• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2007

The present study compared the microbial diversity and activity during the application of various bioremediation processes to crude oil-contaminated soil. Five different treatments, including natural attenuation (NA), biostimulation (BS), biosurfactant addition (BE), bioaugmentation (BA), and a combined treatment (CT) of biostimulation, biosurfactant addition, and bioaugmentation, were used to analyze the degradation rate and microbial communities. After 120 days, the level of remaining hydrocarbons after all the treatments was similar, however, the highest rate (k) of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation was observed with the CT treatment (P<0.05). The total bacterial counts increased during the first 2 weeks with all the treatments, and then remained stable. The bacterial communities and alkane monooxygenase gene fragment, alkB, were compared by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The DGGE analyses of the BA and CT treatments, which included Nocardia sp. H17-1, revealed a simple dominant population structure, compared with the other treatments. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H') and Simpson dominance index (D), calculated from the DGGE profiles using 16S rDNA, showed considerable qualitative differences in the community structure before and after the bioremediation treatment as well as between treatment conditions.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 1992

Liquid chromatographic behavior of Pd(II), Ni(II) and Co(III) in N-Alkylisonitrosoacetylacetone imine(HIAA-NR) chelates was investigated by reversed phase high perfomance liquid chromatography. The optimum conditions for the separation of IAA-NR-metal chelates were examined respect to the flow rate and mobile phase strength. The metal-N-Alkylisonitrosoacetylacetone imine chelates in solution were successfully separated on Novapak $C_{18}$ column using acetonitrile/water mixture as mobile phase. The elution order of chelates is methyl>ethyl>propyl>butyl as N-alkyl group for ligand is varied. It was found that all IAA-NR-metal chelates were eluted in an acceptable range of capacity factor value($0{\leq}log\;k^{\prime}{\leq}1$). The dependence of log k' on the volume fraction of water in the binary mobile phase was examined. Also, the dependence of k' on the liquid-liquid extraction distribution ratio(Dc) in acetonitrile-water-alkane extraction system was investigated for IAA-NR-metal chelate. Both kinds of dependence are linear, which suggests that the retention of the electroneutral metal chelates on Novapak $C_{18}$ column is largely due to the hydrophobic effect.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.25-37
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• 2014

To understand the degradation processes of organic matter related to sulfate reduction by Sulfate Reduction Bacteria (SRB) in the tidal flat sediments of Hwang-do and Sogeun-ri, Tae-an Peninsula in Chungnam-do, biogeochemical characteristics were analyzed and highlighted using specific microbial biomarkers. The organic geochemical parameters (TOC, ${\delta}^{13}C_{org}$, C/N ratio, long-chain-n-alkane) indicate that most of the organic matter has been derived from marine phytoplankton and bacteria in the fine-grained sediment of Sogeun-ri, although terrestrial plant components have occasionally been incorporated to a significant degree in the coarse-grained sediment of Hwang-do. The concentration of sulfate in pore water is a constant tendency with regard to depth profile, while methane concentration appears to be slightly different with regard to depth profile at the two sites. Especially, the sum of bacteria fatty acid (a-C15:0 + i-C15:0 + C16:1w5) confirms that the these concentrations in Sogeun-ri are related to the degradation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) compounds from the crude oil retained in the sediments as a result of the Hebei Spirit oil-spill accident in 2007. The methane-related microbial communities as shown by lipid biomarkers (crocetane, PMI) are larger in some sedimentary sections of Hwang-do than in the Sogeunri tidal flat. These findings suggest that methane production by microbiological processes is clearly governed by SRB activity along the vertical succession in organic-enriched tidal flats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.685-692
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• 2003

