• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.399-403
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• 2015

복막투석은 혈액에서부터 오는 체액과 노폐물을 교환하는 복강내의 막인 복막을 이용한 투석방법으로, 신부전과 중독증 환자에서의 치료법이다. 본 연구에서는 신부전증 개에서 자동투석기를 이용한 복막투석의 치료효율과 합병증에 대해 평가하였다. 10마리의 개를 대상으로 Swan neck 카테터(Neonatal, Coviden)와 자동 복막투석기를 사용하여 복막투석을 실시하였고, 그 효과는 요소감소율(urea reduction ratio)로 평가하였다. 평균 크레아틴닌 감소율과 평균 요소감소율은 $7.09{\pm}3.84$과 $145.8{\pm}48.5$였다. 평균 투석횟수는 $6{\pm}1$회 였다. 투석치료후 유의성 있는 요소의 감소가 7/10 개에서 관찰되었고, 유의성 있는 크레아틴의 감소가 9/10 개에서 관찰되었다. 요소의 감소율이 크레아틴 감소율보다 더 높게 관찰되었다. 1회 투석당 요소와 크레아틴닌의 감소율은 $0.064{\pm}0.023$과 $0.065{\pm}0.023$이 였다. 본 연구에서의 복막투석에 따른 합병증은 카테터 막힘, 투석액의 피하누출, 패혈성 복막염, 저알부민혈증, 과수화 등이었다. Swan neck 카테터와 자동 복막투석기를 이용한 복막투석은 임상에서 적용 가능하였으며 본 연구를 통하여 성공적인 복막투석의 가능성을 보여주었다. 하지만 합병증을 최소화하기 위해서는 주의 깊은 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.1092-1100
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• 2010

Bacteria, fungi, and protozoa inhabiting the rumen, the largest chamber of the ruminants' stomach, release large quantities of hydrogen during the fermentation of carbohydrates. The hydrogen is used by coexisting methanogens to produce methane in energy-yielding processes. This work shows, for the first time, a fundamental possibility of using a hydrogen-rich fermentation gas produced by selected rumen ciliates to feed a low-temperature hydrogen fuel cell. A biohydrogen fuel cell (BHFC) was constructed consisting of (i) a bioreactor, in which a hydrogen-rich gas was produced from glucose by rumen ciliates, mainly of the Isotrichidae family, deprived of intra- and extracellular bacteria, methanogens, and fungi; and (ii) a chemical fuel cell of the polymer-electrolyte type (PEFC). The fuel cell was used as a tester of the technical applicability of the fermentation gas produced by the rumen ciliates for power generation. The average estimated hydrogen yield was ca. 1.15 mol $H_2$ per mole of fermented glucose. The BHFC performance was equal to the performance of the PEFC running on pure hydrogen. No fuel cell poisoning effects were detected. A maximum power density of $1.66\;kW/m^2$ (PEFC geometric area) was obtained at room temperature. The maximum volumetric power density was $128\;W/m^3$ but the coulombic efficiency was only ca. 3.8%. The configuration of the bioreactor limited the continuous operation time of this BHFC to ca. 14 h.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.841-848
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• 2004

살균된 우유에 오염된 Salmonella의 신속한 검출 방법을 공중 보건의 보호를 위하여 중요하다. RT-PCR 방법은 생균과 사균을 분별하여 검출할 수 있는 분자유전학적 방법이다. 본 연구의 RT-PCR 방법은 Salmonella의 type 1 fImbriae의 단량체 단백질을 암호화하는 fimA 유전자의 mRNA를 주형으로 하여 DNA를 증폭하는 방법으로서 활력이 있는 Salmonella를 검출할수 있기 위하여 개발되었다. RNA 시료를 RQRNase-free DNase로 처리하여 오염된 DNA를 파괴하여 RT-PCR 반응에서 주형으로서 DNA가 합성되는 것을 방지할 수 있었다. 이 RT-PCR 방법은 Salmonella 7균주를 검출하였으나 Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Citrobacter freundii, 및 Klebsiella pneumoniae 는 검출하지 않았다. 우유 내에서 열처리된 $10^7/ml과 10^6/ml$ 세균수의 Salmonella는 검출되 었으나 $10^5{\sim}100/ml$는 검출되지 않았다. RT-PCR를 검출할 수 있는 활력이 있는 Salmonella의 최소 세균수는 100/ml이었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.734-742
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• 2021

