• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.14 no.9
• /
• pp.706-716
• /
• 2002

R410A and R407C are considered to be alternative refrigerants to R22 for the air-conditioners. Experimental investigation is made to study the condensation heat transfer characteristics of slit fin-tube heat exchanger using alternative refrigerants R410A and R407C. R407C, a non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture, exhibited a quite different condensation phenomenon from those of R22 and R410A and its condensation heat transfer coefficient was much lower than that of R22 and R410A. Between the R22 and R410A, the condensation heat transfer coefficient of R410A, near-azeotropic refrigerant mixture, was a little higher than that of R22. R410A also showed the lowest condensation pressure drop across the test section. For all refrigerants, the condensation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop increase as the mass flux increases.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.406-420
• /
• 1995

As concerns increase over the dangers of environmental destruction on a global scale, CFC regulations have finally been carried out and some CFC's are expected to be phased out by the end of 1995. The research for alternative refrigerants is very demanding. The major activities related to alternative refrigerants are focused on two different areas; one is the development of mixed refrigerants by using the existing refrigerants, and the other is the development of new HFC refrigerants. One of the most promising alternative refrigerant for CFC-12 is HFC-134a. HFC-134a has often been used as a replacement of CFC-12 for automotive air-conditioners. However, due to different thermodynamic properties of HFC-134a, performances of the replaced system are degraded compared with those of the CFC-12 system. Sometimes, the complete redesign of the system is required. In order to analyse and design the new system effectively, the developement of a system simulation program, in which HFC-134a can be selected as a refrigerant, is recommended. Therefore, the summary of this research is as follows : (1) The various thermodynamic properties of HFC-134a are ana lysed and programmed. (2) The model for serpentine heat exchanger is developed and programmed. (3) These subroutines are integrated to develop to develop an automotive air conditioning system simulation program which is verified by the test results. (4) The verified program is used to analyse the performance of a selected automotive air conditioning system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
• /
• 1995.06b
• /
• pp.28-37
• /
• 1995

To protect the ozone layer depeletion the CFC (chlorofluorocarbon). HCFC(hydrochlorofluorocarbon) refrigerants will be replaced with HFCs (hydro-fluorocarbon) as an alternative refrigerant. In recent years a good deal of effort has been made to develop new compressors which are compatible to the new referigent. This paper focused on developing accelerated screening test for predicting tribological characteristics of the rotary compressor in atmosphere of R407C as an alternative refrigerant with polyolester lubricant. Falex wear test machine with high pressure chamber has been used to simulate friction and wear behavior of the common contact geometries found in rotary compressors.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2001.06e
• /
• pp.524-529
• /
• 2001

Because of the ozone layer depletion and global wanning, new alternative refrigerants are being developed. Among them, HFC refrigerants are thought promising, but some European countries are arguing that these refrigerants are also harmful to the global wanning. Therefore, natural refrigerants should be considered as an eventual alternative in refrigerators and heat pumps. In the present study, the supercritical gas cooling process are computationally analysed by employing various turbulence models of carbon dioxide in a trans critical refrigeration cycle. The gas cooling process near the critical point experiences a drastic change in thermodynamic and transport properties, thus the heat transfer characteristics would be different from those of two or single phases. Based on the computational results, the correlations to estimate the near-critical heat transfer characteristics will are obtained.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.301-306
• /
• 2013

In this paper, cycle performance analysis of two-stage compression and two-stage expansion refrigeration system using alternative freon refrigerants is presented to offer the basic design data for the operating parameters of the system. Alternative freon refrigerant for freon refrigerant R22 were used as working fluids in this study. The operating parameters considered in this study included evaporation temperature, condensation temperature, subcooling degree, superheating degree, and mass flow rate ratio of inter-cooler. The main results were summarized as follows : The COP of two-stage compression and two-stage expansion refrigeration system increases with the increasing subcooling degree and mass flow rate ratio of inter-cooler, but decreases with the increasing evaporating temperature, condensing temperature and superheating degree. Therefore, subcooling degree, mass flow rate ratio of inter-cooler of two-stage compression and two-stage expansion refrigeration system using alternative freon refrigerants have an effect on COP of this system.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.182-190
• /
• 2007

