• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.1-21
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• 2021

This study traced the origin and transformation of word library linked with archives in the ancient Near East, and Greece and Rome. First, the word library has two origins. One is derived from the Latin bibliothēkē from the ancient Greek βιβλιοθήκη. The first trace is Pollux's Onomasticon in the second half of the 2nd century, and if considered as a set of literature texts, it is Lipsius's De Bibliothecis Syntagma in 1602. The other was established as an library in the early 14th century after Latin libraria (or librarium) was translated into Old French librairie (or librarie). The word library was coined by Chaucer in 1374. Second, the clay tablet repository that existed in the ancient Near East is close to an archive, but the official name is unknown. However, the Ashurbanipal clay tablet archive is far from the principle of respect for original order and origins emphasized by the archivists, so it is not a royal archive, but a prototype of the royal library. And the official name of the Library of Alexandria was 'Βιβλιοθήκη της Αλεξάνδρειας', and then it was changed to 'ALEXANDRINA BYBLIOTHECE'. Third, In ancient Greece and Rome, archives and libraries were separated. Greece libraries were at the level of a small libraries attached to gymnasiums, and had few independent titles. The names of the Roman libraries often attached to the public baths were mixed with βιβλιοθήκη and Bibliotheca. Finally, the ancient library was succeeded to the cathedral bibliothek, and was transformed into 'bayt al-hikmah' in the Islamic Empire. In Japan, China, and Korea, Japanese-Chinese word library was accepted at the end of the 19th century, but there are many issues that require follow-up research.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.528-534
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• 2016

The aim of this paper is to consider the effect of the manufacturing processes on corrosion and centerline cracking of ancient bronze spoons. The ancient bronze spoons in question were made by several steps of forging, in reheated condition with cast ingots. The manufacturing method is similar to that of the modern spoons. The investigations include observations from light and scanning electron microscopes of the microstructure in terms of the crack propagation. Cracks in the centerline are caused by solute segregation in the center-line region; this solute is solidified in the final stage of bronze spoon manufacture. Centerline cracking is also caused by ${\alpha}$ phase segregation, accompanied by forged overlapping along the longitudinal direction of the spoons. A vertical stripe with cracks along the centerline of the spoon's width is formed by folding in the wrought process. The overlapping area causes crack propagation with severe corrosion on the spoon surfaces over a period of a thousand years. The failure mechanisms of ancient bronze spoons may be similar to that of modern spoons, and the estimation of the failure mechanisms of ancient spoons can be appropriate to determine failure causes for such modern spoons.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.2 s.33
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• pp.66-73
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• 2006

This study is on Yoshimasu Todo's thoughts of a real doctor and medicine. Conclusions are as below. disease-doctor[疾醫] is a doctor treating diseases by poisonous medicines. His role is different from food-doctor[食醫] who recuperates vital energy by food. Unlike food-doctor, a disease-doctor only detoxicates poisons of diseases by using poisonous medicines. Disease-doctor shall not take credit upon himself for the service of Heaven' s power. This is Yoshimasu Todo's view of a real doctor. Medicine is not an imagination, but a reality. It is the recognition of knowing what can be known and seeing what can be seen The truth of medicine is in ancient words(古語), ancient teachings[古訓] and ancient ways[古法]. To study medicine is not recklessly believing and following the contents of ancient medical texts-${\ulcorner}$Sanghanlon(傷寒論)${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Geumgwe-yolyag(金置要略)${\lrcorner}$,${\ulcorner}$Somun(素問)${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Yeongchu(靈樞)${\lrcorner}$. It is to follow the ancient ways written and left in ancient books and not to follow wrong ways fabricated by after ages. The theories of eum-yang-obaeng(陰陽五行) and o-un-yuggi(五運六氣) are useless to medicine because these are groudless ones. This is Yoshimasu Todo's view of medicine.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.11-22
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• 2003

In this paper, we investigate the types and roles of ancient mathematical proof by exploring Gu-Jang-Sal-Sul. Gu-Jang-Sal-Sul is a ancient Chinese mathematics book. Types of proof contained in Gu-Jang-Sal-Sul are enactive proof and intuitive proof and the role of proof is explanation. And we suggest social background of proof in Gu-Jang-Sal-Sul topographically, culturally, and logically.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.153-153
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• 2017

