• Title/Summary/Keyword: alloy

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The study on the shear bond strength of resin and porcelain to Titanium (티타늄에 대한 레진과 도재의 결합 강도에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Ji-Man;Kim, Yeong-Soon;Jun, Sul-Gi;Park, Eun-Jin
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.47 no.1
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    • pp.46-52
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    • 2009
  • Statement of problem: Recently, titanium has become popular as superstructure material in implant dentistry because titanium superstructure can be easily milled by means of computer-aided design and manufacture (CAD/CAM) technique. But retention form such as nail head or bead cannot be cut as a result of technical limitation of CAD/CAM milling and bond strength between titanium and porcelain is not as strong as that of conventional gold or metal alloy. Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of three different materials: heat curing resin, composite resin, porcelain which were bonded to grade II commercially pure Titanium (CP-Ti). Material and methods: Thirty seven CP-Ti discs with 9 mm diameter, 10 mm height were divided into three groups and were bonded with heat curing resin (Lucitone 199), indirect composite resin (Sinfony), and porcelain (Triceram) which were mounted in a former with 7 mm diameter and 1 mm height. Samples were thermocycled for 1000 cycles at between $5-55^{\circ}C$. Shear bond strength (MPa) was measured with Instron Universal Testing Machine with cross head speed of 1 mm/min. The failure pattern was observed at the fractured surface and divided into adhesive, cohesive, and combination failure. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's multiple range test (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: Lucitone 199 ($17.82{\pm}5.13\;MPa$) showed the highest shear bond strength, followed by Triceram ($12.97{\pm}2.11\;MPa$), and Sinfony ($6.00{\pm}1.31\;MPa$). Most of the failure patterns in Lucitone 199 and Sinfony group were adhesive failure, whereas those in Triceram group were combination failure. Conclusion: Heat curing resin formed the strongest bond to titanium which is used as a CAD/CAM milling block. But the bond strength is still low compared with the bond utilizing mechanical interlocking and there are many adhesive failures which suggest that more studies to enhance bond strength are needed.

Brazing characteristics of $ZrO_2$ and Ti-6Al-4V brazed joints with increasing temperature (브레이징 온도 변화에 따른 $ZrO_2$와 Ti-6Al-4V의 접합 특성)

  • Kee, Se-Ho;Park, Sang-Yoon;Heo, Young-Ku;Jung, Jae-Pil;Kim, Won-Joong
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.50 no.3
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    • pp.169-175
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    • 2012
  • Purpose: In this study, brazing characteristics of $ZrO_2$ and Ti-6Al-4V brazed joints with increasing temperature were investigated. Materials and methods: The sample size of the $ZrO_2$ was $3mm{\times}3mm{\times}3mm$ (thickness), and Ti-6Al-4V was $10mm(diameter){\times}5mm(thickness)$. The filler metal consisted of Ag-Cu-Sn-Ti was prepared in powder form. The brazing sample was heated in a vacuum furnace under $5{\times}10^{-6}$ torr atmosphere, while the brazing temperature was changed from 700 to $800^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Results: The experimental results shows that brazed joint of $ZrO_2$ and Ti-6Al-4V occurred at $700-800^{\circ}C$. Brazed joint consisted of Ag-rich matrix and Cu-rich phase. A Cu-Ti intermetallic compounds and a Ti-Sn-Cu-Ag alloy were produced along the Ti-6Al-4V bonded interface. Thickness of the reacted layer along the Ti-6Al-4V bonded interface was increased with brazing temperature. Defect ratios of $ZrO_2$ and Ti-6Al-4V bonded interfaces decreased with brazing temperature. Conclusion: Thickness and defect ratio of brazed joints were decreased with increasing temperature. Zirconia was not wetting with filler metal, because the reaction between $ZrO_2$ and Ti did not occur enough.

