• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.79-96
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• 2021

Green infrastructure planning represents landscape planning measures to reduce particulate matter. This study aimed to derive factors that may be used in planning green infrastructure for particulate matter reduction using text mining techniques. A range of analyses were carried out by focusing on keywords such as 'particulate matter reduction plan' and 'green infrastructure planning elements'. The analyses included Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) analysis, centrality analysis, related word analysis, and topic modeling analysis. These analyses were carried out via text mining by collecting information on previous related research, policy reports, and laws. Initially, TF-IDF analysis results were used to classify major keywords relating to particulate matter and green infrastructure into three groups: (1) environmental issues (e.g., particulate matter, environment, carbon, and atmosphere), target spaces (e.g., urban, park, and local green space), and application methods (e.g., analysis, planning, evaluation, development, ecological aspect, policy management, technology, and resilience). Second, the centrality analysis results were found to be similar to those of TF-IDF; it was confirmed that the central connectors to the major keywords were 'Green New Deal' and 'Vacant land'. The results from the analysis of related words verified that planning green infrastructure for particulate matter reduction required planning forests and ventilation corridors. Additionally, moisture must be considered for microclimate control. It was also confirmed that utilizing vacant space, establishing mixed forests, introducing particulate matter reduction technology, and understanding the system may be important for the effective planning of green infrastructure. Topic analysis was used to classify the planning elements of green infrastructure based on ecological, technological, and social functions. The planning elements of ecological function were classified into morphological (e.g., urban forest, green space, wall greening) and functional aspects (e.g., climate control, carbon storage and absorption, provision of habitats, and biodiversity for wildlife). The planning elements of technical function were classified into various themes, including the disaster prevention functions of green infrastructure, buffer effects, stormwater management, water purification, and energy reduction. The planning elements of the social function were classified into themes such as community function, improving the health of users, and scenery improvement. These results suggest that green infrastructure planning for particulate matter reduction requires approaches related to key concepts, such as resilience and sustainability. In particular, there is a need to apply green infrastructure planning elements in order to reduce exposure to particulate matter.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.324-333
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• 2001

Purpose: $^{123}I$-labeled fatty acids have been used in the evaluation of regional myocardial energy metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of $^{123}I$-BMIPP as a liposarcoma-imaging agent. Materials and Methods: We compared in vitro uptakes between liposarcoma(SW872) and glioma(9L) cell lines, and examined biodistribution and in vivo images of $^{123}I$-BMIPP in liposarcoma-bearing nude mice. Cold-BMIPP was labeled with $^{123}I\;using\;Cu^{2+}$ as catalyst. After purification by Sep-pak, radiochemical purity was determined by TLC. We compared cellular uptake between glioma and liposarcoma after incubation of 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 mins with culture medium containing $^{123}I$-BMIPP. The difference in biodistribution was determined between non-feeding (water only) group for 18 hr and feeding group in normal mice (n=6/group) at 0.5, 2, and 24 hr. In liposarcoma-hearing nude mice model, liposarcoma, SW872, ceil lines were injected subcutaneously into the felt thigh of nude mice. The biodistribution of $^{123}I$-BMIPP was evaluated at 0.5, 2, and 24 hr (n:5 / group) and in vivo Image of $^{123}I$-BMIPP was obtained with gamma camera at 2 and 24 hr in liposarcoma-hearing nude mice. Results: Radiolabeling yield and radiochemical purity were 95% and above 99%, respectively. SW872 cell line showed more increased uptake than 9L with 1.5 times at 180 mins. The clearance of $^{123}I$-BMIPP in various tissues was more delayed in the non-feeding group than in the feeding group, especially at delayed time (24 hr) in normal mice, and the major excreting organ was the gastrointestinal tract. In liposarcoma-bearing nude mice, tumor/blood ratio of $^{123}I$-BMIPP was 0.94, 0.75, and 1.38 and tumor/muscle ratio was 0.66, 1.53, and 1.11 at 0.5, 2, and 24hr, respectively. $^{123}I$-BMIPP was selectively localized in liposarcoma at 24 hr image. Conclusions: These results suggest that $^{123}I$-BMIPP can be used as a liposarcoma-imaging agent.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.204-216
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• 2024