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2008

It has been considered that 'exhausted eclipses' (日食旣) were total eclipses. However, modern precise calculations show that a significant fraction of such records are not realized to be total. Thus we doubt that the two concepts are equivalent. Here we investigate the meaning of 'exhausted eclipses' in the east-Asian history. We first find that eclipses of magnitude greater than 0.8 were regarded as 'exhausted eclipses' by a Korean astronomer of the 18th-century Choson dynasty. His notion was based upon the definition of 'exhausted eclipses' in the ephemerides of pre-modern Chinese dynasties. According to those ephemerides, the 'exhausted eclipses', whose magnitude is greater than 0.8, have the first contact at the western part of the solar disk and the fourth contact at the eastern part of the solar disk. A simple geometrical calculation shows that such cases really occur when the magnitude of eclipse is greater than 0.7. We pointed out that such an ancient definition might not be impractical for ancient astronomers, because the uncertainty of eclipse magnitude estimated by ancient Chinese ephemerides was 10% and the human sight has a spatial resolution of 1.2 arcmin, which is approximately one twentieth of the Sun's angular diameter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.35
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• pp.135-149
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• 1997

In this thesis the northeast Asian footwear culture are examined,. in order to search the origin It started from the cradle of ancient civilization such as Meospotamia Egypt Indus and ancient China civilization region prior to the northeast Asia. The results are: On account severe intense climates and rough road as well ancient people starts to put the shoes on. Primitive form of ancient footwear put into the two categories: Chinese in the central land begins to put the shoes named Lee. After making contact with nomadic northern races boots named Wha is adopted functionally and taken throughout China. oreans wear the shoes both boots and shoes named Lee. Japanese walked with bare feet and simul-taneously Dagetta was used for rice farming. The changes of footwear is mainly in-fluenced by the factors such as climate con-dition social economic prohibition func-tional elements and aesthetic standards. Cli-mate conditions have influence upon the footwear materials form and foot exposure, The functional elements influenced on the ways of wearing shoes. Decorated patterns and materials of footwear is under the influnece of social economic prohibition and also affected by aesthetic standards(Tab 1-4) In accordance with pattern function materials of footwear the type and characteristics of footwear in China Korea nd japan came out with diversity(Tab 5-9)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.18-28
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• 2009

Korea Ancient Gagye in Clothing history has the following meanings with ceremonial, social, and aesthetic aspects, related to symbolism of its formality and procedures, flexibility about social aspects, and clothing beauty. First, Gagye must be worn in formal ceremonies with its clothes. Different Gagye in different time and place means the symbolism of its formality and ceremonies. Gagye played a big role as a means to carry out national ceremonies In diplomatic relationship with China. Second, Korea Ancient Gagye had been worn in every class irrespective of social status. Because it could be worn reflecting personal preferences even in old communities. Additionally Gagye had flexibility to reflect the historical aspects and improved various Gagye types reflecting Buddhism and practical science. So Gagye becomes significant sharing the common value with Korea Clothing culture. Third, Korea Ancient Gagye developed aesthetic spirit concerning beauty of Clothing. In the Age of the Three States, Clothing and Gagye types kept balanced and made good harmony. Gagye had gotten little exaggerated and expanded and become changed into loaded hair type.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.778-789
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• 2012

The characteristics of ancient gagye (the cubic hair style which added wigs or other materials to hair) that appeared in mural paintings were compared between Pyongyang and Jian in Goguryeo and the midlands, the northwest region, and the northeast region in China for the same period (Han to Weijin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties). Gagye in Korea and China was classified into circle type, hat type, high-bun type, and multi-bun type; in addition, Han elements, northern race elements, Goguryeo elements, and uniqueness were compared and analyzed according to regional distribution, trend periods, and style characteristics. The Han elements of ancient gagye in Korea and China appeared in the hat type, the high-bun type, and accessories that left the hair down. The northern race elements were found in the circle type and multi-bun type. The uniqueness of Goguryeo elements included a circle from the circle type, a triangle style from the hat type, an up-do style from the high burn type, and simplified hair accessories.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.977-995
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• 2023

This study was aimed at determining the connection between ancient Korean embroidery and the Cheonsuguk mandala-embroidery insignia. Literature and empirical studies were conducted simultaneously, with the scope of these analyses spanning up to 7C in ancient Korea and Japan. The present study confirmed that the structure of Goguryeo tomb murals influenced by Buddhist art is represented in the Cheonsuguk mandala-embroidery insignia, and changes in the image resulted in modifications to the embroidery technique. Embroidery and color composition via complementary color contrast were implemented through Variant 1 outline stitching, which exhibited the development of Baekje embroidery. The embroidery technique confirmed that the form of embroidery developed in to chain stitching, needle looping stitching, outline stitching, satin stitching and Variant 1·2 outline stitching. These findings indicate that Cheonsuguk mandala-embroidery insignia is the result of the integration of the Goguryeo and Baekje cultures.