• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.856-860
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of administration methods for on Garcinia cambogia on blood Garcinia cambogia concentration and antioxidative levels. Rats were divided into three groups: G1 (normal group), G2 (one administration of Garcinia cambogia extract 2,800 mg/kg b.w.), G3 (three separate administrations every 6 h of Garcinia cambogia extract 750, 850, and 1,200 mg/kg b.w. for 18 h). Blood samples were collected every hour, and animals sacrificed 18 h after the oral administration of Garcinia cambogia extract. We examined changes in the serum concentration of Garcinia cambogia by HPLC analysis. Two hours following an oral administration of Garcinia cambogia extract (2,800 mg/kg b.w.), serum Garcinia cambogia levels reached their maximum, but gradually decreased until 10 hours when it was no longer detectable. In contrast, serum Garcinia cambogia levels under G3 administration were maintained above a certain level after 18 h. To determine whether this level of Garcinia cambogia could affect blood oxidative levels, we measured serum lipid peroxidation by TBARS levels. TBARS levels from G3 treatment were significantly lower than G1 and G2. To analyze other antioxidative activities, radical scavenging activities were measured by the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. There were no significant differences between the groups in DPPH radical scavenging activity. However, ABTS radical scavenging activity significantly increased with G3 treatment compared with G1 and G2. In conclusion, our data show that three times administration of Garcinia cambogia every 6 h may helpful for maintaining serum Garcinia cambogia levels and antioxidative effects.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2000

The proteoglycan, intracellular and extracellular, extracted from the liquid culture of Phellinus igniarius were purified and characterized. The mycelial productivity was proved to be better in shaking culture compared to standing culture. The productivity of intracellular proteoglycan of Phellinus igniarius appeared to be similar in two culturing methods. The standing culture of Phellinus igniarius produced 6 times as much extracellular proteoglycan compared to shaking culture. The proteoglycan were purified to a single peak by ion exchange chromatography(DEAE-cellulose) followed by gel filtration(Sepharose 2B). PIEPDG contained 79.0% total sugar and 7.2% protein. PIEPAG contained 56.7% total sugar and 40.8% protein. PIIPDG contained 64.8% total sugar and 17.4% protein. PIIPAG contained 56.9% total sugar and 41.5%n protein. The molecular weights of all the fractions were estimated to be above 100,000, from 134KDa of PIEPDG to 560 KDa of PIEPAG. The results of sugar analysis by HPLC showed that PIEPDG contains glucose only. The sugar part of PIIPDG and PIIPAG were consisted of glucose and inositol. The PIEPAG contained three kinds of monosaccharides, glucose, fructose and inositol.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.382-390
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• 2018

Background: The plant Aster koraiensis has long been used as an ingredient in folk medicine. It has been reported that Aster koraiensis extract (AKE) prevents the progression of diabetes-induced retinopathy and nephropathy. However, although these beneficial effects of AKE on diabetes complications have been identified, the antidiabetic effects of AKE have not yet been completely investigated and quantified. In the present study, the glucose-lowering and antioxidant effects of aqueous and ethanolic AKEs were evaluated. Methods and Results: The glucose-lowering effects of aqueous and ethanolic (30%-, 50%-, and 80%-ethanol) AKEs were investigated via ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory assays. The mode of inhibition by AKEs on ${\alpha}$-glucosidase was identified through kinetic analysis. The total antioxidant capacity of each of the 4 AKEs was evaluated by assessing their conversion rate of $Cu^{2+}$ to $Cu^+$. The content of chlorogenic acid and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, the bioactive compounds in AKE, in each extract were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The AKEs showed potent ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity with mixed inhibition mode, and significant antioxidant capacity. Conclusions: These results of this study suggested that the AKEs tested had ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant effects. Among the extracts, the 80% ethanol extract showed the most significant ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$ value) of $1.65{\pm}0.36mg/m{\ell}$ and a half maximal effective concentration ($EC_{50}$ value) for its antioxidant activity of $0.42{\pm}0.10mg/m{\ell}$. It can therefore be used as a source of therapeutic agents to treat diabetes patients.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.201-205
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• 2005

