• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.3.1-3.10
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• 2014

Amino acid substitution matrices are essential tools for protein sequence analysis, homology sequence search in protein databases and multiple sequence alignment. The PAM matrix was the first widely used amino acid substitution matrix. The BLOSUM series then succeeded the PAM matrix. Most substitution matrixes were developed by using the statistical frequency of substitution between each amino acid at blocks representing groups of protein families or related proteins. However, substitution of amino acids is based on the similarity of physiochemical properties of each amino acid. In this study, a new approach was used to obtain major physiochemical properties in multiple sequence alignment. Frequency of amino acid substitution in multiple sequence alignment database and selected attributes of amino acids in physiochemical properties database were merged. This merged data showed the major physiochemical properties through principle components analysis. Using factor analysis, these four principle components were interpreted as flexibility of electronic movement, polarity, negative charge and structural flexibility. Applying these four components, BAPS was constructed and validated for accuracy. When comparing receiver operated characteristic ($ROC_{50}$) values, BAPS scored slightly lower than BLOSUM and PAM. However, when evaluating for accuracy by comparing results from multiple sequence alignment with the structural alignment results of two test data sets with known three-dimensional structure in the homologous structure alignment database, the result of the test for BAPS was comparatively equivalent or better than results for prior matrices including PAM, Gonnet, Identity and Genetic code matrix.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.416-420
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• 1995

An attempt has been made to investigate the mechanism of magnetic alignment in the magnets produced by upset forging the $Pr_{20}Fe_{74}B_{4}Cu_{2}$ cast bulk alloy. Upset forging of the cast alloy was carried out for 20 sec to an 80 % thickness reduction (strain rate : $4{$\times}10^{-2}s^{-1}$) in an open die configuration at varying temperatures in the range $600^{\circ}-900^{\circ}C$. It has been found that the upset forging process at temperatures above $800^{\circ}C$ can achieve a magnetic alignment to a great extent from copper-containing Pr-Fe- B-type cast ingot. The growth manner of the ferromagnetic $Pr_{2}Fe_{14}B$ matrix grain in Pr-Fe-B-type alloys was studied by examining the morphology change of the matrix grain in sintered body, and it was found that the matrix grains grew in anisotropic manner such that the grain grew more rapidly along the a- or b-axis than along the c-axis. This anisotropic grain growth led to the plate-like shape of the matrix grain. The magnetic alignment during the upset forging was attributed to grain boundary gliding of the plate-like grains, and the geometry of the grains in the cast ingot and the presence of a large amount of the praseodymium-rich grain boundary phase were thought to play a key role in the achievement of magnetic alignment.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 1981

The alignment of propulsion shaft systems by the fair curve method has been developed over the past twenty years and in recent years its basic problems have been almost solved. At the present time, studies on introducing actual conditions are being undertaken. In a fair curve alignment, its aim is to achieve a stable shaft system which will be relatively insensitive to misalignment or the influence of external factors such as thermal variations due to the sunshine, speed change, etc. The key point of fair curve alignment is the calculations of reactions in the straight support and reaction influence numbers. The present authors have developed those calculating method by the matrix method of the three-moment theorem. The fair curve alignment is based on the analysis of propulsion shaft system which is assumed as a continous beam on multiple support points. The propeller shaft is divided into several elements. For each element, the nodal point equation is derived by the three-moment theorem. Reaction of supporting points of straight shaft and reaction influence numbers are calculated by the matrix calculation of each nodal point equation. It has been found that results of calculation for the model shaft agree well with those of experiment which had been measured by the strain gauge method. Results of calculation for the actual propulsion shafting of the steam turbine had been compared also with those of Det norske Vertas.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2001년도 ICCAS
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• pp.61.2-61
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• 2001

The purpose of the initial alignment of a SDINS is to get a coordinate transformation matrix from the body frame to the navigation frame. The initial alignment is one of the most important processes in the navigation system since its error has a large influence on the navigation solution. In this paper, a real-time initial alignment algorithm for the SDINS is developed using the Kalman filter. The steady state error analysis is performed for the developed Kalman filter technique and the gyrocompass loop method. The performance of the developed alignment method is compared with the gyrocompass loop method through the real-time alignment experiments.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.463-472
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• 2017

관성항법장치(Inertial Navigation System)는 항법 수행 전 동체 좌표계(body frame)와 항법 좌표계(navigation frame)사이의 좌표 변환 행렬(Direction Cosine Matrix: DCM)을 결정하여 초기자세를 구하는데 이 과정을 정렬(alignment)이라 한다. 정렬을 시작하기 위해서는 INS의 초기 위치 정보가 필요한데 해당 정보가 INS에 미리 입력되어 있지 않거나 당장에 초기위치를 모를 경우 이로 인해 INS에 전원이 인가된 후 정렬에 진입하기까지의 대기시간이 존재한다. 이러한 대기시간을 제거하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 INS 전원 인가 즉시 현재위치와 상이한 가상의 초기위치 값을 장입하여 스트랩다운 INS 정렬을 시작하고 추후에 정확한 위치를 INS에 입력하여 자세오차를 보상하는 정렬 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 항법 좌표계에서의 INS 센서 오차가 시간이 지남에 따라 자세오차에 미치는 영향성을 분석하여 가상의 초기위치 값 입력 시 발생하는 자세오차 만큼을 보상하는 폐루프 정렬 알고리즘의 성능을 검증하였다.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2003년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.301-301
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• 2003