The efficacy of denture cleansing agents: A scanning electron microscopic study (수종 의치세정제의 세척 효과에 관한 주사전자현미경적 비교 연구)

  • Yun, Bo-Hyeok;Yun, Mi-Jung;Hur, Jung-Bo;Jeon, Young-Chan;Jeong, Chang-Mo
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.49 no.1
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    • pp.57-64
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    • 2011
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the cleansing performance of a distilled water, a diluted solution of sodium hypochlorite as a household bleaching cleanser and three alkaline peroxide cleansers in vivo plaque deposits by using scanning electron microscope. Materials and methods: Five individuals were selected from department of the prosthodontics in Pusan National University Hospital, and each of them was inserted with specimens for plaque accumulation in their temporary dentures for 48 hours. The specimens were removed and cleaned by each cleansing agents for 8 hours. Scanning electron micrographs were made from the specimens at a magnification of ${\times}2,000$. A panel of ten persons with a dental or paradental background, but not directly involved in the study, was selected to analyze the photomicrographs to determine which denture cleanser was more effective in removing plaque. Results: Diluted solution of sodium hypochlorite was the most effective at removing plaque following $Polident^{(R)}$, $Cleadent^{(R)}e$, $Bonyplus^{(R)}$ and distilled water in order. But there was no significant difference of cleansing efficacy between diluted solution of sodium hypochlorite and $Polident^{(R)}$, $Polident^{(R)}$ and $Cleadent^{(R)}e$, $Cleadent^{(R)}e$ and $Bonyplus^{(R)}$, respectively (P > .05). Alkaline peroxide cleansers by themselves cannot adequately remove accumulated plaque deposits, especially if the deposits are heavy. Corrosion could be seen on the surface of non-precious alloy specimens immersed in diluted solution of sodium hypochlorite. Conclusion: It is recommended to use of alkaline peroxide type cleansers with brushing whenever possible, since denture cleanliness is often poor due to the relative inefficiency of these cleansers.

A STUDY OF NI-RESISTANT BACTERIA ON THE RESTORED STAINLESS STEEL CROWN (기성금관 수복어린이에서의 니켈내성균에 관한 연구)

  • Chung, Sat-Byul;Lee, Keung-Ho
    • Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.274-282
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    • 2000
  • Stainless steel crowns are widely used for restoration for primary molars. The material used for the crowns is an alloy of $70\sim80%$ nickel and $5\sim15%$ chromium. Nickel has been known to cause allergic reaction, cancer and cell toxicity. Little is known about nickel with respect to the relationship between Ni-contained SS crown and graining of Ni-resistance in oral microorganisms. The purpose of this study is to examine whether use of Ni-contained SS crown leads to occurrence of Ni-resistant microorganism, especially enterococci. The gingival crevicular fluid of two different groups was taken. Experimental group included patients wearing SS crown, and control group comprised individuals without SS crown. The samples were plated in BHI agar, BHI agar supplemented with nickel chloride at the concentration of 3mM and bile esculin azide (BEA) agar. The cultured enterococci on BEA agar medium were tested their Ni-resistance in nickel-containing media increasing concentrations from 3mM to 50mM. The results were as follows: 1. In experimental group, a total of 507,350 strains were isolated on BHI agar, of which 53,864(10.62%) strains were found to be resistant to 3mM nickel. In control group, of 414,590 isolates on BHI agar, 37,523 isolates were resistant to 3mM nickel. 2. A total of 95 enterococci were isolated on BEA agar in experimental group, while 20 were isolated in control group. of the enterococci, 68 and 12 isolates were found to be nickel-resistant in experimental and control group, respectively. 3. Of 68 nickel-resistant isolates in experimental group, one survived 50mM nickel. In contrast, none of the isolates in control group was observed to grow at the concentrations over 30mM nickel.

