• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2007

The use of aquatic species in ecotoxicity research is well established in developed countries. However, there are limitations of using the species that are not native to Korea, and the toxicity data produced by domestic test species are significantly needed to reflect the domestic situation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the domestic species that can be applicable for the aquatic toxicity assessment in Korea. Aquatic toxicity data were collected in the framework of the project 'Development of integrated methodology for evaluation of water environment' to obtain a range of test species used for aquatic toxicity assessment internationally. The test species collected were evaluated in terms of domestic distribution based on the reliable references and the advices of experts. We figured out the 71 test species native to Korea. They included 7 fish, 26 invertebrates (2 annelids, 2 bryozoa, 13 crustaceans, 3 insects, 4 mollusc, 1 platyhelminth, and 1 protozoan), 26 plants (9 diatoms, 14 green algae, 3 macrophytes), and 12 others (2 amphibians, 3 bacteria, 6 blue-green algae, and 1 fungus). The result of this study should be a very useful information for ecotoxicity assessment in aquatic ecosystem, especially in choosing the test species applicable for the ecotoxicity in Korea hereafter.

• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2004

This study was performed to obtain basic information on the ecology of Zostcra marina and to promote efficient conservation of this species which has been decline in Gamak Bay, Yeosu, Korea. Whater column characteristics and eelgrass morphology at Anpori, Jangsuri and Wonpori were investigated every month from December 1999 to November 2000. The water temperature, salinity and pH at the three sites were 10.0-27.0${\circ}C$,29.4-34.7% and 8.1-8.5, respectively. The water temperature at Anpori tended to be slightly lower than that at the other locations; the salinity at Wonpori from July to November was a little lower than that of the other locations. The concentrations of $NO_2$-N, $NO_3$_N, $NH_4$-N, $PO_4$-P and $Si(OH)_4$-Si at the three sites were 0.9-1.3, 2.0-6.2, 7.8-9.0, 3.0-3.6 and 22.2-30.2 uM, respectively. The concentration of $NO_3$-N at Wonpori from June to November was somewhat lower than that at the other locations; that of NH4-N at Jansuri was somewhat lower than the others. The mean shoot height and leaf width of the Anpori, Jangsuri and Wonpori populations were 80.6 cm and 0.9 mm, 90.0 cm and 1.0 mm, and 95.3 cm and 1.0 mm, respectively. The mean total shoot weight of the Anpori, Jangsuri and Wonpori ones was 24.5,31.0 and 29.7 & respectively. The mean leaf and branch numbers of the Anpori, Jangsuri and Wonpori populations were 16.5 and 2.6, 16.1 and 2.4 and 15.4 and 2.6 individuals, respectively. The correlation coefficients between shoot height and water temperature, leaf width and total shoot weight, leaf number and branch number, and $Si(OH)_4$-Si and $NO_3$-N were 0.726, 0.692, 0.862, and 0.693, respectively. The coefficients between shoot height and $NO_3$-N, total shoot weight and NO_3$-N, water temperature and $Si(OH)_4$-Si, water temperature and salinity, and water temperature and $NO_3$-N were -0.716, -0.536, -0.775, -0.685 and -0.685, respectively. The first four principal components explain 71.1% of the total sample variance. For axis 1, shoot height and water temperature tended to correlate with the population of Jansuri, followed by the Wonpori population, and $Si(OH)_4$-Si and $NO_3$-N tended to correlated strongly with the Anpori population. For axis 2, total weight, leaf width, leaf number and branch number showed a tendency to correlate with the Anpori and Jangsuri populations. For axis 3, the Anpori population tended to be influenced by $NO_2$-N and $PO_4$-P. For axis 4, the Wonpori and Jangsuri populations tended to be affected by salinity. The tendency, however, differed according to season.

• ALGAE
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2005

In order to produce Laminaria japonica in Jeju as feed for abalone, a transplant experiment was performed with the Baekryungdo and the Wando cultivar stocks at the Udo aquafarm from January to July 2003. Eight water conditions at the aquafarm and eleven traits of the two cultivar stocks were measured once a month. The water temperature ranged from 12.9$^{\circ}C$ to 23.5$^{\circ}C$. The salinity was 31.3-36.8‰ the DO was 5.40-9.86 mg ${\cdot}$ $l^{-1}$ the pH was 7.82-9.61. Concentrations of $NO_2-N,\;NO_3-N,\;NH_4-N\;and\;PO_4-P$ were 0.02-0.15 $\mu$M, 2.27-3.49 $\mu$M, 0.16-0.56 $\mu$M and 0.07-0.99 $\mu$M, respectively. The whole frond length of the Baekryungdo and the Wando specimens were 173.84 and 153.67 cm. The blade width, stipe length, blade length, fascia length, blade thickness, total weight and substantiality of the Baekryungdo and the Wando specimens were 14.61 and 13.05 cm, 3.94 and 3.02 cm, 169.88 and 150.65 cm, 155.81 and 137.10 cm, 1.01 and 0.96 cm, 258.04 and 200.96 cm, and 101.56 and 94.62, respectively at the conclusion of the experiment in July. The measurements of the Baekryungdo specimens were slightly higher than those of Wando specimens. The fascia width, stipe thickness and fascia thickness of the Wando specimens were slightly higher than those of the Baekryungdo specimens. The relative growth rates of these traits of two cultivar stocks during the growth test were very similar. Generally, the performance of the Baekryungdo cultivar stock seems to be better than that of the Wando samples. Further study of the physiological ecology for cultivation and breeding is needed in the future.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2016

Background: In this article, it was analyzed how snow melting affects the assembly of lichen and moss communities in a small area of the coastal region of Barton Peninsula, which is in maritime Antarctic. In the small area, even though there is a huge gap of difference of the environment between the snow-filled area and snow-melt one, the latter did not have distinctive environmental gradients. Results: Depending on the snow melting time, coverage and species diversity of lichens and mosses tend to increase remarkably. For species with significant changes depending on the snow-covered period, there are Andreaea regularis, crustose lichens, