• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 1987

The purpose of the present research was to investigate (I) the acquisition of character constancy of self and others as a function of age; (2) the pattern of acquisition of character constancy, and (3) the relationships between character constancy and conservation of number and mass. The subjects of this study were 160 children, 20 boys and 20 girls at each grade level, kindergarter through grade 3. The Character Constancy Tasks devised bi Rotenberg (1982) and conservation task of number and mass were administered to each child. Chi square, Guttman Scale analysis and Pearson's Correlation were used for the statistical analysis of data. The findings showed that there was increase with age in character constancy of others and of sell in that there was increase with age in children's belief that the characteristics of another person are stable across time and consistent despite changes in a person's appearance. Character constancy of others and of self were acquired in the developmental stages of identity, stability, and consistency. Character constancy of others and self correlated with the conservation of number and mass.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.757-786
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• 2011

Seneca, the most influential classical Stoic and Justus Lipsius, the founder of Renaissance Stoicism suggest constancy, an unmovable strength of the steadfast mind based on reason and sound judgment, as a practical way or attitude in life full of both public and private evils. As a member of the Sidney family, Wroth is very much likely to have been influenced in molding her concept of constancy by Senecan and Lipsian Stoicism, which was introduced into England through Sir Philip Sidney's friendship with Lipsius. This paper explores Wroth's concept of constancy in Urania as a Stoic ideal in the context of the major Stoic writings of Seneca and Lipsius. While the titular character of the romance Urania shows some inherent attributes of Stoic constancy from the beginning of the romance, Pamphilia as the pattern of constancy gradually perfects the virtue through the ordeals of her love of Amphilanthus and her queenship. Her frequent retirements into private and secluded places are the essential occasions for her disciplining in Stoic constancy through self-examinations of her psychological and emotional disorders and poetry writing. Amphilanthus, a constantly inconstant lover, fully understands the importance of constancy in love as well in life only after his marriage to another woman and Pamphilia's marriage to another man. At the end of the romance they come to accept the vicissitudes of life in Stoic constancy. In Urania, Wroth transforms the strongly masculine Stoic constancy into a female heroic ideal. Thereby she presents those female characters as important political, ethical and cultural subjects and their constancy as a thread through the labyrinths of love and life.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.4502-4512
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• 2014

This article presents a reformulation of the Grey Edge framework for colour constancy. Colour constancy is the ability of a visual system to perceive objects' colours independently of their scenes' illuminants. Colour constancy algorithms try to estimate the colour of an illuminant from image values. This estimation can later be used to correct the image as though it were taken under a white illuminant. The modification presented allows the framework to incorporate image-specific filters instead of the commonly used edge detectors. A colour constancy algorithm is proposed using PCA and FastICA linear component analyses methods for the construction of such filters. The results show that the proposed method improves the accuracies of the Grey Edge framework algorithms whilst on the other hand, achieving comparable accuracies with the state-of-the-art methods, but improving their time efficiencies.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.82-97
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) the developmental level of children's concept of gender by age and sex. (2) children's sex-specific behaviors by age and sex, and (3) children's sex-specific behaviors by developmental level of gender constancy. The subjects were 164 children (forty 3-year-olds, forty-three 5-year-olds, forty 7-year-olds and forty-one 9-year olds) with nearly equal numbers of boys and girls. They were selected from two kindergartens and one elementary school. A quasi experiment was carried out with the procedures described by Slaby and Frey (1976) to measure children's developmental level of the concept of gender constancy. Two experiments were carried out to observe children's sex-specific behaviors: one for children's toy choice behavior and the other for children's interaction with their peers. Statistical methods adopted for data analysis were frequencies. percentiles, mean. and $X^2$. It was found that children's sex-specific behaviors were different according to their developmental level of gender constancy. Children's developmental level of gender constancy was significantly different according to their age, but there was no difference according to their sex. Children's toy-choice behavior was significantly different according to their age and sex. Children's sex-specific behaviors were significantly different according to their concept of gender constancy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 1996.06a
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• pp.181-185
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• 1996

Color image is largely corrupted by various ambient illumination. However, human perceives always white color as white under any illumination because of a characteristic of human vision, called color constancy. In the conventional algorithm which applied the constancy effect, after the RGB color space is transformed to the IHS(Intensity, Hue, and Saturation) color space, then the hue is preserved and the intensity or the saturation is properly enhanced. Then the enhanced IHS color is reversely transformed to the RGB color space. In this process, the color distortion is included due to the color gamut error. But in the proposed algorithm, there is not transformation. In that, the RGB color is considered as 3 dimensional color vector and we assume that white color is the natural daylight. As the color vector of the illumination can be calculated as the average vector of R, G, and B image, we can achieve the constancy effect by simply rotating the illumination vector to the white color vector. The simulation results show the efficiency of the vector rotating process for color image enhancement.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.95-97
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• 1984

In [1] L. Nirenberg constructed a famous example of a smooth vector field which have only the constant functions as solutions in an open subset of the plane. Explanations of this phenomenon have been proposed in Treves [3] and Sjostrand [2]. The explanation in [3] is related to the following so-called "local constancy principle".ple".uot;.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose a face detection method based on color constancy and geometrical analysis. With the problem about the various colors of skin under scene illuminant, a color constancy method is applied to input images and geometrical analysis is used to detect face regions. At first, the candidates of face or hair are extracted from the image that a color constancy method is applied to, and are classified by some geometrical criterions. And then, face candidates which have some intersectional regions whose total is over a certain size, with hair candidates are selected as faces. Caltech Face DB was used to compare the performance of our method. Also, performance about scene illuminant was evaluated by images which have some illumination effects. The experiment results show that the proposed face detection method was applicable to various facial images because of high true-positive and low false-negative ration.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.332-345
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• 2010

A unified image enhancement method is proposed for high-resolution image which based on color constancy and histogram equalization using edge region. To speed up the method, smaller image is used when parameters of color constancy and histogram equalization are determined. In the color constancy process, nth-derivative of gaussian is applied to x and y axis separately in order to estimate the color of the illumination rapidly. In the histogram equalization process, the histogram obtained from near-edge region is used for the histogram equalization. In the experiments, high-resolution images taken by digital camcorder are used for verifying the performance of the proposed method.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.10C
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• pp.621-628
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• 2011

The skin color has been used as important cues in the systems for detecting or recognizmg the face. However, the color difference in images under different illuminants makes it difficult to find out the skin in these systems. For solving the problem, this paper proposes a method of recovering skin colors based on well-known color constancy approaches, such as Retinex, Gray World, White Patch, and Simplified Horn. To acquire experimental images under the colored scene illumination, the effects of colored illuminants were added to source images. Next, result images, having the corrected skin color by the constancy methods, were derived from the source images. The experiment results showed that most of the skin colors in our experiments were recovered into some steady range in the color space, and that Gray World had higher performance than the other methods compared.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.125-133
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• 2017

Color in an image is determined by illuminant and surface reflectance. So, to recover unique color of object, estimation of exact illuminant is needed. In this study, the illumination models suggested to get the object color constancy with the physical illumination model based on physical phenomena. Their characteristics and application limits are presented and the necessity of an extended illumination model is suggested to get more appropriate object colors recovered. The extended illumination model should contain an additional term for the ambient light in order to account for spatial variance of illumination in object images. Its necessity is verified through an experiment under simple lighting environment in this study. Finally, a reconstruction method for recovering input images under standard white light illumination is experimented and an useful method for computing object color reflectivity is suggested and experimented which can be induced from combination of the existing illumination models.