Information on nutrient requirements and forage intake of fallow weaner deer is required for the development of feeding strategies during the year. An experiment was conducted in which 60 fallow weaner deer (grazing on medic and ryegrass based pastures) were supplemented with a concentrated diet at three levels. The diet contained 2% minerals, 30% lupin and 68% barley grain. Twelve deer from each treatment were dosed with commercial alkane capsules in May, June, July, September and October to predict nutrient intake. The relationships between body weight gain and intake of metabolisable energy and crude protein were established using a general linear models analysis. Dry matter intake from pastures ranged from 0.137 kg to 0.304 kg in May and June and increased to 1.2 kg in October. Nutrient intake from pastures was strongly influenced by amount of supplementary feed and gender. Digestible energy intake from pastures was 1.3, 3.8 and 6.1 MJ/day higher for males than females in July, August and October, respectively. The protein and energy intake was strongly correlated with body weight gain. The energy requirement for maintenance were 7.3, 8.2, 10.2, 10.2 and 10.7 MJ DE/day and the DE required for each kg body weight gain were 19, 18, 29, 34 and 49 MJ in May, June, August and October, respectively. The protein requirement for maintenance was 12.2, 12.6, 15.0, 11.4 and $8.5g/W^{0.75}$ in May, June, July, August and October, respectively. The nutrient requirement defined from this study can be used to assist farmers to explore the possible pasture and stock management practices under southern Australian conditions. However, further research is required to develop rapid and cheap methods for estimating dry matter intake, nutritive value of pastures and to quantify the potential growth rate of fallow deer in southern Australia.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.704-715
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• 2006

Oil spill was found in 1999 from a diesel storage facility located near the top of Baekun Mountain in Uiwang City. Application of bioremediation techniques was very relevant in removing oil spills in this site, because the geological condition was not amenable for other onsite remediation techniques. For efficient bioremediation, bacterial communities of the contaminated site and the uncontaminated control site were compared using both molecular and cultivation techniques. Soil bacterial populations were observed to be stimulated to grow in the soils contaminated with diesel hydrocarbon, whereas fungal and actinomycetes populations were decreased by diesel contamination. Most of the dieseldegrading bacteria isolated from contaminated forest soils were strains of Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Rhodococcus species. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed that the profiles were different among the three contaminated sites, whereas those of the control sites were identical to each other. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences of dominant isolates and clones showed that the bacterial community was less diverse in the oil-contaminated site than at the control site. Sequence analysis of the alkane hydroxylase genes cloned from soil microbial DNAs indicated that their diversity and distribution were different between the contaminated site and the control site. The results indicated that diesel contamination exerted a strong selection on the indigenous microbial community in the contaminated site, leading to predominance of well-adapted microorganisms in concurrence with decrease of microbial diversity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2001

Antimicrobial activities of volatile flavor, water and methanol extracts from Agastache rugosa were investigated. The volatile flavor extract was obtained from A. rugosa by simulataneous distillation-extraction (SDE) method. Antimicrobial activity was investigated by disc diffusion method against several microorganisms, four species of Gram positive, three species of Gram negative and tow species of yeast. The volatile flavor extracts had strong antimicrobial activity againstc. utilisand S. cerevisiae. During the growth period, a difference in antimicrobial activity among volatile flavor extracts from A. rugosa was not shown. The water extract of above 10 mg/disc showed antimicrobial activity. Methanol extracts from A. rugosa harvested in June showed antimicrobial activity against tested Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, showed weak antimicrobial activity against the bacteria from those harvested in July and August. In particular, antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus was stronger than that against other bacteria. Water and methanol extracts did not inhibit yeast. C. utilis and S. cerevisiae. To further elucidate the effective components, volatile flavor extracts was analyzed by GC/MS. harvested in June, the components included 8 phenols (93.031%), 18 terpenes (5.230%), 12 alcohols (1.300%) 8 alkanes (0.181%), 1 ester (0.056%), 2 ketones (0.033%), 2 aldehydes (0.011%) and 1 pyrrole (0.007%). In July, the components included 6 phenols (94.366%), 19 terpenes (3.394%), 11 alcohols (2.045%), 1 ester (0.039%), 2 ketones (0.028%), 1 furan (0.005%) and 1 aldehyde (0.005%). And in August, the components included 7 phenols (95.270%), 19 terpenes (2.951%), 13 alcohols (1.399%), 1 ester (0.063%), 2 aldehydes (0.016%), 2 ketones (0.011%), 1 alkane (0.006%), 1 acid (0.005%) and 1 pyrrole (0.005%). The major component of volatile flavors was estragole, a phenolic compound.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2007

