• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1757-1772
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• 2020

As the smartphone market becomes saturated, an innovative device equipped with new features is expected to appear soon in mobile communications. In particular, various possibilities were raised regarding the alternative technologies that can develop post-smartphones, which are differentiated from the current smartphones, as Korea commercialized the 5G infrastructure for the first time in the world. Under these circumstances, the Korean government announced the "5G+ Strategy for Realizing Innovative Growth" in April 2019, vowing to build an innovative industrial ecosystem quickly while creating various convergence services based on the 5G infrastructure. As described above, the policy importance of the alternative technologies that will develop post-smartphones is increasing, but the theoretical study on the technology evolution of post-smartphones has not been systematically conducted until now. This study reviewed the alternative technologies that can develop post-smartphones through documentary research, and data mining analysis was performed on the research result using actual data. The policy priority was also set quantitatively for the alternative technologies of post-smartphones in order to determine the alternative post-smartphone technology that the government should focus on given the constraint of limited resources. As a results, autonomous vehicle(43.68%) was found to be most important, followed by artificial intelligence(17.4%) and Internet of Things(13.1%), among alternative technologies that could develop into the post-smartphone.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.974-979
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• 2012

This research was carried out to find herbal preservatives for Makgeolli, as Makgeolli loses its commercial value due to overproduced acidic materials. When Makgeolli was kept at $25^{\circ}C$ to find the changes in acidity, total microbial cell number, yeast cell number, and bacterial species variety, a sudden increase of acidity as well as the disappearance of yeast cells occurred at day 6, and Makgeolli was changed to complete off-flavor. Acetobacter pasteurianus is the main acidifier in Makgeolli and shows a synergy effect in acid formation when cultured in combination with Lactobacillus casei. Among 12 herbs, the ethanol extract of Sutellaria baicalensis showed antimicrobial activity against A. pasteurianus, whereas the ethanol extract of Coptidis rhizoma showed antimicrobial activity against L. casei. Makgeolli added with Sutellaria baicalensis extracts demonstrated a lower acidity than that with Coptidis rhizoma extracts, which indicates that the inhibition of an acetic acid former is more important than that of a lactic acid former in Makgeolli preservation. Sutellaria baicalensis extracts prolonged the shelf life of Makgeolli by 1~2 weeks at a minimal inhibitory concentration ($0.63mg/m{\ell}$) during storage at $10^{\circ}C$.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.951-956
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• 2012

This research was carried out in order to discover acid-forming bacteria during fermentation of Makgeolli, as Makgeolli loses its commercial value due to overproduced acidic materials. In Makgeolli kept at $25^{\circ}C$, a sudden increase of acidity as well as the disappearance of yeast cells occurred at day 6, whereas the total cell count and bacterial type remained unchanged; the result implies that a succession of bacterial types, including acid forming bacteria, occurred. Two acid-forming bacteria were isolated from acidified Makgeolli and were identified as Acetobacter pasteurianus and Lactobacillus casei. When fresh and heat-treated Makgeolli were inoculated with Acetobacter pasteurianus and/or Lactobacillus casei, the greatest amount of acid was formed in Makgeolli inoculated with Acetobacter pasteurianus and Lactobacillus casei and also in Makgeolli with Acetobacter pasteurianus alone. This result indicates that Acetobacter pasteurianus is the main acidifier; furthermore, it shows the synergy effect in acid formation with Lactobacillus casei.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 1993

The traditional farming method has very long history in the process of agricultural development. The application of chemical fertilizers production became most popular to increase quantities of agricultural production. The United States of America is one of largest countries in the world. There are at present 50 States and farming conditions are very different from each individual States. There are increasing trend of agricultural production by applying chemical fertilizers as well as sprays during last 50 years(1940-90). The disadvantages of conventional farming method were to destroy nature and human life. There were some other kinds of disadvantages such as nitriated contamination in drinking water both for human being and animals. The alternative farming method is one of new farming method reducing and/of non-application of chemical fertilizers and sprays in agricultural production. There is less economic research on alternative farming system about $5.444 economic advatages in organic farms comparing commercial farms at the same area. There are advantage of higher unit price level in orgnic products, decreasing chemical costs as well as effect of crop combinations. It is certainly necessary to have more empirical research on economic and management of alternative farming method in the United States of America. However, if there is economic advantage in alternative farming methods, the future development possibility of alternative farming method can be very bright in vear future. There might be more advantages such as soil conservation, better quality of agricultural products, better health conditions of farmer's and consumer's as well as keeping healthy environment of rural and urban areas.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.101-113
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• 2008