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Evolution of Mechanical Properties through Various Heat Treatments of a Cast Co-based Superalloy (주조용 코발트기 초내열합금의 열처리에 따른 기계적 특성 변화)

  • Kim, In-Soo;Choi, Baig-Gyu;Jung, Joong-Eun;Do, Jeong-Hyeon;Jung, In-Yong;Jo, Chang-Yong
    • Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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    • v.38 no.5
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    • pp.103-110
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    • 2018
  • The effects of a heat treatment on the carbide formation behavior and mechanical properties of the cobalt-based superalloy X-45 were investigated here. Coarse primary carbides formed in the interdendritic region in the as-cast specimen, along with the precipitation of fine secondary carbides in the vicinity of the primary carbides. Most of the carbides formed in the interdendritic region were dissolved into the matrix by a solution treatment at $1274^{\circ}C$. Solutionizing at $1150^{\circ}C$ led to the dissolution of some carbides at the grain boundaries, though this also caused the precipitation of fine carbides in the vicinity of coarse primary carbides. A solution treatment followed by an aging treatment at $927^{\circ}C$ led to the precipitation of fine secondary carbides in the interdendritic region. Very fine carbides were precipitated in the dendritic region by an aging heat treatment at $927^{\circ}C$ and $982^{\circ}C$ without a solution treatment. The hardness value of the alloy solutionized at $1150^{\circ}C$ was somewhat higher than that in the as-cast condition; however, various aging treatments did not strongly influence the hardness value. The specimens as-cast and aged at $927^{\circ}C$ showed the highest hardness values, though they were not significantly affected by the aging time. The specimens aged only at $982^{\circ}C$ showed outstanding tensile and creep properties. Thermal exposure at high temperatures for 8000 hours led to the precipitation of carbide at the center of the dendrite region and an improvement of the creep rupture lifetimes.

Three point bending test of recycled Nickel-Titanium alloy wires (재생한 니켈 티타늄 호선의 3점 굴곡물성실험)

  • Lee, Sung-Ho;Chang, Young Il
    • The korean journal of orthodontics
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    • v.30 no.6 s.83
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    • pp.731-738
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    • 2000
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of 3 point bending properties of various nickel titanium wires after recycling. Four Types of nickel-titanium (Align: martensitic type, NiTi, Optimalloy, Sentalloy: austenitic type) wires were divided to three groups: as-received condition (T0: control group), treated in artificial saliva for four weeks (T1) and autoclaved after being treated in artificial saliva (T2). Detrimental changes were observed for the selected mechanical properties in three point bending test. Loading force at 3mm deflection, unloading force at 3mm deflection, stress hysteresis, loading force at 1mm deflection, unloading force at 1mm deflection and stress hysteresis at 1mm deflection were calculated. The findings suggest that : 1. Align demonstrated statistically significant increase In loading force (p<0.05) and unloading force (p<0.01) at 3mm deflection after recycling(T2), but NiTi, Optimalloy and Sentalloy showed no statistically difference after recycling. 2. Align demonstrated statistically significant decrease in hysteresis(p<0.01) after recycling(T2) but NiTi, Optimalloy and Sentalloy showed no statistically significant difference after recycling. 3. All wires showed no statistically significant difference in loading force at 1mm deflection after recycling(T2). 4. Align demonstrated statistically significant decrease in unloading force in 1mm deflection (p<0.05) after recycling(T2) but NiTi, Optimalloy and Sentalloy showed no statistically difference after recycling 5. Loading force and unloading force of T1 showed no significant change compared with those of T0, but loading force and unloading force of T2 showed significant changes compared with those of T0(p<0.05, p<0.01 respectively). 6. Align demonstrated a tendency to lose some of this pseudoelasticity in T1 and pseudoplasticity and pseudoelasticity in T2.

