• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1999.10b
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• pp.49.2-49
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• 1999

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2002

Crepidiastrum lanceolatum ($H_{OUTT}$) $N_{AKAI}$ (Compositae) is distributed in East Asia including Korea. Genetic diversity and population structure of six C. lanceolatum populations in Korea and two populations in Japan were determined using genetic variation at 19 allozyme loci. The percent of polymorphic loci within the enzymes was 42.1%. Genetic diversity at the species level and at the population level was low (Hes : 0.077; Hep : 0.068, respectively), where-as the extent of the population divergence was relatively low ($G_{ST}$ : 0.093). One of the most striking features of this study was the more significant difference within populations than among populations. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm : 2.44) indicated that gene flow was moderate among eight populations of the species. In addition, analysis of fixation indices revealed a slight heterozygosity deficiency in some populations and at some loci. Narrow geographic ranges, short-lived perennial herbaceous, and small population sizes are mainly associated with the low level of genetic variation.n.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1151-1158
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• 2010

The genetic diversity and population structures of fourteen Carex okamotoi (Cyperaceae) populations in Korea were determined using genetic variation at 25 allozyme loci. The Carex okamotoi species is native to Korea. It is endemic to three mountains (Mt. Taeback, Mt. Sobak, and Mt. Noreong) where it is found at 700~1,500 m above sea level. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 40.0%. Genetic diversity at the species level and at the population level was low ($H_{ES}$=0.106; $H_{EP}$=0.094), and the extent of the population divergence was relatively low ($G_{ST}$=0.082). Measurement of deviation from random mating ($F_{IS}$) within the 14 populations was 0.238. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation was 2.78 (Nm=2.78). Analysis of fixation indices revealed a substantial heterozygosity deficiency in some populations and at some loci. Mean genetic identity between populations was 0.986.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.2 s.69
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• pp.273-278
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• 2005

Trifolium pratense (red clover, Fabaceae) is a short-lived herbaceous species and the species is introduced from Europe or North America to Korea approximately 60 years ago. Allozyme variability was examined in populations representing this species. A high level of genetic variation was found in T. pratense populations. Ten of 19 loci $(52.6\%)$ showed detectable polymorphism. Genetic diversity was 0.220. The sexual reproduction, high fecundity, and colonization process are proposed as possible factors contributing to high genetic diversity. Genetic diversity (0.220) was lower than that (0.285) of North American red clover, T. pratense. Korean populations of red clover may be founded by a small sample of larger or moderate populations. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm = 4.20) indicated that gene flow was extensive among Korean populations of this species.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2002

The study of genetic diversity was carried out in Atractylodes japonica $K_{OIDZ}$. Although this species has been regarded as medically important one, there is no report on population structure in Korea. Starch gel electrophoresis was used to investigate the allozyme variation and genetic structure of eight Korean populations of this species. Of the 15 genetic loci surveyed, nine (60.0%) was polymorphic in at least one population. Genetic diversity was high at the species level $(H_{es}=0.144)$, whereas, that of the population level was relatively low $(H_{ep}=0.128)$. Nearly 87% of the total genetic diversity in A. japonica was apportioned within populations. The sexual reproduction, high fecundity, and perennials are proposed as possible factors contributing to high genetic diversity. The indirect estimated of gene flow based on Gst was 1.69.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.253-259
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• 2012

The genetic variation in populations of Eranthis byunsanensis, an endemic and rare species of Korea, was studied using starch gel electrophoresis. All five known populations were sampled for allozyme electrophoresis of nine enzymes coded by 10 loci. The overall genetic variation of E. byunsanensis population was shown to be considerably high within the populations (A = 2.4, P = 90.0, $H_E$ = 0.311). A positive $F_{IS}$ value of E. byunsanensis indicated an overall deficiency of heterozygotes, and a low $F_{ST}$ value (0.131) showed little differentiation among populations. The high genetic variation, less genetic differentiation among populations, and a significant amount of heterozygote deficiency propose the hypothesis that they have an experience of recent isolation and fragmentation of their habitat. Thus, the rate of gene flow has been drastically reduced, and the rate of inbreeding in E. byunsanensis populations has increased. Current habitats in Mai-san and Naro-do are vulnerable due to their small population size and the levels of anthropogenic activity in the region constantly threatening survival of this species. Because of the high genetic variation and low levels of differentiation among populations in E. byunsanensis, it is not issue which populations have a priority for protection, but we may concern the plan to maintain population continuously and diminish the rate of inbreeding.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 2013