Understanding the trade-off effect in ecosystem services and measuring the interrelationships between services are crucial for managing limited environmental resources. Accordingly, in this study, we identified the dominant trends and increases and decreases in ecosystem services derived from changes in land cover over about 30 years and tracked changes in the relationships between ecosystem services that occurred over time. Through it, we determined the relationship between land cover changes and ecosystem service changes, as well as the distinct characteristics of service changes in different areas. The research primarily utilized the InVEST model, an ecosystem service assessment model. After standardizing the evaluation results between 0 and 1, it went through principal component analysis, a dimensionality reduction technique, to observe the time-series changes and understand the relationships between the services. According to the research results, the area of urbanized regions dramatically increased between 1989 and 2019, while forests showed a significant increase between 2009 and 2019. Between 1989 and 2019, the national ecosystem service supply witnessed a 13.9% decrease in water supply, a 10.5% decrease in nitrogen retention, a 2.6% increase in phosphorus retention, a 0.9% decrease in carbon storage, a 1.2% increase in air purification, and a 3.4% decrease in habitat quality. Over the past 30 years, South Korea experienced an increase in urbanized areas, a decrease in agricultural land, and an increase in forests, resulting in a trade-off effect between phosphorus retention and habitat quality. This study concluded that South Korea's environment management policies contribute to improving ecosystem quality, which has declined due to urbanization, and maximizing ecosystem services. These findings can help policymakers establish and implement forestry policies focusing on sustainable environmental conservation and ecosystem service provision.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.317-327
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• 1987

As a series of studies on the suitability as a second intermediate host of Clonorchis sinensis, artificial infection experiments were applied to Tilapia mossambica. And then, in order to elucidate the defence mechanism of the fish to Clonorchis, clonorchicidal substance in the epidermal mucus of the fish was isolated by silica gel column and thin layer chromatography and analyzed for its chemical structure by UV, IR and NMR-spectroscopy. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The cercariae which attempted to contact with the fish in the water were observed under stereomicroscope. After contact, the cercariae began to separate their tail from the body after several minutes and then the number increased to $80\%$ more than 10 minutes after the encounter. But very few cercariae could actually invade the epidermis of the fish. 2. The fish were reared with Parafossarulus manchouricus which were shedding numerous cercariae of Clonorchis in the aquarium for 24 hours. Only a few cercariae could invade the epidermis but most of the invaded cercariae died out before forming their cysts. Very few number of the remaining encysted cercariae were also found to be in a state of suspended animation within 42 hours. 3. In the cases of the control fish, Pseudorasbora parva, numerous cercariae of Clonorchis were found to invade the fish through the epidermis under stereomicroscope. Then many metacercariae of Clonorchis were also found in the fish while they were kept in the aquarium. 4. A sample of the epidermal mucus of Tilapia mossambica was extracted with ethly ether 6 times repeatedly. In silica gel column chromatography, using petroleum ether: chloroform/30:70(v/v) as a first solvent and MeOH as a second solvent, the extract was fractionated into the yellow and brownish red solutions in the first solvent and the clonorchicidal brownish yellow solution in the second sovent. 5. The clonorchicidal brownish yellow solution was added to petroleum ether, and the mixture was stored for 5 days at $5^{\circ}C$ and was, then, separated into supernatant fraction and precipitate. Ten mg/ml of the supernatant fraction killed, in vitro, the excysted metacercariae in 45 minutes but the precipitate in 600 minutes. 6. In silica gel column chromatography, using acetone: benzene/10:90(v/v) as a solvent, the more clonorchicidal supernatant fraction was fractionated into the first fraction with Rf. 0.2966 and the second fraction with Rf. 0.072. In vitro, 10mg/ml of the first fraction killed the excysted metacercariae in 28 minutes, the second fraction in 80 minutes and the first fraction was, therefore, determined to be a final clonorchicidal substance. 7. By this purification procedures, the most clonorchicidal substance from the epidermal mucus of Tilapia mossambica was purified 71-folds with $0.2075\%$ yield. Infra red, nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet spectrometric analysis of the purified substance revealed that the substance is linoleic acid. According to the results of the present studies it seemed that this species can not serve as a proper intermediate host of Clonorchis sinensis, and that defence mechanism to the fluke seems to be correlated with linoleic acid in the epidermal mucus of this species.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.324-332
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• 2019

