• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.41
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• pp.207-223
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to abstract the image from black dress, which has been favored by many people regardless of the times and examine it throughout the history of drss and thereby clearly define the images that black limplies in dress. Color image is a visual symbol, an image that forms through a combination of visual stimulus created by color, coupled with all the external factors related to it. Black is a one-dimensional color, of which the impact is subjective to its energy, which depends on light reflected on the object, and its texture. Therefore, black projects different images, depending on its surroundings. In general, black has had negative connotations in the Western culture. In dress, however, it has implied other various images different from the general negative ones. By combining general images of black and those exprssed in dress, major images of black were categorized into dignity, elegance, eroticism, asceticism and tragedy. Dignity is a category similar to the sublime. Dress with dignity has sharp contours and is generally made of velvet or silk which can be characterized by their splendor and voluminous-ness, exaggerating the body of a person wearing it. Such costume is mostly found in powerful countries in history such as Burgundy Court in the 15C, Spain in the 16C. Netherlands in the 17C. Elegance evokes grace and beautifulness. It includes elegance, grace, beauty and dandyism as subcategories or silk. Good examples are dandies' black costume and Ladies black and white dressees in the 19C. Eroticism is an image which expresses sexual attractiveness. Costume with eroticism is made of velvet or silk, which project sumptuousness through reflection. Such costumes expose parts of the body or are tightly tailored in order to emphasizes body contours. Asceticism means restraint from physical and mental desires. Costume with asceticism makes a person wearing it look smaller by covering the whole body. Puritan's black dresses and Bourgeoisie's black suit are good examples. Tragedy is anguish. sorrow. Black costume with grievous feelings such as mourning dresses is made of lusterless textile concealing most of the body except for the face.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.109-122
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• 2013

Objectives : To research the needed Buddhistic ethical beliefs and psychotherapy from representative medical records of oriental medicine. Methods : The baseline data this research used is Myeong-Ui-Lyu-An, Sok-Myeong-Ui-Lyu-An, Ui-Bu-Jeol-Lok and from the variety of medical records; we extracted 22 medical records that refer to Buddhist thoughts. The sequence of medical records is determined by analyzing the contents of all medical records and grouping them by their categories. Results : The representative ethical mind that a doctor needs is the 'mercy thought' from Buddhism. This way, the doctor has 'pity' on patients and expects no reward for what he had done. 'Spells and religious beliefs developed into medical treatment procedures by Buddhism and oriental medicine psychotherapy. Using the belief that everything is made of the mind, which is the point of the 'Hwa-Eum' theory and the realization that the psychotic factors have a big role in the occurrence and progress of sicknesses, we emphasized supportive psychotherapy or more specifically, the suggestive therapy. 'Anguish' is an important point in the occurrence and progress of illnesses. To solve this, we used 'Zen family's 'Zen self-discipline' and ascetic life from Buddhism. According to Buddhism, a human's metal conflict and love or malingering from obsession is the cause of all mind illnesses. To heal these, a doctor must have an insight of the patient's mind more than the symptoms. Conclusions : Buddhistic thoughts suggested clearly the mentality necessary for oriental medical psychotherapist and medical ethics for a doctor.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1214-1229
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• 2013

Maintaining our tradition makes us have pride for our nation and plays important role for recognition and establishment of identity for our unique culture in the world. Contrast to the western scientific technique, the scientific technique of Silla Bell absorbed in the life of our nation is the fruit of wisdom science found through rich life and experience by harmony between our nation and nature. Today, ideological backgrounds for many cultural heritages weren't be found and there are many overflowing hypothesis. Silla Bell is the plastic art including cumulative utopia of the racial spirit. So there would be the information of the racial spirit including symbolization, artistry, creativity, and historicity. However, unlikely with the words, it is the profoundly concentrated shape, so the meaning can be diluted or distorted in later generation. The efforts to figure out the symbolization in Korean bells, especially Silla bell according to its exclusive shape, but no hypothesis was accepted as an established theory of academia by gaining extensive agreements. Thus this paper traces the symbolic meaning accumulated in the shape and prepares for the theoretical background accessing to the artistic spirit of forebears who created super-humanity formativeness. Also regarding the Silla bell which is regarded as the best Buddhist metal craft that people believe they can be free from the anguish at the time of listening to its sound, we studied the symbolization of the bell as the religious ritual custom as well as the possibility to utilize the bell as a motif of living art in the aspect of formative expression.

• Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.37-52
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• 2016

To injection mould polymers, designing mould is a key task involving several critical decisions with direct implications to yield quality, productivity and frugality. One prominent decision among them is specifying sprue-bush conduit expansion as it significantly influences overall injection moulding; abstruseness anguish in its design criteria deceives direct determination. Intuitively designers decide it wisely and then exasperate by optimising or manipulating processing parameters. To overwhelm that anomaly this research aims at proposing an ideal design criteria holistically for all polymeric materials also tend as a functional assessment metric towards perfection i.e., criteria to specify sprue conduit size before mould development. Accordingly, a priori analytical criterion was deduced quantitatively as expansion ratio from ubiquitous empirical relationships specifically a.k.a an exclusive expansion angle imperatively configured for injectant properties. Its computational intelligence advantage was leveraged to augment functionality of perfectly injecting into an impression gap, while synchronising both injector capacity and desired moulding features. For comprehensiveness, it was continuously sensitised over infinite scale as an explicit factor dependent on in-situ spatio-temporal injectant state perplexity with discrete slope and altitude for each polymeric character. In which congregant ranges of apparent viscosity and shear thinning index were conceived to characteristically assort most thermoplastics. Thereon results accorded aggressive conduit expansion widening for viscous incrust, while a very aggressive narrowing for shear thinning encrust; among them apparent viscosity had relative dominance. This important rationale would certainly form a priori design basis as well diagnose filling issues causing several defects. Like this the proposed generic design criteria, being simple would immensely benefit mould designers besides serve as an inexpensive preventive cliché to moulders. Its adaption ease to practice manifests a hope of injection moulding extremely alluring polymers. Therefore, we concluded that appreciating injectant's polymeric character to design exclusive sprue bush offers a definite a priori advantage.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.5
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• pp.119-169
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• 1993

In this article the present writers have surveyed recent cases on Warsaw Convention especially on the cases emerged in the years between 1986 to 1993. The cases before 1986 were discussed already in the book titled "Liability of International Air Carrier," written by Professor Choi, published in Seoul 1986. In this article the writers have reviewed most of the American cases and some cases from the courts of Germany, France and England. Main subjects which were discussed herein were as follows: Liability of air carriers in Warsaw Convention carriage 1. Exclusivity of the Warsaw Convention as a remedy 2. Warsaw Jurisdiction 3. The scope of the Warsaw Convention's definition of "Accident" under Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention (1) Mental anguish (2) Unusual or unexpected events 4. Adequacy of notice of the limitation of liability to passengers for injuries and death 5. Damages recoverable, punitive damages and burden of proof 6. The wilful misconduct exception; definition of wilful misconduct 7. Cargo and passenger baggage 8. Time limitation of actions After examining articles published world-wide, this article compiles and analyses recent cases involving the Warsaw Convention system. As Warsaw System is based on international convention, maintaining uniformity in interpretation is of utmost importance. Therefore, this type of study is essential for resolving air-transportation disputes in Korea. This article examines the current state and recommends the desired course for the Warsaw Convention. The writers hope that this article is helpful to the Korean courts and those in the air-transportation industry in interpreting the Warsaw Convention.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.147-171
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine low-income households' financial problems and the demand for financial counseling. For these purposes, a survey of 500 low-income households was conducted by an on-line survey company. The results were as follows. First, four types of low-income households classified by income and job criteria were: the not-working poorest (16.2%), the working poor (27.0%), the not-working low-income (13.8%), and the working low-income (43.4%). Also, seven areas of financial problems were found through factor analysis. They included difficulty of survival, insufficient funds for special expenditures, defaults on financial obligation, decrease of income, increase of debts, emotional anguish, and difficulty in meeting living expenditures. 61.6% of respondents requested financial counseling, and 44.5% of them preferred internet counseling to counseling by phone or in-person, while 49.5% desired access to public counseling organizations. The five types of financial counseling content for low-income households that were found through factor analysis were financial planning, credit management, asset management/investment, public support, and use of credit cards. The low-income householders demanded financial planning counseling and pubic support counseling more than the other types of financial counseling. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the demand for financial counseling participation was significantly influenced by age and income. The demand for financial counseling content was age, income, and types of financial problems. Therefore, general financial counseling programs for low-income households should be expanded. Furthermore, those counseling programs can be useful if they not only include credit management but also financial planning, economic support information and savings.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.95-98
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• 2012

