• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.163-171
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• 2000

A series of numerical experiments are performed to examine the generation of inter-annual variations by an inertial current in an idealized semi-enclosed basin with dimension comparable to that of the East Sea. Model results indicate that the inter-annual variations dominate the kinetic energy spectrum with a peak around the time scales of 2-3 years. These variations are mostly due to the westward propagating meanders and large eddies induced by the instability of current, indicating their dependency on the eddy-resolving capacity of the model. They are generated in the interior of the basin but their energy is largely confined near the western boundary such that the east-west dimension of the basin cannot be considered as a critical factor as long as the basin covers enough western boundary region. Overall, this study suggests that the inter-annual variation observed in the East Sea is due to the meandering and large eddies induced by the instability of the current.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.132-140
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• 2019

Background: Increasing workplace health-care perception has become a major issue in the world. Most of the health-related problems are faced because of the lack of health management instruments. The level of health care can be improved through workplace health well-being regulations. The aim of the present study is to formulate a conceptual model of physical checkup. Methods: This study applied conceptual theories and figures and used secondary data from articles and relevant websites for evaluating the validity of the study. Results: Annual health checkup increases health-care awareness perception of states, organizations, employees, and their families and manages the annual health record of employees, organizations, and states. Conclusions: Health care and awareness perception of states, organizations, employees, and families improves with annual health checkup, and annual health checkup also prevents unhealthy acts.

• ALGAE
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.107-116
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• 2007

Annual growth segments of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis (Fucales, Fucaceae) are denoted by air bladders that form each spring. By examining annual growth segments, it may be possible to infer information about the physical conditions during the growth period; however, it is uncertain whether the annual segments will expand in size after the initial growth. We examined A. nodosum segments from three populations in Nova Scotia, and statistically evaluated whether the annual growth (length, mass, and maximum diameter) of segments was independent of the age of the frond, whether the segments increased in size after the initial growth, and whether the segment lengths were correlated with mean water temperatures and mean air temperatures when the segments were formed. We found that the growth in length of A. nodosum is dependent on the age of the frond, but frond age explained less than 12 % of the overall variation in length. However, the mass and maximum diameter of segments were independent of the age of the frond. Differences occurred between the lengths of segments formed in different years, but there was no significant correlation with regional mean water or air temperatures. This study indicates that the length of A. nodosum segments may be an indicator of the annual physical characteristics of a site, but future studies are needed to identify which factors have the strongest influence on growth patterns.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.105-110
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• 1984

수산진흥원에서 15년간(1961-1975) 정기적으로 관측한 한국 주변 182정점의 염분 자료에 대한 조화 분석을 통하여, 한국 주변 동.서.남해표면과 30메타층 염분의 연변화를 분석하였다. 서해 염분의 연평균은 동해에서 보다 낮으며 남해와 동해에서 대마난류의 하류방향으로 갈수록 염분 연변화의 진폭이 줄어들고 위상이 지연된다. 30메타층의 염분은 표면염분에 비하여 평균치는 높으나, 년교차의 폭이 작고 위상이 지연되고 있다. 한국 주변 남해와 동해 염분의 연변화는 주로 국지적 강우량 및 양자강 담수 유출의 계절적인 변화 때문에 일어난다.

• 한국지열·수열에너지학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2017

In order to use and manage the building energy efficiently, it is necessary to minimize building energy consumptions, and establish operation plans of various equipment. The maximum heating and cooling load calculation is an essential way in various equipment selections, and the annual building load calculation is used in forecasting & evaluating the LCC required for operation plan. In this study, noting that the annual building load changes depending on outside temperature around year, we propose a predicting method of annual building load. By using the $4^{th}$ polynomial function that have two double radix and a feature the $f(x)=a^4$ in x = 0 condition, we can calculate annual building load very easily only with the two result (maximum heating and cooling load) and a minimum parameters.

• 물과 미래
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.95-104
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• 1991

본 연구에서는 장기 수자원계획시 유역내 가용 수자원을 파악하는데 이용할 수 있는 새로운 연유출량 추정모형의 개발을 시도하였다. 연구범위는 우리나라 전역으로 1945년부터 1988년 까지의 육수량, 유출량 자료를 이용하였다. 모형개발을 위한 표준유역은 유출의 인공조작이 없고 수위자료가 양호하며, 수위-유량 관계곡선이 작성되어 있는 46개 지점을 택하였으며, 표본 유역별로 일수위 자료를 수집, 정리하여 일유출량을 산정하고 합산하여 연유출량을 산정하였다. 또한, 연평균강수량을 산정하여 지점별로 연유출율을 계산하고 이것을 기초로 우리나라 연평균 유출율을 추정하였다. 그리고, 연유출량과 역특성인자들을 이용하여 연유출량 추정모형을 개발하였으며, 실제유역에 적용하여 모형의 합리성을 검토하였다.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 6th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.658-659
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• 2015

