• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.193-202
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• 2001

Purpose: Hwabyung is a culture-bound syndrome in Korea, characterized by emotional stress such as anger, depression, and anxiety. The purpose of the present study was to explore the characteristics of Hwabyung patients, based on constitutional medicine, for their symptoms, duration, and coping styles. Method: Participants were 57 Hwabyung patients selected by Hwabyung criteria. They were also diagnosed for their constitution by doctors specialized in constitutional medicine. Each participant was asked to respond to a variety of items such as cause and duration of stress, symptoms of hwabyung, anger and depression, and coping styles. Eight patients were excluded from the total sample; two male patients and six patients unable to be diagnosed for any particular type of constitution. Thus, final sample was 49 female hwabyung patients, which will be reported in what follow. Result: To begin with, constitutional type revealed significant differences in such coping styles as 'perseverance,' 'positive interpretation,' 'positive comparison,' and 'emotional pacification.' More specifically, post-hoc comparison revealed that Taeeumin(person who have taeeum characteristics) was higher in 'perseverance' compared-to other two types of constitution. Taeumin also revealed higher score than Soeumin(person who have soeum characteristics) in 'positive comparison.' With respect to the marital status, the married compared to the unmarried showed higher score in 'anger-control,' and lower score in 'anger-in.' The married compared to the unmarried, regarding coping styles, also showed higher score in 'accommodation,' but lower score in 'emotional expression.' The duration of hwabyung revealed that the longer duration of hwabyung, the more frequent utilization of 'positive interpretation' and 'emotional pacification. Conclusion: The main purpose, the exploration of hwabyung based on four types of constitution, was not supported, as a whole in the present study. However, marital status and duration of hwabyung appear to influence on emotional stress (e.g., anger) as well as coping styles, suggesting that these variables should be dealt with in future studies on hwabyung.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was to identify the mental health and self-care activities according to perceived stress level in type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods: The descriptive survey design was conducted using a convenient sample. One hundred and fifty-two diabetic participants with metabolic syndrome were recruited in a university hospital. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Students' t-test, and ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 12.0. Results: The high, moderate, and low stress groups according to perceived stress score consisted of 30.9%, 38.2%, and 30.9%, respectively. Differences of mental health and total self-care activities among the three groups were statistically significant. Depression (F=46.73, p<.001), trait anger (F=5.75, p<.01), and anger expression-in (F=4.60, p<.01) of participants in the high stress group were higher than other groups, whereas the total of self-care activities (F=2.85, p<.05) and exercise (F=3.49, p<.05) were lower than other groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome with a high stress level were low in self-care activities along with elevated depression and anger.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.108-115
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• 2006