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence and species of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in retail pork meat samples collected during nationwide monitoring. The staphylococcal isolates were characterized for antimicrobial and zinc chloride resistance and enterotoxigenic potential. Methods: A total of 260 pre-packaged pork meat samples were collected from 35 retail markets in 8 provinces in Korea for isolation of staphylococci. Antimicrobial and zinc chloride resistance phenotypes, and genes associated with the resistance phenotypes were determined on the isolates. Furthermore, the presence and distribution of 19 staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes and enterotoxin-like genes among the pork-associated staphylococci were determined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based assays using the specific primer sets. Results: A total of 29 staphylococcal strains (29/260, 11.1%) were isolated from samples of retail pork meat, 24 (83%) of which were CoNS. The four CoNS species identified were S. saprophyticus (n = 16, 55%), S. sciuri (n = 3, 10%), S. warneri (n = 3, 10%), and S. epidermidis (n = 2, 7%). Among the 29 isolates, four methicillin-resistant CoNS (MR-CoNS; three S. sciuri and one S. epidermidis) and one methicillin-resistant CoPS (MR-CoPS; one S. aureus) were identified. In addition, a relatively high level of tetracycline (TET) resistance (52%) was confirmed in CoNS, along with a predominant distribution of tet(K). The most prevalent SEs were sep (45%), and sen (28%), which were carried by 81% of S. saprophyticus. Conclusion: These findings suggest that CoNS, especially S. saprophyticus strains, in raw pork meat could be a potential risk factor for staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), and therefore, requires further investigation to elucidate the role of SEls in SFP and virulence of the pathogen. Our results also suggest that CoNS from raw pork meat may act as a source for transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes such as staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec and tet(K).

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2000

Since generalization of cold storage of raw and processed milk, psychrotrophic bacteria has become more important. The number present in raw milk is related to sanitary conditions during pro-duction and to length and temperature of storage before pasteurization. Growth of psychrotrophs In raw milk often reduces the quality of pasteurized products. Recently, some pathogenic bacteria like Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus are reported to grow at low temperature and cause food poisoning. The presence of gram positive psychrotrophic bacteria which can survive pasteurization can limit the shelf life of pasteurized milk during extended storage and the survival of heat stable proteases and lipases produced by gram negative psychrotrophic bacteria often brings about proteolytic damage to milk protein in the products. Therefore, in order to prevent the deteorioration of milk and milk products by the growth of psychrotrophs, it is necessary to cool down the temperature of raw milk as soon as possible after milking and to keep the temperature below 5t during storage at farm. As psychrotrophic bacteria become readily predominant in raw milk under refregeration, it can be considered to change the traditional incubating temperature for SPC from 30${\sim}$32$^{\circ}C$ to 25${\sim}$27$^{\circ}C$ at which the psychrotrophs prefer to grow. The psychrotrophic bacterial count(PBC) is of limited use in dairy industry, because of the 10 days incubation period. Although estimates of psychrotrophic bacteria may provide an acceptable shelf-life prediction, there is no single, generally acceptable rapid method for replacing the PBC at the moment. Consequently, faster method for esmating psychrotrophic bacteria has to be developed.

• 한국해양생명과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.9-21
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• 2024

