• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.262-267
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• 2005

Epidural block under general anesthesia has been widely used to control postoperative pain. In this anesthetic state many hemodynamic parameters are changed. Moreover pulse transit time is influenced by this memodynamic change. m change in the finger and the toe due to relaxation of arterial wall muscle after general anesthesia and epidural block under general anesthesia. This study, in the both general anesthesia and epidural block under general anesthesia, ${\Delta}PTT$ of the toe and of the finger are measured. In addition, ${\Delta}PTT$(toe-finger) of the epidural block under general anesthesia and of the general anesthesia were compared.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.301-309
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• 1992

The present study was carried out to compare xylazine(2.2mg/kg, IV), xylazine/acepromazine(1.1mg/kg. IV : 0.2mg/kg, IV) and xylazine/diazepam(1.1mg/kg, IV :1.0mg/kg, IV) anesthesia, to determine useful method out of three kinds of anesthesia and tr evaluate this selected method at hypovolemic state. In xylazine, kylazine/acepromazine and kylazine/diazepam anesthesia, the heart rate was increases after administration of atropine until 10minutes after administration of anesthetics and then decreased gradually in all types of anesthesia. The respiratory rate was decreased after administration of anesthetics in all types of anesthesia. The body temperature was rarely changed in xyiazine/acepromazine and xylazine/diazepam anesthesia, but decreased continuously in xylazine anesthesia. In xylazine and kylazine/acepromazine anesthesia the pedal and corneal reflex were not disappeared completely, but reactions to pin pricking were disappeared. In xylazine/diazepam anesthesia their reflex and reactions were disappeared together. The time from head-up to standing was shortest(32.00min) in kylazine/diazepam anesthesia in comparision with xylazine and kylazine/acepromazine anesthesia. In xylazine/diazepam anesthesia, the heart rates in hypovolemic dogs were decreased soon after administration of anesthetics but recovered immediately. The changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypovolemic dogs revealed similar trends to their changes in normal dogs after administration of anesthetics. It is considered that rylazine/diazepam anesthesia is one of the useful anesthetic methods in healthy dogs and also in hypovolemic dogs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.122-125
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• 2016

Although many factors associated with difficult intubation have been known, predictors of difficult mask ventilation are not well known. We experienced a case of nearly complete airway obstruction following usual anesthetic induction which needed various emergency treatments. The patient had a preoperative diagnosis of contact granuloma of right posterior vocal cord and bilateral vocal cord palsy but later was found out as invasive laryngeal cancer. Upon the surgical field of view, both vocal cords were showing significantly thickened and fixated appearance and was considered as in the critical narrowing state with the potential of complete obstruction. Using $C-MAC^{(R)}$ video laryngoscope we were able to see the narrowed vocal cord and choose proper size of endo-tracheal tube. Consequently, intubation was successfully done and operation was conducted. From this case, we have lessons that physicians should examine the patient's airway more carefully in case of laryngeal mass and prepare emergency measures.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2016

The anesthetic depth and cardiovascular effect of alfaxalone constant rate infusion in dogs premedicated with xylazine or acepromazine were evaluated. Ten dogs were randomly allocated into 2 groups. In group AA, dogs were premedicated with 0.02 mg/kg of intravenous acepromazine at 15 min before induction. In group XA 1.1 mg/kg of intravenous xylazine was premedicated at 5 min before induction. The anesthesia was maintained with 6 mg/kg/hr of alfaxalone after induction with 2 mg/kg alfaxalone in both groups. In both of groups, the qualities of induction were satisfactory without any adverse event, but adequate analgesia could not be provided, according to the withdrawal test. $PaO_2$ and $SaO_2$ implied a slight hypoxemia state in XA group, while those values of group AA were not significantly changed. The acepromazine and alfaxalone combination induce mild tachycardia. The bispectral index score were significantly decreased in group XA, compared with that in group AA. The premedication of xylazine before alfaxalone constant rate infusion in this study could provide adequate analgesia during 30 min, while the premedication with acepromazine could not.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.139-143
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• 2013

The patient who has congenital hypothyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism could have mental retardation even though adequate hormone treatment and cannot endure conventional dental treatment. In this case, general anesthesia is selected to administer effective dental treatment. But, there could be symptoms such as anemia, neuropathy, associated pituitary or adrenal hypofunction, cardiac failure even in euthyroid state. And, bradycardia, mental dullness, hypothermia, slow reflexes can appear in case of inadequate thyroid hormone replacement. Especially, macroglosssia, slow drug metabolism, exaggerated responses to anesthetic agents and decreased ventilatory responses could be problem during general anesthesia. The presentation of hypoparathyroidism also varies depending on the chronicity of the result of hypocalcemia. Muscle spasms/tetany, paresthesias, and seizures may occur in an acute onset. Chronic hypocalcaemia causes fatigue, muscle cramps, lethargy, personality changes, and cerebration defects.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.127-131
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• 1990