Tri-octyl amine (TOA) is used in solvent extraction process for radioactive waste. This compound may be degraded to di-octyl amine (DOA), mono-octyl amine (MOA) by radioactive materials. Amount of TOA, DOA and MOA in TOA must be monitored because they production of these compounds means degradation of which leads to a decrease in the extraction yield. Retention behavior for TOA, DOA and MOA are studied with Phenomenex LUNA-$C_{18}$ ($4.6mm{\times}25cm$) analytical column and $CH_3OH:H_2O$ (50 mmol $CH_3COONH_4$) eluent by liquid chromatography. Optimum condition for these compounds is $CH_3OH:H_2O$ (50 mmol $CH_3COONH_4$) = 85 : 15 ratio. TOA, DOA and MOA compounds is well separated within 20 minute. Dynamic range is $30{\sim}160{\mu}g/mL$ for TOA, $5{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$ for DOA and $0.1{\sim}5{\mu}g/mL$ for MOA, respectively. The detection limit are $0.1{\mu}g/mL$ for TOA, $1{\mu}g/mL$ for DOA (in SCAN mode) and $0.1{\mu}g/mL$ for MOA (in SIM mode) in this system with $20{\mu}L$ sample loop.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.797-802
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• 2003

Structured lipids (SL) were synthesized by esterification of corn oil and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in a continuous packed-bed column reactor. The effects of flow rate, reaction temperature, and substrate molar ratios were studied. The reaction was catalyzed by TL IM (immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa). Results of triacylglycerol (TAG) analysis by GC showed that the incorporated CLA isomers were mainly cis9, trans11- and trans 10, cis12-CLA. Slower flow rates yielded higher incorporation, and maximum incorporation of CLA was obtained with a molar ratio of 1:3 (corn oil: CLA) at a temperature of $55^{\circ}C$. The obtained SLs had iodine values ranging from 120 to 128. The SLs were composed of TAG $(98{\sim}99%)$, 1,2- and 1,3-diacylglycerol ($0.7{\sim}1.3%$), and a small amount of monoacylglycerol.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.866-875
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the variation in free sugars, amino acids, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity of Solanum nigrum Linne based on harvest time. Major amino acids identified by HPLC analysis were proline, histidine, and serine. The highest content of total amino acids were found in S. nigrum aerial parts and roots harvested on July 10th and August 10th. Four kinds of free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose) were detected in S. nigrum, and the free sugar content varied significantly with harvest time. The fructose content of S. nigrum decreased with as harvest time increased. The total polyphenol content of S. nigrum was highest in those harvested on August 30th. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract from S. nigrum collected at different harvest times were measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The anti-inflammatory activity of these extracts were assayed via nitric oxide suppression in C6 glioma cells with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. The anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant effects were the highest in the extract from S. nigrum collected on August 30th. Good correlations were observed between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in ethanol extract of S. nigrum roots harvested on August 30th.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.718-723
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• 2002

CKD-602 (7-[2-(N-isopropylamino)ethyl]-(20S)-camptothecin) is a recently-developed synthetic camptothecin analogue and currently under clinical development by Chong Kun Dang Pharm (Seoul, Korea). CKD-602 showed potent topoisomerase inhibitory activity in vitro and broad antitumor activity against various human tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in animal models. This study describes the pharmacodynamics of the immediate and delayed cytotoxicity induced by CKD-602 in a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29, and its intracellular drug accumulation by HPLC. The present study was designed to address whether the higher activity of CKD-602 with prolonged exposure is due to delayed exhibition of cytotoxicity and/or an accumulation of anti proliferative effect on continuous drug exposure. The drug uptake study was performed to determine whether the delayed cytotoxicity is due to a slow drug accumulation in cells. CKD-602 produced a cytotoxicity that was exhibited immediately after treatment (immediate effect) and after treatment had been terminated (delayed effect). Both the immediate and delayed effects of CKD-602 showed a time dependent decrease in 4IC_{50}$ values. Drug uptake was biphasic and the second equilibrium level was obtained as early as at 24hr, indicating that the cumulative and delayed antitumor effects of CKD-602 were not due to slow drug uptake. On the other hand, CKD-602 treatment was sufficient to induce delayed cytotoxicity after 4hr, however, longer treatment (＞24hr) enhanced its cytotoxicity due to the intracellular accumulation of the drug, which requires 24hr to reach maximum equilibrium concentration. In addition, $C^n$$\times$T=h analysis (n=0.481) indicated that increased exposure times may contribute more to the overall antitumor activity of CKD-602 than drug concentration. Additional studies to determine the details of the intracellular uptake kinetics (e.g., concentration dependency and retention studies) are needed in order to identify the optimal treatment schedules for the successful clinical development of CKD-602.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.280-287
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• 2000

