• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1622-1633
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• 2002

The effects of tuna oil supplementation (0, 1, 2 and 3%) to pig diets on growth and carcass yield as well as meat quality were determined in 40 crossbred pigs. Animals were fattened from 30 to 90 kg of live-weight. Twenty-four hours after slaughter, following various early- and late-post mortem measurements, loin, backfat and belly were prepared from the carcasses. Bacon was produced from the belly part by curing and smoking. Neither performance (feed intake, daily gains, feed conversion efficiency) nor carcass quality (slaughter weight, dressing percentage, lean percentage, nutrient composition of the loin) were significantly affected by tuna oil supplementation. Tuna oil also had no clear effects on early- and late-post mortem meat quality traits, water-holding capacity and tenderness of the M. longissiumus dorsi (LD). Colour traits of LD and backfat, and backfat firmness were not significantly affected by tuna oil, either. However, there was a certain trend to elevated fat contents of LD (and bacon), but not of backfat, with increasing levels of tuna oil in feed. Pigs receiving elevated proportions of tuna oil expressed lower VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in blood plasma, whereas the cholesterol content of LD, backfat and bacon did not reflect this trend. Effects of tuna oil on fatty acids in LD, backfat and bacon were often small in extent, except those concerning the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. With 3% tuna oil in the diet, the contents of the particularly desired omega-3 fatty acids, C20:5 and C22:6, were 0.1 and 0.2 g/kg in LD. The corresponding values for backfat and bacon were 2.6 and 12.6 g/kg, and 1.3 and 9.2 g/kg, respectively. Tuna oil supplementation was associated with significant adverse effects on flavour and overall acceptance of bacon (not significant in LD although numerically the same trend was noted), but these effects on sensory ratings were limited in extent. Also shelf life of the products, determined as TBA value after different storage periods at $4^{\circ}C$ in LD, backfat and bacon, was significantly reduced. Overall, the present study suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may be enriched in pork by feeding tuna oil with few undesired side-effects, particularly those on sensory perception and shelf life, suggesting immediate consumption of the products is advisable. Most economically important traits (performance, slaughter and physical meat quality) remained unaffected.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2019

In this study, the physical and sensorial properties of the meat analog were studied for the purpose of improving sensory preference and mimicking animal meat. The meat analog was made with different types of liquid materials such as oil, water, lecithin, polysorbate 80, or the emulsion of these components. At the aspect of density, the sample mixed with oil was higher than the sample mixed with water. Cooking loss value was higher at the sample with water than the sample with oil and this was the result opposite to the liquid holding capacity analysis. Also, texture profile analysis result showed that the samples with medium chain triglycerides (MCT) oil only showed the highest values in all attributes except for adhesiveness. Principal component analysis was carried out to analyze sensorial properties and it showed that the overall acceptance was high when the juiciness and softness increased. This result was highly related with the addition of emulsion. Therefore, emulsion technology can be a good candidate for improving the quality of meat analog and for mimicking the taste of animal meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.102-105
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• 2002

Seventy-two crossbred pigs weighing an average of 41.5 kg were assigned on the basis of sex, weight and litter to one of four dietary treatments in a factorial (4 treatments${\times}$2 sexes) arrangement. The control diet was based on barley and soybean meal while the experimental treatments consisted of diets in which a portion of the dietary protein was supplied by 20% of a 50:50 blend of extruded ($130^{\circ}C$ for 20 to 25 sec) peas and full-fat canola seed, 20% of a 50:50 blend of unextruded peas and full-fat canola seed or a diet containing 10% peas, 6% canola meal and 4% canola oil (to equal the level of canola oil provided by 10% whole canola seed). Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and gross energy were significantly higher (p<0.05) for the control diet than for the other three diets. Extrusion produced no beneficial effects (p>0.05) on nutrient digestibility and there were no differences in digestibility between the diet based on intact canola seed compared with the diet containing canola meal and oil. Choice of protein supplement had no significant effects on gain, feed intake or feed conversion during the grower or finisher phases and over the entire experimental period. Extrusion of the pea-canola blend produced no beneficial effects on pig performance as the performance of pigs fed either the extruded or unextruded blend of peas and canola seed was similar. In addition, the performance of pigs fed diets containing intact canola seed was similar to that of pigs fed canola meal and oil. Castrates gained faster and consumed more feed than gilts (p<0.05). However, their feed conversion was poorer than that of the gilts during the finisher period. There were no significant differences in carcass traits between pigs fed the control and any of the experimental treatments. Extrusion had no effect on carcass traits and the carcasses of pigs fed canola meal and oil did not differ from those of pigs fed whole canola seed. Castrates had a significantly lower dressing percentage, lower estimated lean yield but greater loin fat depth than gilts (p<0.05). The results of this experiment indicate that peas in combination with canola seed or canola meal are an acceptable alternative to soybean meal as a protein supplement for use in growing-finishing swine diets. Extrusion did not appear to have any beneficial effects on the nutritional value of the canola seed-pea blend as nutrient digestibility, growth performance and carcass traits were similar for pigs fed the unextruded blend of peas and canola seed compared with the extruded product. Since the process adds to the cost of the raw products, its use is unlikely to be economical.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.447-456
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• 1989