Most countries including Korea and Indonesia have strong policy for implementing biofuels like biodiesel. Shortage of the oil feedstock is the main barrier for increasing the supply of biodiesel fuel. In this study, in order to improve the stability of feedstock supply and lower the biodiesel production cost, the feasibility of biodiesel production using two types of Indonesian tropical crop oils, pressed at different harvesting times, were investigated. R. Trisperma oils, a high productive non-edible feedstocks, were investigated to produce biodiesel by esterification and transesterification because of it's high impurity and free fatty acid contents. the kindly provided oils from Indonesia were required to perform the filtering and water removal process to increase the efficiency of the esterificaton and transesterification reactions. The esterification used heterogeneous acid catalyst, Amberlyst-15. Before the reaction, the acid value of two types oil were 41, 17 mg KOH/g respectively. After the pre-esterification reaction, the acid value of oils were 3.7, 1.8 mg KOH/g respectively, the conversions were about 90%. Free fatty acid content was reduced to below 2%. Afterwards, the transesterification was performed using KOH as the base catalyst for transesterification. The prepared biodiesel showed about 93% of FAME content, and the total glycerol content was 0.43%. It did not meet the quality specification(FAME 96.5% and Total glycerol 0.24%) since the tested oils were identified to have a uncommon fatty acid, generally not found in vegetable oils, ${\alpha}$-eleostearic acid with much contents of 10.7~33.4%. So, it is required to perform the further research on reaction optimization and product purification to meet the fuel quality standards. So if the biodiesel production technology using un-utilized non-edible feedstock oils is successfully developed, stable supply of the feedstock for biodiesel production may be possible in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2021

TiO2 has been used in various fields such as solar cells, dental implants, and photocatalysis, because it has high physical and chemical stability and is harmless to the body. TiO2 nanofibers which have a large specific surface area also show a good reactivity in bio-friendly products and excellent photocatalysis in air and water purification. To fabricate TiO2 nanofibers, an electrospinning method was used. To observe the diameter of TiO2 nanofibers with fabrication variables, the fabrication variables was divided into precursor composition variables and process variables and microstructure was analyzed. The concentrations of PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) and TTIP (Titanium(IV) isopropoxide) were selected as precursor composition variables, and inflow velocity and voltage were also selected as process variables. Microstructure and crystal structure of TiO2 nanofibers were analyzed using FE-SEM (Field emission scanning electron microscope) and XRD (X-ray diffraction), respectively. As-spun TiO2 nanofibers with an average diameter of about 0.27 ㎛ to 1.31 ㎛ were transformed to anatase TiO2 nanofibers with an average diameter of about 0.22 ㎛ to 0.78 ㎛ after heat treatment of 3 hours at 450℃. Anatase TiO2 nanofibers with an average diameter of 0.22 ㎛ can be expected to improve the photocatalytic properties by increasing the specific surface area. To change the average diameter of TiO2 nanofibers, the control of precursor composition variables such as concentrations of PVP and TTIP is more efficient than the control of electrospinning process variables such as inflow velocity and voltage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.716-723
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• 1995

The fucoidan purified from Korean brown seaweed, Ecklonia stolonifera was characterized on molecular structure and blood anticoagulant activities. Extraction was conducted at $100^{\circ}C$ with water and repeated twice. The crude fucodian was 151.1g out of 20.0 kg of Ecklonia stolonifera. The Fucoidan-1, which was purified from crude fucoidan using calcium chloride and cetyl pyridium chloride (CPC), was 35.2% against crude fucoidan. Fucoidan-5 was obtained approximately 28.1% from Fucoidan-1 through DEAE-Toyopearl 650 M ion-exchange column chromatography and showed one band by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The molecular weight of Fucoidan-5 was estimated to be about 21,000∼23,000 dalton by Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration chromatography. Fucoidan-5 consists of 35.7% of fucose and 4.3% of galactose and the molar ratio of fucose and sulfate was about one to one. IR spectrum of Fucoidan-5 showed absorption at $1240\;cm^{-1}\;and\;850\;cm^{-1}$ and specific rotation value, $[\alpha]$, was $[\alpha]$. These results suggests that the sulfate maybe bind at $C_{4}$ carbon on ${\alpha}-L-fucose$. Gas chromatograph of methyl alditol acetate revealed that Fucoidan-5 is a fucose containing sulfated polysaccharide with $({\alpha}l-2)\;or\;({\alpha}l-2)$ glycosidic linkage. Anti-thrombin activity of the Fucoidan-5 was estimated as 1.4 time stronger than heparin. From above results, the purification methods using CPC and ion exchange chromatography is effective tools for obtaining highly purified fucoidan from Gompi, Ecklonia stolonifera.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2002