Nowadays, plastic surgical operations are increasingly being performed in Korea. We have gained added interest in this because some professional pictures contain plastic surgery in their venue. In the films, we intend to see the recognition of society for plastic surgeons and which field of plastic surgery. The list of movies for analysis were 'Plastic Beauty (1975)', 'Penthouse Elephant (2005)', '200 Pounds Beauty (2006)', 'Cinderella (2006)', and 'Time (2006)'. The TV dramas were 'She is looking (2005)', 'Lovers (2006-2007)', and 'Before & After Plastic Surgery Clinic (2008)'. Films were analyzed according to the following: the chief complaints and names of the operations, character of plastic surgeons, result of the operation and its possibility in reality, and its effect of plastic surgery on the life of the patients. Most of the film contained facial transplantation or the change of the face or body different from the original shape. Character type of the plastic surgeons was mostly medical realism, rather than ideal humanism. Most of the plastic surgeons have capability as a doctor; however, some of them had extramarital affairs. The surgery was successful in most of the cases, but were the patients happy with the results? This was not the case in the movies. In only one movie, '200 Pounds Beauty', the patient became happy; rest of them were eminently unhappy with the outcome. Why the discrepancy? It is difficult to analyze the minds of the people in the films, but considering that the majority of the characters in the films were rather unsavory, one may deduce that a crooked mind functions differently. Perhaps it is too much to hope for a day that will come when we will see a film that portrays the mental anguish that accompanies each and every procedure the Korean plastic surgeons make.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.97-107
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• 2020

Since long ago, there has been a saying that "Drink water to quench thirst, drink alcohol to remove anguish and anxiety, and drink tea to recover from fatigue and refresh mind." Tea is really better for body and mind than water when it is drunken long and is valuable Jinda(眞茶) given by mother nature. In particular, curing tea reflecting characteristics of climate changes in all seasons helps in keeping health. Since tea contains the Yin-Yang system, which is a philosophical ideology of ancient people, old predecessors knew which tea they should brew and drink for curing in harmony with Yin and Yang. As a factor that influences component changes of tea, a complex interaction of heaven, earth and man is important and especially, mind of a person to handle tea is most important. Tea is a natural curing drink, which plays a role as a bridge between humans and nature.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.477-484
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• 2012

In order to clearly define and understand an essential meaning on a growing number of immigrant women with an experience of being in pregnancy and childbirth, who married to men living in rural community in Korea, our study has been carried out with a phenomenological research method. Basic information collection was implemented by doing multiple in-depth interviews in being recorded with nine immigrant women married to the men, and also analyzed by the phenomenological method of Colaizzi. As the result of the study, the switchover in their life on the course to adaptation or transition to Korean life with experience of being pregnant and delivery generally classified into up to four categories and nine subjects. The four categories come out with "expectation of unknown world/country", "being experienced of new challenge", "feeling happiness going through anguish of hear" and "expectation/hope with her giving birth to a baby-transition in her life". Thus, the result of this study is intended to understand their difficulties likely caused or felt in adaptation to Korea life and culture, and to provide solutions or information of a program for their being actively adapted that may help get them easily assimilated into Korean life and culture.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.126-156
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was intended to analyze mechanical beauty of the art style represented on the second half of the 20th century fashion. From the early 20th century, when the mechanical civilization began to develop in full scale, various distinctive styles of art began to emerge by the denial of the traditional artistic style, which is said to be an inevitable consequence fo the 20th century's spirit. That is, the diversified styles of modern art, which has developed in line with the rapid growth of civilizations, experienced environmental pollution, non-humanization and un-individualization. Those phenomena became mental anguish for artists and designers, they have come to meet with changes, by their efforts to find new way. SO, the mechanical beauty is becoming a very important factor arts. Especially, the collage of the Cubism have used as art techniques of positive mechanical beauty. And in the transition from Dada to Surrealism, the objects provided an important harmony, suggesting that all things, even those achieved by chance or presented in new associations or radical dissociations, could be said to have meaning. Pop Art that expressed daily living of spending culture in the post industrial society, scaled up the induction of mass media which was much more realistic than Dada or Surrealism. According to the results of this study, the second half of the 20th century fashion has generated mechanical beauty was examined and plundered by modern art styles. The mechanical beauty of modern art was represented in the modern fashion as the positive and negative formativeness. Above all, the best way that the fashion design should take in the future, is in the search of ways how to restore humanity that was lost due to use of machine, how t develop its merits and how to harmonized with mechanical civilization.