Pediatric caudal anesthesia was done in 50 infants and children under 10 years of age, who were to undergo surgery of inguinal region. All cases were given 10mg/kg body weight of 1% lidocaine solution with epinephrine 1:200,000. The results were as follows : 1) Pediatric caudal anesthesia was simple, easy and reliable in technique. 2) Additional intravenous administration of Ketamine or pentothal sodium was needed. ie, to provide a more cooperative state. 3) Anesthetic effect was judged very Excellent. 4) Cardiovascular and respiratory changes were minimal. Author's came to conclusion that caudal anesthesia for pediatric inguinal region surgery is reliable, simple in technique, favorable to surgeon, and is considered to be a good technique for pediatric anesthesia.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4065-4072
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of topical EMLA Cream on venipuncture related pain and anxiety of surgery patient from oct. 27 to nov, 13, 2011, EMLA Cream was applied to the experimental group(n=40) 1hour before the procedure, but was not applied to the control group (n=37). The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS WIN 15.0 program. The percentage, mean and standard deviation were figured statistic, ${\chi}^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA, Correlation analysis were performed. Consequently, Pain in the EMLA applied experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group. also state anxiety in the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. correlation of pain and anxiety after EMLA was related. EMLA cream was considered to be an effective local anesthetic for preoperative venipuncture on pain and anxiety.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.770-775
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• 2008

Autonomic nervous system of the anesthetized patients can be influenced by the many kinds of stimulations such as intubation, surgical incision and so on. The changes of the heart rates and blood pressures are surrogates of responses of the autonomic system to the external stimulations. Recently, the power spectral analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV) made it easy to know the fractions and changes of sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic systems. In this study, the changes of pulse transit time, one of the response of vessels to stimulations, was investigated in relation to the HRV. Ten patients were examined and average age is 22.5 $\pm$ 11.04, average weight is 63 $\pm$ 14.4 kg. The patients were anesthetized only by sevoflurane inhalation. Pulse transit time is determined by calculating the difference of the time between the R peak of ECG and the characteristic point of the plethysmography. Power spectral density (PSD) of the HRV was achieved in the frequency of 0.04-0.15 (LF) and 0.15-0.4 (HF). Compared to preanesthetic period the values of LF and LF/HF ratio of HRV were decreased (p<0.05). HF and PTT was increased in anesthetic state with sevoflurane. Otherwise, after intubation, the HF was decreased and LF, LF/HF ratio and PTT were increased. PSD of the HRV is well-known for the index of the autonomic nervous activity. Not only HRV but PTT analysis also is a useful index reflecting the autonomic responses to various stimulations. And this analysis is useful in bed side monitoring because the calculating method is simple and it takes shorter processing time compared to the HRV analysis.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.508-513
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• 2018

Tidal volume by sevoflurane in small amounts is stable due to the increase in the breathing rate. But alveolus ventilation decreases due to sevoflurane as the degree of sedation increases; this ultimately causes $PaCO_2$ to rise. The occurrence of suppression of breath increases the risk of severe hypoxia and hypercapnia in deeply sedated patients with disabilities. Sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia has a number of risks and may have unexpected problems with hemodynamic changes depending on the underlying state of the body. This study was conducted to examine the stability of internal acid-base system caused by respiratory depression occurring when patients with disabilities are induced by sevoflurane. Anesthetic induction was carried out by placing a mask on top of the patient's face and through voluntary breathing with 4 vol% of sevoflurane, 4 L/min of nitrous oxide, and 4 L/min of oxygen. After the patient's loss of consciousness and muscle relaxation, IV line was inserted by an expert and intravenous blood gas was analyzed by extracting blood from vein. In a deeply sedated state, the average amount of pH of the entire patients was measured as $7.36{\pm}0.06$. The average amount of $PvCO_2$ of the entire patients was measured as $48.8{\pm}8.50mmHg$. The average amount of $HCO_3{^-}$ of the entire patients was measured as $27.2{\pm}3.0mmol/L$. In conclusion, in dental treatment of patients with disabilities, the internal acid base response to inhalation sedation using sevoflurane is relatively stable.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 1984

In the beginning of anesthetic training, one of the clinical practices that anesthetists have to learn is manually controlled ventilatory techniques. The popularity of manually controlled ventilatory techniques has been gradually decreased with increased use for anesthetic ventilators. However it is important and basic for the anesthetists to master manually controlled ventilatory techniques skillfully. Recently, we analyzed the arterial blood gas in 30 cases before and during general anesthesia, and studied the effects of the manually controlled ventilation on the pulmonary gas exchange. The results were as follow; 1) Mean value of $PaCO_2$ during the manually controlled ventilation, $29.9{\pm}2.9mmHg$ was decreased statistically comparing with that of $PaCO_2$ before the anesthesia, $39.8{\pm}2.8mmHg$. 2) Mean values of pH and ${HCO_3}^-$ during the manually controlled ventilation were $7.48{\pm}0.03$, $22.2{\pm}2.4mEq/l$, respectively and values before the anesthesia were $7.41{\pm}0.02$, $25.2{\pm}1.8mEq/l$, respectively. 3) Mean values of $PaO_2$ and $O_2$ saturation during the manually controlled ventilation were $270.0{\pm}28.8mmHg$, $99.6{\pm}0.2%$, respectively and values before the anesthesia were $92.5{\pm}4.0mmHg$, $96.9{\pm}1.0%$ respectively. These results indicates that manually controlled ventilation at our department of anesthesiology produced mild hyperventilatory state. However these were no significant changes in cerebral blood flow and other biochemical parameters.