Three antimicrobial compounds (SL-l, SL-2 and SL-3) were isolated and identified from the marine red alga, Symphyocladia latiuscula. In addition, their biological functionalities such as cytotoxicity and desmutagenic activity were investigated. From the cryophyllized S. JatiuscuJa, SL-l, SL-2 and SL-3 were purified by solvent extractions and HPLC.SL-2 was crystallized in benzene-diethyl ether solvent. On the EI-MS spectra, it was found that they had three bromines in their structure which showed typical signal strength ratios at $M^+, [M+2]^+, [M+4]^+, [M+6]^+ (13: 38: 37: 12)$. $SL-l$ was identified as 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol ($C_8H_7Br_3O_3, MW=374$) by NMR and MS spectra. SL-2 was assigned as 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether ($C_8H_7Br_3O_3, MW=388$) and confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. SL-3 was presumed as an isomer of SL-2. Methanol extract of the S. latiuscula showed antimicrobial activities against all strains tested (bacteria, 15 strains; yeasts, 17 strains; fungi, 4 strains), much or less. The strongest inhibition activity of the methanol extract was to the Vibrio mimicus ($50 {\mu}g/ml$) and V. vulnificus ($50 {\mu}g/ml$). The mice injected intraperitoneally with 3 mg of SL-l and 5 mg of 5L-2 showed no acute toxicity response. SL-2 showed higher desmutagenic activity than SL-l against PhIP and MeIQx.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.656-663
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• 2014

Atorvastatin calcium-loaded polyoxalate (POX) microspheres were prepared by an emulsion solvent-evaporation/ extraction method of oil-in-oil-in-water ($O_1/O_2/W$) for sustained release. We investigated the release behavior according to initial drug ratio, molecular weight ($M_w$) and concentration of POX and concentration of emulsifier. The microsphere was characterized on the surface, the cross-section morphology and the behavior of atorvastatin calcium release for 10 days by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis of crystallization was analyzed to use X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). These results showed that the release behaviors can be controlled by preparation conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.108-109
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• 2013

Mitochondria play key roles in the production of cell's energy. Their dominant function is the synthesis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate (Pi) through the oxidative phosphorylation. Evaluation of drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity has become increasingly important since mitochondrial dysfunction has recently been implicated in numerous diseases including cancer and diabetes mellitus. Mitochondrial functions have been monitored via oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and more importantly via ATP synthesis since ATP synthesis is the most essential function of mitochondria. Various analytical methods have been employed to investigate ATP synthesis in mitochondria, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), bioluminescence technique, and pH measurement. However, most of these methods are based on destructive analysis or indirect monitoring through the enzymatic reaction. Infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) is one of the useful techniques for real-time, label-free, and direct monitoring of biological reactions [1,2]. However, the strong water absorption requires very short path length in the order of several micrometers. Transmission measurements with thin path length are not suitable for mitochondrial assays because solution handlings necessary for evaluating mitochondrial toxicity, such as rapid mixing of drugs and oxygen supply, are difficult in such a narrow space. On the other hand, IRAS in the multiple internal reflection (MIR) geometry provides an ideal optical configuration to combine solution handling and aqueous-phase measurement. We have recently reportedon a real-time monitoring of drug-induced necrotic and apoptotic cell death using MIR-IRAS [3,4]. Clear discrimination between viable and damaged cells has been demonstrated, showing a promise as a label-free and real-time detection for cell-based assays. In the present study, we have applied our MIR-IRAS system to mitochondria-based assays by monitoring ATP synthesis in isolated mitochondria from rat livers. Mitochondrial ATP synthesis and hydrolysis were in situ monitored with MIR-IRAS, while dissolved oxygen level and solution pH were simultaneously monitored with O2 and pH electrodes, respectively. It is demonstrated that ATP synthesis and hydrolysis can be monitored by the IR spectral changes in phosphate groups in adenine nucleotides and MIR-IRAS is useful for evaluating time-dependent drug effects of mitochondrial toxicants.