This study was conducted to develope the new solid separating system which can be efficiently and economically removed the solid parts in high pollutants concentration of pig slurry. The pollutants concentration, BOD$_{5}$ , COD and SS of the slurry used in this study was 15,990($\pm$2,389)mg/l, 20,004($\pm$5,512)mg/l and 26,486($\pm$5,935)mg/l, respectively. After removal of solid part in slurry, the pollutants concentration, BOD$_{5}$, COD and SS was change into 5,617($\pm$690)mg/l, 5,553($\pm$633)mg/land 1,456($\pm$341)mg/l, respectively in the Fixed biological membrane tank. The reduction of the pollutants concentration of suspend liquid through membrane will be allowed to greatly improve the water purification by an Activated sludge method. This separating system consisted of a temporary storage, a circulating tank and a Fixed Biological membrane tank. A temporary storage which has a draining system of screw type and an aeration device played a tremendous role in draining the solid by filled an aeration of 0.3 l/min. A Fixed Biological membrane tank of which a styrofoam filled in a 2/3 volume as a Biological media was fixed by a stainless steel net (pore size : 0.5mm) to separate the liquid layer of influx in them. The separating system efficiency factors were the speed of screw motor, cycle number of slurries in a circulating tank and moisture contents of solid effluent through the screw path. Although the pollutants concentration was very variable in temporary storage, the final concentration of $BOD_5$ and SS, except COD of the suspended liquid in a Fixed biological membrane were not different regardless of cycle number of a circulating tank. Moisture contents of effluent from temporary storage was 73% under the speed 1 ppm of screw motor and 62% under the 1/4rpm of it.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.201-213
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• 2003

The adsorption property and ability of domestic zeolites for some heavy metal ions (Ag, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn), which may cause a serious environmental problem in industrial wastewater, were evaluated on ore unit through a series of adsorption experiments together with careful examinations of mineral composition and properties of the zeolites. Though the adsorption behavior basically took place in the form of a cation exchange reaction, the higher CEC value does not necessarily to imply the higher adsorption capacity for a specific heavy metal. A general trend of the adsorption selectivity for heavy metals in the zeolites is determined to be as follow: $Ag\geq$Pb>Cr,Cu$\geq$Zn>Mn, but the adsorption properties of heavy metal ions somewhat depend on the species and composition of zeolite. Clinoptilolite tends to adsorb selectively Cu in case of Cr and Cu, whereas heulandite prefers Cr to Cu. A dominant adsorption selectivity of the zeolite ores for Ag and Pb is generally conspicuous regardless of their zeolite species and composition. The zeolite ores exhibit a preferential adsorption especially for $Ag^{+}$ so as not to regenerate when treated with $Na^{+}$ . In the adsorption capacity for heavy meta ions, the zeolites differ in great depending on their species: ferrierite>clinoptilolite>heulandite. Considering the CEC value of mordenite, the mordenite-rich ore appears to be similar to the clinoptilolite ore in the adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity for heavy metals is not positively proportional to the CEC values of the zeolites measured by the exchange reaction with ammonium ion. In addition, the adsorption capacity roughly tends to depend on the zeolite contents, i.e., the grade of zeolite ore, but the trend is not consistent at all in some ores. These may be caused by the adsorption selectivity for some specific heavy metals, the presence of possible stacking micro-faults and natural cations such as K hardly to exchange in the zeolite. Considering the economic availability and functional effectiveness as natural zeolite resources, clinoptilolite ores could be applicable to utilize the domestic zeolites for the removal of heavy metals.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1191-1197
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• 2000

In the preliminary study, we investigated the anti-complementary activities of 62 extracts from Korean edible seaweeds. Of those, Pachymeniopsis elliptica showed the highest anti-complementary activity. Therefore, it was purified as follows; i) PE-1 by ethanol precipitation, ii) PE-1-C by ultrafiltration, iii) PE-1-CIV by DEAE-Toyopearl 650C, and iv) PE-1-CIV-ii by Sepharose CL-6B. The purified compound, PE-1-CIV-ii, was the complexed homogeneous polysaccharide (molecular mass: 780 kDa) with 82.9% of anti-complementary activity. Also, it contained a significant amount of sulfate group (30.5%), which indicated it as a sulfated algal polysaccharide. Its structural monosaccharides were galactose (44.3%), 3,6-anhydrogalactose (34.0%), glucose (8.2%), fucose (5.4%), xylose (5.2%) and rhamnose (2.9%). After the treatment of periodate on a sample, a significant decrease in anti-complementary activity was found, which was a characteristic of bioactive polysaccharides. And-tumor activity of PE-1-A, B and C was tested in the sarcoma-180 solid tumor model. The PE-1-C with the largest molecular mass (more than 300 kDa) showed 81% of inhibition on the solid tumors, suggesting that the anti-complementary activity was, at least in part, related to anti-tumor activity. Based upon these results, the purified polysacchardes could be an immunopotentiator in vivo.