Cost-benefit analysis was conducted to propose the best alternatives for integrated watershed management. Benefits of all alternatives were estimated combining results of choice experiment method with alternative evaluation index (AEI). Choice experiment which is a kind of stated preference techniques was applied to six regions since the Anyangcheon watershed was divided into six according to spatial characteristics and conditions (potential hazard and location). Alternative of NB > 0 must be considerable since they are economically and technically feasible.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.253-270
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• 2017

In the knowledge society, alternative leadership induces voluntary participation by motivating the members through horizontal, emotional approach and responsibility. There is little theoretical discussion about theoretical research on alternative leadership and its applicability in university libraries. In this study, we will discuss the theoretical review of alternative leadership, the change of knowledge management paradigm in university library, the role of manager and librarian, and alternative leadership application. Through this, I would like to suggest the development direction for strengthening the leadership of the librarians who will lead the university library.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.74-81
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• 2012

The purpose of this study provides the theoretical model for protecting the economic and social loss from the current alternative fuel vehicle which is developed without compatibility and senseless one's own through verifying the statistical significant by method of measuring analysis. The market scale of alternative fuel vehicle depends on customer's and station's expectation about the number of potential vehicle users. It is very difficult for vehicle manufacturer to make a decision on the standard alternative fuel vehicle as it might reduce profit and market share. Accordingly, the development of alternative fuel vehicle should have manufacturer confident on the potential profit in the future. Moreover, if we decide to use the non-standard fuel after we started to use the standard fuel, it would take a huge cost comparing with starting to use the standard fuel only. As a result, once one of companies starts to provide the non-standard fuel service, it is getting more difficult to use the standard fuel going forward. Consequently, we may review the possibility of choice on the standard fuel before the vehicle manufacturer starts service with non-standard fuel.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2004

To ascertain the effects of hair dyeing application on oxidative stress in human, a mixture of permanent black colored hair dye with the same amount of oxidant containing 6% hydrogen peroxide was used. A hair dyeing with contacting the scalp (conventional dyeing) and a hair dyeing with 3 to 4mm away from the scalp (alternative dyeing) were applied to each 15 young healthy women. Blood was taken from the brachial vein at two sampling times, just before and 6 hours alter the hair dyeing, and antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant contents were measured in red blood cells. After dyeing, malondialdehyde(MDA) contents for conventional dyeing group was shown to a tendence of more increased than alternative dyeing group. After dyeing, reduced glutathione (GSH) contents for conventional dyeing group was shown to a tendence of more decreased than alternative dyeing group. After dyeing, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly decreased in conventional dyeing group (p < 0.01), however, SOD and CAT activities were not significantly decreased in alternative dyeing group. After dyeing, there was no significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity both for conventional dyeing group and alternative dyeing group. Therefore, after dyeing, the degree of oxidative stress in red blood cells for alternative dyeing group was appeared to be lower than conventional dyeing group.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.139-149
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• 2018

In the contemporary era of smart tourism, travelers face more accommodation options than ever before. The rapid expansions of alternative accommodation sector are partially owing to the growth of electronic commerce and the rise of online intermediary platforms. Online travel agencies serve as a critical distribution channel for tourism sectors, and the significance is further increased for small and micro entrepreneurs whose direct communication channels are scarce. Considering the holistic process of customer experience started with a third-party online intermediary, this study explores basic and extended attributes of small and medium-sized alternative accommodation where the comparative value is created. In order to achieve the objective, a research design was developed to synthesize the qualitative evidence. The synthesis encompasses both theoretical and practical perspectives, from a systematic review and opinions of academic professionals to an in-depth interview with an industry expert and the current practices of online travel agencies. This study suggests that the sources of value creation for alternative accommodation are not always consistent with those of the traditional. Accounting for the temporal and spatial dynamics in customer experience, the findings of this study provide insights on the comparative value of alternative accommodation, to both academic and industry audiences.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.195-205
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of scientific argumentation on argument tasks with incorrect alternative ideas in elementary science classes. The subjects were 41 fourth graders of 2 classes in an elementary school. In the experimental group, argument tasks with pictures including incorrect alternative ideas were suggested in order to facilitate argumentation. Students were asked to perform argumentation with the component of claim, evidence, and reasoning. In the control group, textbook-based traditional instruction was used. The results showed that scientific argumentation activities on argument tasks with incorrect alternative ideas had positive effects on students' science achievement and science-related affective domains. The analyses of students' argumentation revealed that argument tasks with incorrect alternative ideas could facilitate students' participation and exposure of their preconceptions. It also led students to find and connect evidence to support their claims. In some cases, students had difficulty in making appropriate argumentation because of unclear experimental data and/or invalid reasoning. Educational implications were discussed.