In current study, Nanocomposites are reinforced with carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube and SiC, etc. Since the nano reinforcements have the excellent mechanical, thermal and electrical properties compared with that of existing composites, it has lately attracted considerable attention in the various areas. Cu have been widely used as signal transmission materials for electrical electronic components owing to its high electrical conductivity. However, it's size have been limited to small ones due to its poor mechanical properties. Until now, strengthening of the copper alloy was obtained either by the solid solution and precipitation hardening by adding alloy elements or the work hardening by deformation process. Adding the alloy elements lead to reduction of electrical conductivity. In this aspect, if carbon nanofiber is used as reinforcement which have outstanding mechanical strength and electric conductivity, it is possible to develope Cu matrix nanocomposite having almost no loss of electric conductivity. It is expected to be innovative in electric conducting material market. The unidirectional alignment of carbon nanofiber is the most challenging task developing the cooer matrix composites of high strength and electric conductivity. In this study, the unidirectional alignment of carbon nanofibers which is used reinforced material are controlled by drawing process and align mechanism as well as optimized drawing process parameter are verified via numerical analysis. The materials used in this study were pure copper and the nanofibers of 150nm in diameter and of 10∼20$\mu\textrm{m}$ in length. The materials have been tested and the tensile strength was 75MPa with the elongation of 44% for the copper. it is assumed that carbon nanofiber behave like porous elasto-plastic materials. Compaction test was conducted to obtain constitutive properties of carbon nanofiber Optimal parameter for drawing process was obtained by analytical and numerical analysis considering the various drawing angles, reduction areas, friction coefficient, etc. The lower drawing angles and lower reduction areas provides the less rupture of co tube is noticed during the drawing process and the better alignment of carbon nanofiber is obtained.

• 센서학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2019

Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are widely used for wearable motion-capturing systems in the fields of biomechanics and robotics. When the IMUs are combined with optical motion sensors (hereafter, OPTs) for their complementary capabilities, it is necessary to align the coordinate system orientations between the IMU and OPT. In this study, we compare the application of two coordinate transformation-based orientation alignment methods between two coordinate systems. The first method (M1) applies angular velocity coordinate transformation, while the other method (M2) applies gyroscopic angle coordinate transformation. In M1 and M2, the angular velocities and angles, respectively, are acquired during random movement for a least-square algorithm to determine the alignment matrix between the two coordinate systems. The performance of each method is evaluated under various conditions according to the type of motion during measurement, number of data points, amount of noise, and the alignment matrix. The results show that M1 is free from drift errors, while drift errors are present in most cases where M2 is applied. Thus, this study indicates that M1 has a far superior performance than M2 for the alignment of IMU and OPT coordinate systems for motion analysis.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제37권6A호
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• pp.488-496
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 간섭을 정렬시키는 조건을 선형 결합하고 채널과 빔형성 벡터로 행렬화하여 간섭을 제어하고자 한다. 또한 선형 결합 계수를 갱신함으로써 최적의 빔형성 벡터를 찾고자 한다. 이는 기존의 최소 제곱 기반의 간섭 정렬과 비슷한 형태를 가지지만 행렬화하는 과정을 단순화시켜 곱셈 연산을 없앴기 때문에 직관적으로도 충분히 해결할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 모의실험 결과 제안하는 기법이 기존의 최소 제곱 기반의 간섭 정렬 기법보다 4bps/Hz정도의 이득을 가졌으며, 송수신 안테나 수가 증가하여도 이에 따른 행렬의 크기가 기존 기법보다 줄어들기 때문에 곱셈 연산이 증가하지 않아 복잡도가 낮아짐을 확인하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.626-634
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• 2021

Cu matrix composites reinforced with chopped carbon fiber (CF), which is cost effective and can be well dispersed, are fabricated using electroless plating and hot pressing, and the effects of content and alignment of CF on the thermal properties of CF/Cu composites are studied. Thermal conductivity of CF/Cu composite increases with CF content in the in-plane direction, but it decreases above 10% CF; this is due to reduction of thermal diffusivity related with phonon scattering by agglomeration of CF. The coefficient of thermal expansion decreases in the in-plane direction and increases in the through-plane direction as the CF content increases. This is because the coefficient of thermal expansion of the long axis of CF is smaller than that of the Cu matrix, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of its short axis is larger than that of the Cu matrix. The thermal conductivity is greatly influenced by the agglomeration of CF in the CF/Cu composite, whereas the coefficient of thermal expansion is more influenced by the alignment of CF than the aggregation of CF.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.138-145
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• 2000

In this paper an initial alignment algorithm for a strapdown inertial navigation system is implemented using a RISC CPU board. The algorithm computes roll pitch and yaw angles of the direction cosine matrix utilizing measured components of the specific force and earth rate when the navigation system is stationary. The coarse alignment algorithm is performed first and then the fine alignment algorithm containing a 3rd-order gyrocompass loop follows. The experimental set consists of an IMU a CPU board and a monitoring system Experimental results show that the implemented algorithm can be utilized in navigation systems.