Due to wide abuse of antibiotics both in human and livestock use, the advent and spread of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens becomes a serious health problem all over the world. Since the development of new antibiotics is at a standstill in pharmaceutical industry, the choice of therapeutic antibiotics is getting narrower. In this study, in an effort to search new antibiotics, the antimicrobial activity of Paenibacillus DY1 isolated from Korean soil was characterized on its growth inhibition spectrum against various health threatening MDR strains, with its stability and chemical structure. Extracellular culture filtrate of Paenibacillus DY1 effectively inhibits the growth of all the tested MDR enteropathogenic Eshcherichia coli, enterohemolytic E. coli, and enterotoxigenic E. coli strains, at a similar level to that on the nonresistant control E. coli strains. It showed significant growth inhibition effect against the causative agents of class one legal communicable disease, MDR Salmonella typhi, MDR Salmonella paratyphi A, food poisoning bacteria, MDR Salmonella typhimurium, and other MDR Salmonella spp. The growth of all of 10 different MDR Shigella spp. strains and 6 different Vibrio spp. strains tested was also inhibited. The antimicrobial activity of Paenibacillus DY1 was well preserved after heat treatment, and was also stable in both alkaline and acidic environment. The antimicrobial activity was partially purified with Diaion HP20 column and TLC. By NMR study, the putative structure of the activity was postulated as an alkane having hydroxyl groups.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.620-625
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• 2018

Liquid detergent based on sodium lauryl ethoxy sulfate (SLES) as main ingredient sometimes met gelling film on the surface when it is opened in the air. It was assumed because of the change of phase diagram of micelle by concentration change of surfactant, major ingredient of detergent when the water of detergent is evaporated. SLES showed strong hexagonal liquid crystal (LC) in 30~60 wt%, and lamellar LC over 60 wt%. In this research surface gelling formation of liquid detergent which is based on SLES as main ingredient was because of water evaporation. As water of detergent was evaporated, concentration of surfactant became higher. It was checked that surface gelling was LC of mixed surfactant system. Conclusionally we applied alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) having good solubility, Sodium secondary alkane sulfonate (SAS) preventing hexagonal LC and hydrotrope sodium xylene sulfonate (SXS) and PEG1500 in order to prevent gelling film in SLES based liquid detergent. Like this, improved formula 4 and 5 can prevent the formation of gelling film on the surface of liquid detergent when it is opened in the air.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.744-752
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• 1992

Polymer bonded metalloporphyrins are synthesized by reaction between Fe(III) protoporphyrin or Mn(II) tetrakis(4-N-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin with polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer. The spectroscopic properties of synthetic polymer bonded metalloporphyrins are investigated by using resonance Raman spectrometer. By synthetic polymer bonded metalloporphyrins as catalyst, which are model of cytochrome P-450 and peroxidases, epoxidation of olefins and oxidation of alkanes are achieved with H2O2 as oxidant. The catalytic efficiencies with polymer bonded metalloporphyrins are improved on that with corresponding nonpolymer bonded metalloporphyrins. Especially those can be reused because of stability against oxidant. Electron donating imidazole derivatives, which are attached in 5th position of central metal of metalloporphyrins, enhance the catalytic efficiencies.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.306-311
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• 2013

A series of liquid crystalline polyesters containing the 4-chloro benzoate group on the hydroquinone unit of rigid group were synthesized through solution polymerization of 2,5-di(4-chlorobenzoate)hydroquinones and 4,4'-dicarboxy-${\alpha},{\omega}$-diphenoxy alkane. The structure and properties for synthesized polymers were investigated by $^1H$-NMR, FT-IR, DSC, TGA, and POM. As result of investigations, The presence of the methylene group and bulky lateral groups in polymer chain have a great influence on the properties of polymers such as solubilities and thermal transitions. The optical textures of polymers revealed a weak birefringence in the melt and indicated that they form nematic mesophase. All polymers have very narrow mesophase temperature ranges.