연구목적 : 월경전기 증후군은 생리 주기에 따라 가임기 여성의 75%가량이 겪는 흔한 현상으로 생리전에 증상이 시작하여 생리후에 증상이 가라앉는 증후군이다. 이 월경전기 증후군은 월경전 불쾌장애와 더불어 여성의 우울 증상과 연관이 있는 것으로 보고되고 있으며, 최근에는 다른 심리적 요소와의 연관성도 보고되고 있다. 분노와 감정표현불능증(alexithymia)는 일반적으로 정신신체장애와 연관이 있는 것으로 보고되고 있으나 월경전기증후군에서의 연관성은 거의 밝혀진 바가 없다. 이에 저자 등은 월경전기 증후군과 분노, 감정표현불능증과의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 서울, 경기, 경북지역에 거주하는 여성 377명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구 도구로는 1달 동안 매일 자신의 생리주기에 따라 증상을 보고하도록 하는 Daily record of Severity of Problems (DRSP)와 생리전 시기에 작성하도록 한 Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form(SPAF), Anger Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale 등으로 하였다. DRSP와 SPAE로 평가한 월경전기 증후군 125명과 비월경전기 증후군 여성 58명을 대상으로 분노와 감정표현불능증 수준을 통계적으로 분석하였다. 결과: 월경전기 증후군 여성들이 비월경전기 증후군 여성들보다 분노억제 (t=2.0, p=0.04), 분노전체(t=3.1, p=0.00) 점수가 유의하게 더 높았다. 월경전기 증후군 여성들이 비월경전기 증후군 여성들 보다 유의하게 감정표현불능증증 점수가 더 높았다(t=2.0, p=0.04). 월경전 불쾌장애 의심 환자와 일반 월경전기 증후군 여성, 비월경전기 증후군여성 3군으로 나누어 분노 수준과 감정표현 불능증 수준을 비교한 결과도 월경전 불쾌장애 의심 환자가 비월경전기 증후군 여성보다 유의하게 분노억제수준이 더 높았으며(F=4.6, p=0.01), 월경전 불쾌장애 의심 환자가 일반 월경전기 증후군 여성보다(F=5.1, p=0.01) 그리고 비월경전기 증후군 여성(F=5.1, p=0.03) 보다 유의하게 더 분노전체 점수가 높았다. 사회인구학적 변인 가운데 연령과 임신여부는 각 군간 유의한 차이를 보였으나 SPAF 및 분노, 감정표현불능증과 유의한 상관관계는 보이지 않았다. 결론: 월경전기 증후군여성들이 비월경전기 증후군 여성보다 분노 억압점수 및 분노전체점수(anger total)가 각각 유의하게 더 높았다. 또한 월경전기 증후군 여성들은 비월경전기 증후군 여성들보다 감정표현불능증 점수가 유의하게 더 높았다. 상기 결과는 월경전기 증후군 여성의 증상이 분노와 감정표현 불능증과 연관되어 있을 가능성을 시사한다.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.54-63
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• 1996

In this cluster analysis of out-patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) we described the psychological features and personality patterns of these patients. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to 29 IBS patients who received treatment in the gastroenterology department of Ajou University Hospital to produce individual profiles for each patient. The 29 profiles with 13 standard scales, 15 content scales and 11 personality scales were subjected to cluster analysis resulting in three clusters of the original sample. Titles used to describe the psychological features and personality patterns seen in the three clusters included : (1) depression and anxiety : (2) somatization and denial of affect ; (3) anger overcontrol. Future studies on the treatment of IBS patients may well consider these features, as IBS patients have different psychological patterns.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2004

Hwabyung is a Korean culture bound syndrome and translated as anger syndrome at DSM-IV. And it is caused by the suppression of anger and has characteristics of chest discomfort, burning up as physical symptoms, and mortification, chagrin as psychological symptoms. It is very common in the field of psychiatry in Korea with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). * Objective : 95 patients with MDD or Hwabyung, who visited the department of psychiatry in Korea University Medical Center or oriental medical hospital of Kyunghee Medical Center from May 2003 to August 2003, were selected for the study to compare between Major Depressive Disorder and Hwabyung. * Methods : The Structured Clinical Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (SCID) and Hwa-Byung Diagnostic Interview Schedule (HBDIS) were conducted for diagnosis. And Symptom Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) was carried out for comparison between MDD and Hwabyung. * Result : Among the 95 patients, MDD group was 23 persons, Hwabyung group was 36 persons, and MDD plus Hwabyung group was 36 persons and it occupied 37.9%. MDD plus Hwabyung group had higher scores than any other groups in the whole dimensions of SCL-90-R. Hwabyung group had higher scores than MDD group in somatization, anxiety, hostility, Global Severity Index(GSI) and positive symptom total (p<.05) of SCL-90-R, but two groups had no difference in obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal-sensitivity, depression, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism, positive symptom distress index of SCL-90-R. * Conclusion : These result showed that Hwabyung is similar to MDD at the point of depression and psychoticism but more severe at somatization, anxiety and anger than MDD.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