This study was performed to investigate nutritional effect and the utilization possibility of rapeseed oil which could replace the imported edible oils and oil crops. The proximate compositions of a recommendable cultivar(Mokpo Dangyo 19) and a native kind(Asahi) and the characteristics of these rapeseed oils were analyzed. The animal experiment of these rapeseed oils was carried out during 8 weeks of growing periods after weanling. Forty male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 3 diet groups of Dangyo 19 oil, Asahi oil and commercial Soybean oil. Mokpo Dangyo 19 variety contained more lipids than Asahi variety by 8% and there was no difference in physiochemical characteristics between Dangyo 19 oil and Asahi oil except that erucic acid was contained little in Dangyo 19 oil but 50% in Asahi oil. Body weight gain, FER(Feed efficiency ratio) and PER(Protein efficiency ratio) of rats fed Dangyo 19 oil were higher than those of rats fed Asahi oil and organ weights such as liver, kidney and epididymal fat pads weights of rats fed Dangyo 19 oil were significantly higher(P<0.05) thanthose of rats fed Asahi oil. the apparent digistibility of total diet and total lipid were higher in rats fed the diets containing Dangyo 19 oil than Asahi oil. The content of total lipid in heart in heart were not significantly different with dietary oil kinds. The content of total lipid in liver increased with age in all rapeseed oil groups.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of soybean oil, tallow and coconut oil supplementation on growth performance, serum lipid changes and nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. One hundred twenty cross-bred [(Yorkshire×Landrace)×Duroc, 6.92±0.01kg average initial BW] were used in a 35 d growth trial. Dietary treatments included CON (5% soybean oil), T0.5 (4.5% soybean oil+0.5% tallow), C0.5 (4.5% soybean oil+0.5% coconut oil) and C1.0 (4.0% soybean oil+1.0% coconut oil). For the whole period and from d 14 to 35, G/F was increased in C0.5 and C1.0 treatments compared with T0.5 treatment (P<0.05). ADG and ADFI were not affected by treatments. On d 14, C1.0 treatment was higher in serum HDL-cholesterol than C0.5 treatment and atherogenic index was increased in C0.5 treatment compared to T0.5 and C1.0 treatments. Digestibility of fat was improved for pigs fed C1.0 diet compared with those fed T0.5 diet on d 35. However, there were no significant differences in digestibilities of DM, N and DE. In conclusion, feeding diets containing soybean and coconut oils in weaned pigs increased feed efficiency and fat digestibility than feeding those containing soybean oil and tallow.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the effect of caffeine and three dietary levels of fat, i.e., 0%, 5% and 20% on mammary gland development. Mice were assigned to three groups (dietary levels 0%, 5%, 20% fat), and treated caffeine of half within the each group. Caffeine-treated mice with 0% or 20% fat levels significantly increased 4$^{th}$ mammary gland development in comparison with that of no caffeine -treated mice (P＜0.05). Caffeine-treated mice significantly increased DNA contents of 4$^{th}$ mammary gland in comparison with that of no caffeine-treated mice (P＜0.05), and DNA contents of mammary gland increased as fat levels increased within caffeine-treated or no caffeine-treated group. nteraction effect was shown between caffeine and 20% fat diet, ［(20% fat+caffeine) - (20% fat + no caffeine) vs (0% fat + caffeine) - (0% fat + no caffeine)］(P＜0.01). Conclusively, caffeine significantly increased mouse mammary gland development possibly by inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity, and dietary fat supplements increased mammary gland development as the fat content of the diet increased from 0 to 20%. The stimulatory effect of caffeine in mammary development interacted with high level of fat diet.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.517-524
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• 2006

