unpredictable cool summer and drought will often attack the rice and other crops in 1980's. To meet the coming weather unstability and to secure the stable crop production, multilateral efforts should be rendered. Therefore, the Korea Society of Crop Science, which commemorates the 20th anniversary of its founding, prepared the symposium on Meteological Stress in Crop Production and its Countermeasures to discuss the decrease in agricultural production due to weather-related disasters and to devise the multilateral counter-measures against the unfavorable weather events.

  • PDF

Seedling Establishment, Overwintering Ability and Dry Matter Production of Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) in Natural Reseeding Practices (자운영 지속재배시 입모, 월동 및 생육 특성)

  • Kim, Sang-Yeol;Oh, Seong-Hwan;Lee, Jong-Hee;Cho, Jun-Hyeon;Han, Sang-Ik;Jeong, Jin-Il;Jeong, Kuk-Hyun;Choi, Kyung-Jin;Park, Sung-Tae;Kim, Jeong-Il;Lee, Ji-Yoon;Song, You-Cheon;Yeo, Un-Sang;Kang, Hang-Won
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
    • /
    • v.55 no.1
    • /
    • pp.8-13
    • /
    • 2010
  • Seedling establishment, overwintering ability and dry matter production of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L. CMV) in natural reseeding practice were compared with the annual seedling in 2006~2007 and 2007~2008. In natural reseeding, CMV seeds were distributed up to 15 cm soil depth in autumn after rice harvest and the seeds generally emerged from soil at less than 5 cm depth while they all emerged from soil surface in the annual seeding. It took 7-8 d longer in seedling establishment of the natural reseeding practice than the annual seeding. Generally, the natural reseeding practice showed higher seedling stand than the annual seeding because of high seedling survival rate. The high seedling survival rate in natural reseeded plant was attributed to the longer root length than that of the annual-seeded plant. In annual seeding, most of the seeds emerged from the soil surface and the root can not easily penetrate the soil while, in natural reseeding technology, the seeds incorporated into the soil during land preparation emerged from the soil at 0 to 5 cm depths, thereby having longer root length. The long root length contributed to greater ability to survive even under low temperature and low soil moisture conditions during winter. The dry matter production in the natural reseeding practice was also higher than the annual seeding when the temperature is low and soil moisture is not sufficient. This result indicates that natural reseeding technology is more stable and beneficial in seedling establishment and dry matter production as compared with the annual seeding especially under unfavorable environmental condition for CMV growth. This practice could be encouraged in CMV-rice cropping system in the southern parts of Korea.