연구목적 본 연구에서는 기능성 위장질환(Functional gastrointestinal disorder, 이하 FGID)이 동반된 정신질환자들의 정신사회적 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 일 대학병원 정신건강의학과 외래를 방문한 환자를 대상으로 Rome III questionnaire - Korean version에 따라 FGID를 선별하여 144명의 자료를 분석하였다. 인구학적 요인을 조사하였으며, 정신사회적 요인을 평가하기 위해 Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-15, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Korean, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory를 사용하였다. 통계분석은 독립표본 t-검정(independent t-test)과 교차분석(chi-square test)을 사용하였다. 결 과 FGID에 따른 집단간 비교에서 학력에 따른 차이가 나타났다(${\chi}^2=10.139$, p=0.017). FGID 집단에 따른 정신질환의 차이에서는 과민성 대장증후군(Irritable bowel syndrome, 이하 IBS) 집단에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. (${\chi}^2=11.408$, p=0.022) IBS 집단은 불안(t=-3.106, p=0.002), 우울증상(t=-2.105, p=0.037), 신체증상(t=-3.565, p<0.001), 특성분노(t=-3.683, p<0.001), 분노-억제(t=-2.463, p=0.015), 분노-표출(t=-2.355, p=0.020)에서 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 기능성 소화불량(Functional dyspepsia) 집단에서는 불안(t=-4.893, p<0.001), 우울증상(t=-3.459, p<0.001), 신체증상(t=-7.906, p<0.001), 특성분노(t=-4.148, p<0.001), 상태분노(t=-2.181, p=0.031), 분노-억제(t=-2.684, p=0.008), 분노-표출(t=-3.005, p=0.003)지표가 유의하게 높았다. 비미란성 위식도 역류증(Nonerosive reflux disease) 집단에서는 불안(t=-4.286, p<0.001), 우울증상(t=-3.402, p<0.001), 신체증상(t=-7.162, p<0.001), 특성분노(t=-2.994, p=0.003), 상태분노(t=-2.259, p=0.025), 분노-억제(t=-2.772, p=0.006), 분노-표출(t=-2.958, p=0.004)에서 유의미하게 높은 수준을 나타냈다. 결 론 본 연구에서는 정신질환자에서 FGID의 유병률이 매우 높고, 다양한 정신사회적 변인들이 이에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이러한 정신의학적 접근은 FGID 환자를 더 잘 이해하고 치료하는데 있어서 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this survey study is to analysis clinical symptoms and patterns of dementia patients. The results of this study will be used to support development of the oriental herbal medicine for dementia. Methods : Clinical data were collected from 41 dementia patients and 20 aged persons who have no cognitive impairment in 3 sites including 2 hospitals and 1 sanatorium. 'The instrument of oriental medical evaluation for dementia' is used to evaluate clinical symptoms and patterns of all subjects. Results : 1. Subjects of deficiency syndrome patterns were nearly three times more than subjects of excess syndrome patterns. 2. In dementia patient group, the average rate for 4 clinical symptoms, related with treatment principle of clear heat, was 26.9%. 3. The average rate for 4 clinical symptoms, related with condition of urine and feces, was 15.6%. 4. The average rate for 5 clinical symptoms, related with anger, irritation, anxiety and restlessness, was 40.0%. Conclusions : 1. It is needed to develop new herbal medicine for dementia focuing on clear heat, anger, irritation, anxiety, restlessness, and condition of urine and feces. 2. 'The instrument of oriental medical evaluation for dementia' has strong tendency that excessively reflects general geriatric symptoms, related to deficiency syndrome patterns. so, more clinical symptoms of excess syndrome should be added in this tool.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.67-81
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• 2009