Refrigeration and air-conditioning equipments are indispensable products in this civilized society. However, discharged refrigerants used in the equipments and exhausted carbon dioxide to drive the refrigeration and air-conditioning equipments are related to serious environmental problems and energy problems. Especially, the destroyed ozonosphere by the discharged refrigerants and the increased normal temperature by carbon dioxide and fluorocarbon refrigerants (green house gases) are sounded as serious global problems. For alleviating these problems, environmental-friendly refrigeration and air-conditioning equipments must be developed and will spread soon. To develop new equipment, a suitable refrigerant for each usage must be presented. In this paper, the current state of refrigerants was introduced. And, thermophysical properties of the refrigerants were introduced briefly. From the properties, the refrigerants and refrigeration cycles are promising to be used in the future, were proposed

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.383-391
• /
• 2010

In this study, HFC152a, HFC134a/HFC152a and HC290/HFC134a/HFC152a mixtures are studied for the supplementary and alternative refrigerants for HFC134a used in automobile air-conditioners. Due to the high global warming potential of HFC134a, it has to be phased out in the long run. Thermodynamic performance of these refrigerants are measured in a bench tester of 3.5 kW capacity with an open type compressor under both summer and winter conditions. Test results show that the coefficient of performance (COP) and capacity of pure HFC152a and HFC134a/HFC152a mixture are 9.1~12% and 7% higher than those of HFC134a. As for the HC290/HFC134a/HFC152a, the COP is up to 9.5% higher than that of HFC134a with 1~2% of HC290 while that is up to 6.1% lower than that of HFC134a with 5% HC290. The capacity of the ternary mixture, however, is 8.6% higher than that of HFC134a at all compositions tested. The compressor discharge temperatures of all refrigerants tested are $6{\sim}10^{\circ}C$ higher than that of HFC134a. For all refrigerants, the amount of charge is reduced up to 32% due to the decrease in liquid density. Overall, these refrigerants provide good performance with reasonable energy savings with less environmental problem and thus can be used as long term alternatives for automobile air-conditioners.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2004.11a
• /
• pp.1264-1269
• /
• 2004

This research describes the application of hydrocarbon refrigerants for heat pump system which is needed for fish farm. Tested refrigerants are HCFC-22 and hydrocarbon refrigerants(CARE 50 and ASR-20). CARE 50 is mixture of R-290 and R-170, and ASR-20 is mixture of R-152a, R-290 and other additives. Heat pump consist of shell and tube heat exchanger, scroll compressor, expansion valve and accumulator. Manual expansion valve is used for testing of wide range evaporating temperature. Hydrocarbon refrigerants show a good performance as an alternative for HCFC-22 in the range of evaporating temperature from $-6^{\circ}C$ to $6^{\circ}C$.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.21 no.12
• /
• pp.1656-1667
• /
• 1997

Condensing heat transfer characteristics of hydrocarbon refrigerants are experimentally investigated. Single component hydrocarbon refrigerants (propane, isobutane, butane and propylene) and binary mixtures of propane/isobutane and propane/butane are considered as test fluids. Local condensing heat transfer coefficients of selected refrigerants are obtained from overall conductance measurement. Average heat transfer coefficients at different mass fluxes and heat transfer rates are shown and compared with those of R22. Pure hydrocarbon refrigerants have higher values of heat transfer coefficient than R22. It is also found that there is a heat transfer degradation for hydrocarbon mixtures due to composition variation during condensation. Measured condensing heat transfer coefficients are compared with predicted values by available correlations. An empirical correlation for pure and mixed hydrocarbon is developed, and it shows good agreement with experimental data.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.125-132
• /
• 1999

Studies are being done to replace conventional refrigerants with alternatives that have low or no ozone depletion and greenhouse warming Potentials, yet possess appropriate pro perties for a refrigeration cycle. To achieve this goal, a consistent set of thermodynamic properties of the working fluid is required. A common problem with the possible alternative refrigerants is that sufficient experimental data do not exist, thus making it difficult to develp complete equations of state that can predict properties in all regions including the vapor-liquid equilibrium. One solution is the use of the generalized equation of state correlations that can predict thermodynamic properties with a minimum number of characteristic parameters. Characteristic parameters required for the generalized equation of state are, in general, critical temperature, critical pressure, critical volume and normal boiling temperature. In this study, estimation of these characteristic parameters of refrigerants by group contribution method is developed.