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PHOTOELASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRESS INDUCED BY FIXED PROSTHESES WITH RIGID OF NONRIGID CONNECTION BETWEEN NATURAL TOOTH AND OSSEOINTEGRATED IMPLANT (골육착성 보철 치료시 임플랜트와 자연 지대치와의 연결 방법에 따른 관탄성 응력 분석)

  • Kim, Young-Il;Chung, Chae-Heon;Cho, Kyu-Zong
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.271-300
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    • 1993
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze the stress distribution at supporting bone according to the types of connection modality between implant and tooth in the superstrcture. This investigation evaluated the stress patterns in a photoelastic model produced by three different types of dental implants such as Branemark, Steri-Oss, IMZ and resin tooth using the techniques of quasi three dimensional photoelasticity. The teeth-supported bridge had a first molar pontic supported by second premolar and second molar as a control group. The implant and toothsupported bridge had a first molar pontic supported by second premolar and implant posterior retainer as an experimental group. Prostheses were mechanically connected to an adjacent second premolar by the rigid of nonrigid connection, Nonrigid connection used an attachment placed between the tooth-supported and fixture-supported component. The female(keyway) of attachment was placed on the distal end of the retainer supported by the tooth ; the male(Key) of attachment connected to the osseointegrated bridge was engaged into the keyway. All prostheses were casted in the same nonprecious alloy and were cemented and screwed on their respective abutments and implants. 16㎏ of vertical loads on central fossae of second premolar, first molar pontic, implant of second molar were applied respectively and 6.5㎏ of inclined load on middle buccal surface of first molar pontic was applied. The results were as follows : 1. Under the vertical load on the central fossa of first mloar pontic, the stress developed at the apex of tooth of implat was more uniformly distributed in the case of nonrigid connection than in the case of rigid connection. 2. Under the vertical load on the central fossa of first molar pontic, the stress developed around the cervical area of tooth of implant was larger in the case of rigid connection than in the case of nonrigid connection because the bending moment was more occured in the case of rigid connection than in the case of nonrigid connection. 3. Stress was more restricted to the loaded side of nonrigid connection than to that of rigid connection 4. Under the inclined load. The set screw loosening of implant was more easily occured in the case of nonrigid connection than in the case of rigid connection due to torque moment. 5. In the case of Branemark implant, the stress concentration in second premolar was larger and the stress developed around the cervical area of implant was lower than any other cases under the vertical load, because Branemark implant with the flexible gold screw was showed in incline toward second premolar by a bending moment. 6. The stress developed around the apex of tooth or implant was more uniformly distributed in the case of Steri-Oss implant with stiff screw than in the case of Branemark implant under the vertical load. But, the stress developed around the cervical area of the Steri-Oss implant was larger than that of any other implants because bending moment was occured by vertical migration of second premolar. 7. The stress distribution in the case of IMZ implant was similar to the case of natural teeth under small vertical load. But, the residual stress around the implant was showed to occurdue to deformation of IMC and sinking of screw under larger vertical load.

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핵융합로용 플라즈마 대향부품 개발을 위해 제작된 텅스텐/FM강 HIP 접합 목업의 수명 평가 해석