1. According to causes of attack and symptoms, tinnitus is divided into two categories; deficiency and excess. Causes of excess syndrome of tinnitus were wind fire in the liver and gallbladder, phlegm fire, blood stagnation, and heat in meridian system and the causes of deficiency syndrome of tinnitus were qi deficiency or blood deficiency after an illness or delivery, yin deficiency of liver and kidney, and deficiency of sea of the marrow. 2. Tinnitus was related to the vicera and bowels, especially to liver, gallbladder and urinary bladder. 3. In regard of method of treatment, tonify kidney, nourish heart, clear the liver and discharge heat are used according to visera and bowel theory. Clear phlegm and downbear fire are used for phlegm fire. Tonify spleen and kidney is used for ancestral vessel deficiency. Dispel wind and dissipate fire can be used according to theory of five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors. 4. The basal meridian of acupuncture and moxibustion treatment were the channels of Shaoyang.. 5. Regarding neuropsychiatric aspect of tinnitus, sudden anger and depression of mind were the main mechanism of disease and liver fire was the main cause. The prescriptions for neuropsychiatric tinnitus were Dangguiyonghuehwan, and Yongdamsagantang.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.267-275
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• 2017

Background and Objective: Whabyung is a Korean cultural disorder characterized by a combination of emotional stress and physical symptoms. Acupuncture, herbal medicines and other complementary medicinal treatments are used to treat the symptoms of whabyung. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of acupuncture treatment and herbal medicine treatments on anger, anxiety and depression of whabyung. Methods: Using PubMed, CENTRAL, AMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cnii, CNKI, J-SATGE, PsycArticles, KISS, KoreaMed, kmbase, NDSL, RISS, OASIS and Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal, articles published by March 2017 for whabyung or whabyung-related syndrome were searched. The quality of selected articles was evaluated using RoB and RoBANS. The effects of acupuncture and herbal medicines on anger, anxiety, and depression levels of whabyung patients were considered for meta-analyses. Results: Of the total 2408 articles retrieved from the database, 11 were finally selected and 4 articles were used for meta-analyses. Acupuncture reduced whabyung patients' anger and anxiety. Especially, the state anxiety was significantly reduced (effect size= -0.676, p= .026). Herbal medicine had effects on reducing anxiety and state anger while trait anger was increased without statistical significance. Conclusion: The present study showed the effectiveness of acupuncture and herbal medicines for whabyung patients in general. However, considering the limited availability of articles and the heterogeneity between them included for the meta-analysis, the results should be generalized with caution. In the future, more studies within the structure of evidence-based medicine need to be conducted to generate objective and valid evidences of korean medicine.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.144-153
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the premenstrual syndrome and the relationships among premenstrual syndrome, automatic thought, and perfectionism. Methods: The 164 subjects were selected from a nursing college in Tae-Jeon. The data were collected using the PAF, ATQ-N, and MPS from April 10th to May 10th, 2001. Results: The results of this study were as follows : 1. There was no significant difference in premenstrual syndrome due to menarche, duration of menstruation, and menstrual cycle, but significant difference in premenstrual syndrome due to amount of menstruation and regularity of menstrual cycle. 2. The subjects experienced mild premenstrual syndrome. The severe premenstrual syndromes above the mean were who subjects reported general physical discomfort, fatigue, low mood and loss of pleasure, lability and atypical depressive features, et. al., and those below the mean experienced hostility/anger, increased well-being, miscellaneous mood/behavior change, impulsive syndrome and miscellaneous physical changes, et. al. 3. The score of mean premenstrual syndrome was 236.55, that of automatic thought was 31.41 and that of perfectionism was 185.97. The premenstrual syndrome score was similar to those of other studies and subjects had low automatic thought and moderate perfectionism. 4. There were significant correlations among premenstrual syndrome, automatic thought, and perfectionism (P <. 001). 5. Automatic thought and perfectionism accounted for 17 percent of premenstrual syndrome. Conclusions: For future research, it was recommended that the study to identify major factors affecting premenstrual syndrome and the relationships between them with various subjects should be done and effective nursing intervention for premenstrual syndrome should be developed.