Genetic variation in Asaum misandrum, a woodland herb in Korea, was investigated based on allozyme analysis with starch gel electrophoresis. All of previously reported populations in Korea were sampled and seven loci from six enzymes were analyzed. Overall genetic variation of A. misandrum population showed considerably high levels of genetic variation within the species (A = 2.05, P = 71.4, $H_E$ = 0.294). A positive $F_{IS}$ value of A. misandrum indicated overall deficiency of heterozygotes, and a low $F_{ST}$ value (0.112) meant very little differentiation among populations. Factors contributing to the high levels of genetic diversity found within populations of A. misandrum include population maintenance via wide distribution range from Korea to Japan and primarily outcrossing breeding system. Although it showed moderate genetic diversity level, most habitats of the species were scattered and discontinuous. Besides, low numbers of individuals were found in the most habitats and individuals are collected frequently from the wild due to the unique shape of the flowers as well as the rarity of the species. Thus, there is a need to set up a reasonable conservation strategies including the maintenance mechanism of genetic diversity of A. misandrum.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2000

Variation at 25 allozyme loci in Korean wateralder (Alnus hirsuta Rupr.) from nine distinct populations was measured to estimate the amount and pattern of genetic diversity and population structure. The mean genetic diversity within population was 0.166. Korean alder populations have slightly high levels of genetic diversity compared to those present in associated temperature-zone species and two Canadian alder species. Among population s genetic differentiation accounted for an significant 9% of the total variation. High gene flow(Nm=2.63) was observed. Analysis of fixation indices, calculated for all polymorphic loci in each population, showed a substantial deficiency of heterozygotes relative to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The mean GST value A. hirsuta in Korea (GST = 0.087) is similar to those of A. rogosa in Canada (GST = 0.052). These low values of GST in two countries. reflecting little spatial genetic differentiation, may indicate extensive gene flow (via pollen and/or seeds) and/or recent colonization. These factors reduce the effect of geographic isolation of breeding and the chance for genetic divergence. A pattern of increasing is observed with increasing rainfall per year. Regression analysis indicates that 54% (F = 4.67) of the variability observed can be explained by this relationship.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.125-129
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• 2009

The genetic diversity plays a significant role in determining a species' survival and perseverance. Endangered species often lack genetic variation, which makes them vulnerable to numerous dangers of extinction including selection, genetic drifts and human interference. Knowing an endangered species' genetic background greatly enhances conservation efforts since it reveals why, what and how to conserve that species. Cotoneaster wilsonii is an endangered plant species endemic to Ulleung island, but not enough genetic research has been done on this taxon for its effective conservation plans. In this study, three populations of C. wilsonii in Ulleung island underwent allozyme analysis through starch gel electrophoresis. 10 loci were analyzed and F-statistics was calculated. Overall data indicated that C. wilsonii possessed low genetic diversity with intense inbreeding, heterozygote deficiency and low differentiation among populations. These results implied that C. wilsonii was recently introduced to the Ulleung island from ancestor species, and did not have much time to differentiate. Current status of C. wilsonii habitats is very fragile and vulnerable, with increasing tourism constantly threatening the species' survival. It is very likely that C. wilsonii will become extinct in near future unless organized conservation protects its populations and genetic diversity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.371-377
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• 2016

The succulent herbaceous perennial Sedum sarmentosum commonly grows in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. It is a species native to China, most likely introduced into Korea due to its edible and medicinal uses. If plants were introduced from a single source, we would expect no or low levels of genetic variation in Korean populations. Alternatively, if plants were introduced from multiple sources, we would expect, in contrast, high levels of genetic diversity. To test which is more likely, we surveyed the degree of allozyme variation in ten populations of this species from southern Korea. We found that S. sarmentosum was monomorphic at all fifteen allozyme loci. However, two congeners (S. polytrichoides and S. kamtschaticum) and two related species (Hylotelephium ussuriense and H. verticillatum) maintain moderate to high levels of genetic diversity ($H_e=0.144$, 0.203, 0.201, and 0.204, respectively). We suggest that southern Korean populations of S. sarmentosum likely descended from a single introduction of a few plants and then became naturalized exclusively via vegetative spreading (as plants in Korea, but also as occurs in other parts of its native and naturalized range, are sterile).