GCM and scenario uncertainties are first investigated for 5 major watersheds (Han River, Paldang dam, Namhan River, Bukhan River and Imjin River watersheds). As a result of this study, it is found that CCSM3-based annual precipitation increases linearly with respect to the 10-year moving average values while CSIRO-based precipitation does not show much of trend. The results from annual DJF mean precipitation show a similar trend with respect to their 10-year moving average values. Both CCSM3- and CSIRO-based annual JJA mean precipitation do not show much of trend toward 21^st century. In general, CCSM3-based precipitation values are slightly higher than CSIRO-based values with respect to their annual and annual JJA mean precipitation values, but CSIRO-based annual DJF mean precipitation values are slightly higher than CCSM3-based values. In case of mean air temperature between CCSM3 and CSIRO during 21^st century, all of results show a clear trend in warming with the passage of time for 5 watersheds. However the upward trends from CCSM3-based values slow down toward end of 21^stcentury while CSRIO-based values increases almost linearly.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.25-44
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• 1974

잣나무조림목(造林木)의 연륜구성(年輪構成)(연륜폭(年輪幅)과 추재율(秋材率)에 관(關)하여 조사(調査)한바 연륜폭(年輪幅)은 변재부(邊材部)에서 좁고 심재부(心材部)에서 넓으나 추재율(秋材率)은 그 분포(分布)가 반대(反對)이며 또한 연륜폭(年輪幅)의 크기는 수간중(樹幹中)에서 수관부(樹冠部)>지하부(枝下部)>지제부(地際部)의 경향(傾向)을 보이고 있는데 반(反)하여 추재율(秋材率)은 지제부(地際部)>지하부(枝下部)>수관부(樹冠部)의 관계(關係)를 가지고 있고 또한 연륜폭(年輪幅)과 추재율(秋材率)은 젊은 영계(齡階)에서는 그 변이(變異)가 심하여 재질(材質)이 비교적(比較的) 불안정(不安定)하나 수심(髓心)으로부터 약(約) 12-15년륜이후(年輪以後)의 재부(材部)에서는 그 변이(變異)가 적어 재질(材質)이 안정(安定)되어 있다. 한편 변재부(邊材部)에서의 연륜폭(年輪幅)과 추재율(秋材率)은 지상고(地上高)의 증가(增加)에 따라 거의 일정불변(一定不變)한 안정(安定)된 영역(領域)과 증감(增減)되는 두 영역(領域)으로 구분(區分)되며 그 한계(限界)가 되는 지상고(地上高)는 약(約) 7m이다. 연륜폭(年輪幅)과 추재율(秋材率)사이에는 부(負)의 상관(相關)이 있다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.38-66
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• 1986