We investigated the effect of different kinds of dietary fats on the fatty acid composition, cholesterol content and quality of hens' eggs. The Haugh units, breaking strength, shell thickness and yolk color were not significantly different among the test groups. The type of dietary fat fed each test group notably altered the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of egg yolk. The n-6 fatty acid content of egg yolk was highest in the corn oil fed group being 31.61%, and this tended to decrease in the tallow, linseed oil and fish oil fed groups(P<0.05) in that order. The n-3 fatty acid content of egg yolk tended to increase in the linseed oil and fish oil fed groups with values of 9.74% and 5.16%, respectively(p<0.05). The increase of n-3 fatty acids in the yolk resulted in a reduced cholesterol content of the eggs. The cholesterol content ranged from $15.98{\sim}18.37mg/g$ of yolk or $227{\sim}261mg/60g$ of egg(p<0.05). The cholesterol content of egg yolk was highest in the tallow fed group, and significantly reduced to 13.01% in the fish oil group, 11.49% in the linseed oil group and 6.91% in the corn oil group(p<0.05). This result suggests that it is possible to reduce the cholesterol content or to increase the n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in eggs by the manipulation of dietary fats.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

To evaluate the effects of n-3 and n-9 fatty acid combination on broiler chicks, diets containing the combinations of five different fat sources including flaxseed oil, fish oil, EPA, DHA and olive oil were provided, and all chicks were processed at 4 weeks of growth. Liver, breast and thigh samples were collected and fatty acid composition and/or CIE $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ measurement were measured. Also, live chick and liver weights were weighed and the ratio was provided as an evidence of fat accumulation in liver. No significant difference was determined in both live and liver weight ratio and liver color. EPA was low in FHO as compared to livers from others. In contrast, DHA was significantly high in FHO. In broiler breasts derived from FDO, AA and n-3 fatty acid content was high, but only numerical differences of EPA and DHA were determined in breasts from FDO. The thighs from FHO showed high in EPA, DHA and n-3 fatty acid content but had low in AA and n-6 to n-3 ratio. Therefore, the results indicate that broiler chicken diets containing either FDO or FHO may be possible combination diets increasing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in broiler chicks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1320-1325
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• 2003

The purpose of present study was to assess the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the immune responses of laying hens. Three hundred and sixty hens at the age of 60 weeks were randomly assigned to ten diets, which contained no oil (CK), 1%, 3%, 5% fish oil (FO); 2%, 4%, 6% linseed oil (LO) and 2%, 4%, 6% corn oil (CO). After 5 weeks of feeding experimental diets, humoral and cellular immune responses were assayed. Laying hens were injected with Sheep Red Blood Cell (SRBC) and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and antibody titers, which were measured on d6, d10, d14 after primary challenge and on d5, d9, d13 after secondary challenge. Concanavalin (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -stimulated proliferation of peripheral blood and spleen lymphocytes were assessed by [$^3$H] thymidine incorporation at the week age of 5 and 10, respectively. The results showed that antibody titers in FO-fed and LO-fed laying hens were higher than that in laying hens fed CO. The proliferation response to ConA was lower in laying hens that fed oils rich in n-3 fatty acids than that in laying hens fed CO. Higher level n-3 fatty acids can improve immune functions of laying hens. In conclusion, dietary fat source and level had a significant impact on immune responses of laying hens.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.176.1-176.1
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• 2011

바이오디젤 대체 원료로서 폐돈지, 폐우지를 이용한 오일 추출 및 바이오디젤 생산 반응을 진행하고 이때 사용되는 과잉 메탄올의 회수 및 재사용에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 추출된 오일의 상태에 따라 전처리를 위한 에스테르화 반응여부를 판단하게 되지만 에스테르화 반응과 전이에스테르화 반응 모두에서 상당량의 과잉 메탄올을 투입하게 된다. 에스테르화 반응에서는 이론량보다 20~50배 가량을 투입하고 전이에스테르화 반응에서는 오일:메탄올 이론 몰비인 3:1 보다 2~4배 가량을 이용하게 된다. 에스테르화 반응에 사용되는 촉매는 균질계 액체 산 촉매와 불균질계 고체 산 촉매가 이용될 수 있으며 본 연구에서는 황산을 이용한 에스테르화 반응을 실시하였으며 전이에스테르화 반응에서는 KOH를 촉매로 이용하였다. 각각의 공정에 사용된 과잉 메탄올의 재이용 방안을 조사하였으며 메탄올을 단증류를 통해 회수하는 방법과 회수된 메탄올을 이용한 에스테르화 반응 및 전이에스테르화 반응을 실시해 반응성을 조사하였다. 이를 통해 미반응 과잉메탄올의 회수 정제시 메탄올의 최대 수분함량(%) 허용치를 결정할 수 있었다. 회수된 메탄올을 재이용함에 따라 바이오디젤 생산비 중의 원료(메탄올) 및 설비비 절감이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.