마비성 패류 독소(Paralytic shellfish poisoning, PSP)는 유해 조류에 의해 생성되며, 독소에 노출된 수산물을 섭취하였을 때 중독이 발생한다. 수산물 중 PSP를 검출하는 표준 시험법인 Mouse bioassay (MBA)는 낮은 검출한계와 동물 윤리 문제로 대체 시험법의 개발 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 이러한 대체 시험법 중, PSP가 신경 세포막의 Na⁺ 채널을 차단하는 기전을 이용한 마우스 뇌신경 모세포종 세포 기반 시험법(Neuro-2a assay)의 표준화를 위한 노력이 대두되고 있다. Neuro-2a assay의 원리는 Neuro-2a 세포주에 Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase 억제제인 Ouabain(O)과 Na⁺ 채널 활성화제인 Veratridine (V)을 처리하여 과도한 Na⁺ 유입으로 인한 세포사멸을 유도한 상태에서, Na⁺ 채널 억제제인 PSP를 처리하게 되면 Na⁺ 유입이 차단되어 세포가 생존하는 것을 측정하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 PSP 검출을 위한 Neuro-2a assay를 국내 연구 환경에 맞게 다양한 매개변수를 개선하여 최적 시험법을 확립하고자 하였다. 고려한 매개변수들은 세포밀도, 배양 조건 및 PSP 처리 조건 등으로, 그 결과는 아래와 같다. 초기 세포밀도는 40,000 cells/well로, 세포 배양시간 및 처리시간은 각각 24시간으로 설정하였다. 또한 최적 O/V 농도는 500/50 μM로 설정하였다. 본 연구에서 PSP 중 Saxitoxin (STX)에 대해서 O/V 처리가 된 상태에서 S자형 용량-반응 그래프가 도출되는 8가지 농도(368~47,056 fg/μl)를 확인하였고, Neuro-2a assay의 실험실 간 변동성 비교를 통해, 실험의 적정성 확인을 위한 5가지 Quality Control Criteria와 실험 데이터의 신뢰가능 범위(Data Criteria) 6가지를 설정하였다. 확 립된 조건으로 Neuro-2a assay를 진행한 결과 반수영향농도(EC₅₀) 값은 약 1,800~3,500 fg/μl로 나타났다. 실험실 간 변동성 비교 결과, Quality Control Criteria 값 및 Data criteria 값의 변동계수(coefficients of variation (CVs))가 1.98~29.15% 범위로 산출되어 실험의 적정성 및 재현성이 확인되었다. 본 연구를 통해 우리나라에서 활용할 수 있는 PSP 검출용 Neuro-2a assay 시험법의 최적 조건 및 5가지 Quality control 기준을 제시하였고, PSP 중 대표적인 독소인 STX을 대상으로 Neuro-2a assay를 실시한 결과 유의한 EC₅₀ 값을 산출할 수 있었으며, 향후 국내 수산물을 대상으로 MBA를 대체할 수 있는 PSP 검출법으로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 1979

간질(肝蛭)의 기생(寄生)이 재래산양(在來山羊)의 번식장해(繁殖障害) 및 유육생산(乳肉生産)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 대(對)하여 구명(究明)할 목적(目的)으로 충남(忠南) 일원(一圓)에서 사육중(飼育中)인 재래산양(在來山羊) 474두(頭)를 임의(任意)로 선정(選定)하여 감염실태(感染實態)를 조사(調査)하였으며, 임상관찰(臨床觀察), 간질충체성분(肝蛭蟲體成分) 추출물(抽出物)에 의한 번식장해(繁殖障害) 발생시험(發生試驗), 양성산양(陽性山羊)에 대(對)한 유(乳) 육생산성(肉生産性) 조사(調査) 및 경제성조사(經濟性調査)를 실시(實施)하여 얻은 결과(結果)를 다음과 같이 보고(報告)한다. 1. 감염실태(感染實態) 조사(調査)에서 피내반응법(皮內反應法)에 의한 양성율(陽性率)은 71.3%였으며 년령별(年齡別)로는 3~4세(歲)에서 81.4%로서 가장 높았었다. 2. 추출물(抽出物)에 의하여 발육(發育)과 증체(增體)가 정상(停上) 내지 감퇴(減退)되었고, 번식장해(繁殖障害)를 야기(惹起)할 수 있었으며 임신양(姙娠羊)에서는 임신유지(姙娠維持)에 적응성(適應性)을 인정(認定)할 수 있었다. 3. 추출물(抽出物)에 의한 혈액상(血液像)의 변화(變化)는 특(特)히 호산구(好酸球)의 증다(增多)를 인정(認定)할 수 있었다. 4. 추출물(抽出物)은 중독성(中毒性), 간기능장해성(肝機能障害性) 및 번식장해(繁殖障害)의 병원성(病原性)을 인정(認定)할 수 있었다. 5. 양성산양(陽性山羊)은 유육생산성(乳肉生産性)과 품질(品質)이 현저(顯著)하게 저하(低下)되었는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 6. 양성산양(陽性山羊)은 소득면(所得面)에서 1/2정도(程度)의 저하(低下)를 보였고 순이익면(純利益面)에서는 더 큰 손실(損失)을 보였다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.251-260
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• 2014