Based on the statistical data of FKMIS during five years from 1981 to 1985, the major findings of studying on the treatments of employee's modical insurance covered people were made as follows. 1. During five years, the total number of trratment case was increased 25.14% annually, and so doubled. The consultation rate was increased from 2.086 to 2.856, showng annual increase of 8.17% and total increase of 36.91%. In the cafe, of in-patient, the rate was from 0.056 to 0.602, . showing annual increase of 2.58%. And in out-patient, the rate was from, 2.030 to 2.794, showing annual increase of 8.31%. The male: female ratio of treatment case was changed from 1 : 1.1 to 1 : 1.2. 2. Case of chronic disease was on the increase .every year. The ratio of medical expenditure of that disease to the total medical expenditure was increased from 22.99% in 1984 to 25.0% in 1985. 3. As a whole, the consultation rate of circulatory disease was increased from 26.10 in 1981 to 46.53 in 1985, showing an nual increase of 15.55 %. The rate of in-patient was increased from 2.06 to 2.94, showing annual increase of 9.30%. The rate of out-patient wag from. 24.04 to 43.59, showing annual increase of 16.04%. 4. The duration (days) of circulatory disease in 1985 by types is as follows. In the case of in-patient, rheumatic fever rheumatic heart disease, (22. 67), ischaemic disease (17.39), cerebrovascular disease (17.18), disease of pulmonary circulation and other from of heart disease (15.82), hypertensive disease (13.18), other disease of circulatory disease(11.55). In the case of out-patient, visiting day (11.57 day) and medical expenditure per case (7,853 won) is lower than that of other diseases (4.39 day, 4,361 won). 5. Cases of circulatory chronic disease were two times as many as those of non-chronic disease. Incidence of the out-patient was shown higher than that of in-patient. In the case of duration per case, the chronic disease(12.92 days) was longer that of non-chronic disease (9.8 day). 6. The male: female ratio of chronic rheumatic heart disease is 34.56 : 65.44 (in-patient) and 34. 67 : 65.33 (out-patient). The consultation rate(case per 1,000 persons) was increased from 1.11 in 1983 to 1.30 in 1985, showing annual increase of 8.22 %. The duration, visiting day, was decreased slightly, but medication day wasincreased from 13.93 in 1983 to 16.72 in 1985, showing annual increase of 9.56%. 7. The male: female ratio of hypertensive disease (case) was 39.36 : 60.64(in-patient) and 40.67 : 59.33 (out-patient). The consultation rate was increased from 19.59 in 1983 to 25.36 in 1985, showing annual increase of 13.78%. Duration, visting day was decreased slightly, but medication day was increased from 11.82 in 1983 to 12.77 in 1985, showing annual increase of 3.94%. 8. The male： female ratio of chronic pulmonary-ischaemic heart disease (case) was 48.90 : 51.10 (in-patient) and 43.66 : 56.34 (out-patient). The consultation rate of chronic pulmonary-ischaemic heart disease was increase from 0.69 in 1983 to 1. 12 in 1985, showing annual increase of 27.40％. Duration, visiting day, was decreased from 2.67 in 1983 to 2.36 in 1985, and medication day was decreased from 0.69 in 1983 to 1.12 in 1985, showing annual decrease of 2.09%. 9. The male: female ratio of cerebrovascular disease (case) was 47.90 : 52.10 (in-patient) and 52.28 : 47.72 (out: patient). The consulatation rate was increased from 2.12 in 1983 to 2.89 in 1985, showing annual increase of 16.76%, Duration, visiting day, was decreased slightly, but medication day was increased from 12. 67 in 1983 to 13.85 in 1985, showing annual increase of 4.55%. 10. In case of artery and capillary disease, the male: female ratio of case was 61.80 : 38.20 (in-patient) and 51.77 : 48.23 (out-patient). But durntion, visiting day, was increased from 3.45 in 1983 to 3.60 in 1985, showing annual increase of 2.15 % and the medication day was increased from 10. 06 to 10.18, showing annual increase of 0.59%.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.2223-2235
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• 2013

본 연구는 남 북한에서 시 공간적 강수특성 변화를 이해하고자, 남한 65개 기상청 관측소에서 1963년부터 2010년까지, 북한 27개 관측소에서 1973년부터 2010년까지 측정된 일 강수량 자료를 분석했다. 총량(Amount), 극치(Extremes)와 빈도(Frequency)를 나타내는 지표들을 선정하였고, 각각의 지표를 RIA (Rainfall Index for Amount), RIE (Rainfall Index for Extremes), RIF (Rainfall Index for Frequency)로 정의하였다. 남 북한 행정구역별로 2000년까지 평균 지표 값과 2001년부터 2010년까지 최근 10년 평균 지표 값을 비교하였다. 과거에 비해 최근 10년간 남한은 연중 강우일수를 나타내는 NWD (Number of Wet Days)와, 200년 빈도 강수량을 나타내는 Freq200 (200-yr Frequency Rainfall)을 제외한 SDW (Annual mean daily rainfall over wet-days), TotalDR (Annual Total Rainfall Amount), Prcp50 (Annual number of wet days over 50 mm/day), Prcp80 (Annual number of wet days over 80 mm/day), CWD (Annual maximum number of consecutive wet-days), AMDR (Annual maximum daily rainfall), 그리고 R3day (Annual maximum 3-days rainfall total) 값들이 모두 증가한 양상을 보였지만 북한은 SDW와, 연총강우량 TotalDR을 제외하곤 모두 감소하였다. 또한 연평균 지표 값의 경향성을 확인하기 위해 통계적 방법인 Mann-Kendall 검정을 실시하였다. 과거 감소의 경향을 나타내던 각 관측지점이 최근에 이르러서는 경향성의 역전 되는 현상을 보인 곳이 나타났으며, 이는 평균값만을 바탕으로 강수사상 특성변화를 분석하는 방법의 한계점으로 볼 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 한반도 물 관리 기후변화에 대한 영향 분석과 대응 대책 마련에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.