  • Lee, Dong-Won;Sin, Gyu-In;Kim, Seok-Gwon;Jin, Hyeong-Gon;Lee, Eo-Hwak;Yun, Jae-Seong;Mun, Se-Yeon;Hong, Bong-Geun
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2014.02a
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    • pp.452-452
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    • 2014
  • 블랑켓 일차벽이나 디버터와 같은 핵융합로 플라즈마 대향부품은 플라즈마로부터 입사되는 중성자 및 입자들을 차폐하여 구조물을 보호하고, 발생열을 에너지로 변환하기 위해 냉각재를 활용한 열제거 기능을 담당한다. 특히, 고속중성자와 입사 열부하 및 여러 입자들로부터 블랑켓 및 내부 구조물을 보호하기 위해 차폐체와 구조물로 구성된다. 세계적으로 차폐체로서는 텅스텐 혹은 텅스텐 합금, 구조물용 재료로는 저방사화 Ferritic Martensitic (FM) 강이 유력한 후보재료로 개발, 연구 중에 있다. 국내에서는 국제핵융합로(ITER) 사업을 통해 고온등방가압(HIP, Hot Isostatic Pressing)을 이용한 이종금속간 접합기술과 한국형 저방사화 고온구조재료인 ARAA (Advanced Reduced Activation Alloy)가 개발되고 있으며, 이를 활용한 설계, 접합법 개발, 제작목업의 건전성 평가 등이 수행되고 있다. 한국원자력연구원에서는 핵융합 기초사업의 일환으로 전북대와 공동으로 수행 중인 건전성 평가체계 개발을 위해, 기 개발된 접합법을 활용한 $45mm(H){\times}45mm(W){\times}2mm(T)$의 W/FM강 목업을 제작한 바 있으며, 이를 국내 구축된 고열부하 시험 장비인 KoHLT-EB (Electron Beam)를 활용한 고열부하 인가 건전성 평가시험을 준비 중에 있다. 이종금속간 접합 특성은 기계적 평가를 위한 파괴시험을 통해 검증, 이를 활용한 목업이 제작되었으며, 제작된 목업에 대한 초음파를 이용한 접합면의 비파괴 검사를 통해 결함이 없음을 확인하였다. 최종적으로 실제 사용되는 핵융합 운전조건과 유사 혹은 가혹한 조건에서 고열부하를 인가하여, 그 건전성을 평가가 이루어질 것이다. 고열부하 시험을 위해서는 냉각조건, 인가 열부하, 수명평가를 통한 반복 고열부하 인가 횟수 등이 사전에 결정되어야 한다. 이를 위해 상업용 열수력, 구조해석 코드인 ANSYS-CFX와 -mechanical을 이용한 시험조건 모의 및 수명 평가가 수행되었다. 구축 장비의 냉각계통을 고려하여 냉각수의 온도 및 속도는 $25^{\circ}C$, 0.15 kg/sec로, 열부하는 0.5 및 $1.0MW/m^2$에 대해 모의를 수행하였다. 정상상태 시 텅스텐의 최대 온도는 각 열부하 조건에 따라 $285.3^{\circ}C$$546.8^{\circ}C$였으며, 이에 도달하는 시간을 구하기 위해 천이해석을 수행하였고, 이를 통해 30초에 최대온도 95 %이상의 정상상태 온도에 도달함을 확인하였다. 또한, 목업의 초기 온도에 도달하는 냉각시간도 동일한 천이해석을 통해 30초로 가능함을 확인하였고, 최종 시험 조건을 30초 가열, 30초 냉각으로 결정하였다. 결정된 반복 열부하 인가 조건에서 이종금속 접합체가 받는 다른 열팽창 정도에 따른 응력을 계산하여 목업의 수명을 도출하였고, 이를 시험해야 할 반복 횟수로 결정하였다. 각 열부하 조건에 따른 온도조건을 ANSYS-mechanical 코드를 활용하여 열팽창과 이에 따른 접합면의 응력분포로 계산하였다. 0.5 및 $1.0MW/m^2$에 대해, 목업이 받는 최대 응력은 334.3 MPa와 588.0 MPa 였으며, 이 때 텅스텐과 FM강이 받는 strain을 도출하여 물성치로 알려진 cycle to failure 값을 도출하였다. 열부하에서 예상되는 수명은 0.5 및 $1.0MW/m^2$에 대해, 100,000 사이클 이상과 2,655 사이클로 계산되었으며, 시간적 제약을 고려 최종 평가는 $1.0MW/m^2$에 대해, 3,000사이클 정도의 실험을 통해 그 수명까지 접합건전성이 유지되는 지 실험을 통해 평가할 예정이다.