The number of farmers who have suffered from non-fatal acute pesticide poisoning has been reported to vary from 5.7% to 86.7% in South Korea since 1975. Absorption through the skin is the main route of exposure to pesticides for farmers who operate with them. Several in vitro tests using the skins of humans or animal and in vivo tests using laboratory animals are introduced for the assessment of human dermal absorption level of pesticides. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare international guidelines and strategies of dermal absorption assessments and to propose unique approaches for applications into pesticide registration process in our situation. Until present in our situation, pesticide exposure level to operator is determined just using default value of 10 as for skin absorption ratio because of data shortage. Dermal absorption tests are requested to get exposure level of pesticides and to ultimately know the safety of pesticides for operators through the comparison with the value of AOEL. When the exposure level is higher than AOEL, the pesticide cannot be approved. We reviewed the skin absorption test guidelines recommended by OECD, EFSA and EPA. The EPA recommends assessment of skin absorption of pesticides for humans through the TPA which includes all the results of in vitro human and animal and animal in vivo skin absorption studies. OECD and EFSA, employ a tiered approach, which the requirement of further study depends on the results of the former stage study. OECD guidelines accept the analysis of pesticide level absorbed through skin without radioisotope when the recovery using the non-labeled method is within 80~120%. Various factors are reviewed in this study, including the origin of skin (gender, animal species and sites of skin), thickness, temperature and, etc., which can influence the integrity of results.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 1980

The ultimate goal of treatment of carton monoxide poisoning is to promote dissociation of carboxyhemoglobin and to maintain arterial $PO_2$ above 50mmHg throughout the course of treatment to protect vital organs from damage caused by hypoxia. The hyperbaric chamber designed and manufactured for this purpose has obviousely made an enormous contribution and yet has several handicaps to be overcome by any means. These handicaps are: the financial impact to purchase the chamber (especially in a small, remote community), an extra manpower requirement to operate the device, limitation in the capacity of the chamber (one man type), and the possible hazard of oxygen intoxication and dysbarism. The primary objective of this study is to develope a new therapeutic measure as an alternative to the hyperbaric chamber when it is not available or contraindicated. The effect of intestinal perfusion with hydrogen peroxide has been studied by many investigators and was known to be an excellent way of extrapulmonary oxygen supply. the advantage of this method will include; 1) much more amount of oxygen is delivered to the tissue than one would expect from 100% saturation with oxygen at 1 ata, 2) the procedure is simple and most economical, 3) neither sophisticated equipment nor extra manpower is required. As a study preliminary to the clinical application, authors conducted a series of experiment to observe the effect of hydrogen peroxide enema on dissociation of carboxyhemoglobin in intoxicated rabbit blood. Using an animal gas chamber, 20 rabbits were exposed to CO gas of 6,000 ppm for 60 minutes. Ten rabbits of control group were given 10cc of warmed normal saline solution by reactal perfusion and for the other 10 of the experimental group, the same amount of 1% $H_{2}O_{2}$ solution was given by the same way. Two blood specimens were drawn from each rabbit: the first one immediately following the exposure and the second one after rectal perfusion, about 30 minutes after the first sampling. The result was as follows; 1) The decrease in carboxyhemoglobin concentration during the first 30 minutes in the control and experimental group were $18.18{\pm}4.49%\;and\;23.03{\pm}4.13%$ respectively shelving the significant difference (p<0.05) between the two groups. 2) Hemoglobin and hematocrit value showed no significant difference between two groups and not altered significantly by intestinal perfusion with $H_{2}O_{2}$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.361-365
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• 1999

감나무 잎으로부터 분리한 폴리페놀 화합물을 가지고 카드뮴으로 중독 된 동물장기의 glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT), superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione S-transferase(GST) 활성 및 과산화지질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. GOT는 대조군에 대하여 P-1군(10,000 ppm)과 P-2군(25,000 ppm) 모두 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았으나 조금 낮았고, GPT 활성은 P-1군은 5% 수준에서, P-2군은 1% 수준에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 간 조직의 SOD 활성을 측정한 결과, 대조군에 대하여 P-1군은 5% 수준에서 그리고 P-2군은 1% 수준에서 유의적으로 증가하였고, GST 활성은 대조군에 대하여 P-1군은 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 조금 높았고, P-2군은 5% 수준에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. 과산화지질은 대조군에 대하여 P-1군과 P-2군 모두 1% 수준에서 유의적으로 증가하였다.