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Introduction and feasibility study of the HD-270 MLC (HD-270 MLC의 소개 및 유용성평가)

  • Kim Dae Young;Kim Won Taek;Lee Hwa Jung;Lee Kang Hyeok
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2003
  • I. Purpose The multileaf collimator(MLC) has many advantages, but use of the MLC increased effective penumbra and isodose undulation in dose distribution compared with that of an alloy block. In this work, we introduced the HD-270 MLC, which can improve the above disadvantages of MLC, and reported its feasibility study. II. Method and Materials The HD-270 MLC is a technique which combines the use of the existing Siemens multileaf collimator(3D MLC) with patient translation perpendicular to the leaf plane. The technique produces a smoothed isodose distribution with the reduced isodose undulation and effective penumbra. To assess the efficacy of the HD-270 technique and determine the appropriate resolution, a polygonal shaped MLC field was made to produce field edge angles from 0 degree to 75 degree with a step of 15 degree. Each HD-270 group was generated according to the allowed resolution, i. e., 5, 3, and 2mm. The experiment was carried out on Primus, a Siemens linear accelerator configured with HD-270 MLC. The total 60 MU of 6 MV photon beam was delivered to X-Omat film(Kodak, USA) at a SAD of 100 cm and 1.5 cm depth in solid water phantom. Exposed films were scanned by Lumiscan75(LUMISYS) and analyzed using RIT113 software(Radiological Imaging Technology Inc., USA). To test the mechanical accuracy of table movement, the transverse, longitudinal, and vertical positions were controlled by a consol with ${\pm}5\;mm,\;{\pm}4\;mm,\;{\pm}3\;mm,\;and\;{\pm}2\;mm$ steps, and then measured using a dial gauge with an accuracy of 0.001 inch. During the experiments, the table loaded with about 50Kg human phantom to simulate the real treatment situation. III. Results The effective penumbra and isodose undulation became larger with increase the resolution and field edge angle. The accuracy of the table movement on each direction is good within the ${\pm}1\;mm$. IV. Conclusion Clinical use of the MLC can be increased by using of the HD-270 MLC which complements to the disadvantages of the MLC.

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Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Internal Connection Implant System (Gsii$^{(R)}$) According to Three Different Abutments and Prosthetic Design (국산 내부연결형 임플란트시스템(GS II$^{(R)}$)에서 지대주 연결방식에 따른 응력분석에 관한 연구)

  • Jang, Mi-Ra;Kwak, Ju-Hee;Kim, Myung-Rae;Park, Eun-Jin;Park, Ji-Marn;Kim, Sun-Jong
    • Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.179-195
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    • 2010
  • In the internal connection system, the loading transfer mechanism within the inner surface of the implant and also the stress distribution occuring to the mandible can be changed according to the abutment form. Therefore it is thought to be imperative to study the difference of the stress distribution occuring at the mandible according to the abutment form. The purpose of this study was to assess the loading distributing characteristics of three different abutments for GS II$^{(R)}$ implant fixture(Osstem, Korea) under vertical and inclined loading using finite element analysis. Three finite element models were designed according to three abutments; 2-piece Transfer$^{TM}$ abutment made of pure titanium(GST), 2-piece GoldCast$^{TM}$ abutment made of gold alloy(GSG), 3-piece Convertible$^{TM}$ abutment with external connection(GSC). This study simulated loads of 100N in a vertical direction on the central pit(load 1), on the buccal cusp tip(load 2) and $30^{\circ}$ inward inclined direction on the central pit(load 3), and on the buccal cusp tip(load 4). The following results were obtained. 1. Without regard to the loading condition, greater stress was concentrated at the cortical bone contacting the upper part of the implant fixture and lower stress was taken at the cancellous bone. 2. When off-axis loading was applied, high stress concentration observed in cervical area. 3. GSG showed even stress distribution in crown, abutment and fixture. GST showed high stress concentration in fixture and abutment screw. GSC showed high stress concentration in fixture and abutment. 4. Maximum von Mises stress in the surrounding bone had no difference among three abutment type. In GS II$^{(R)}$ conical implant system, different stress distribution pattern was showed according to the abutment type and the stress-induced pattern at the supporting bone according to the abutment type had no difference among them.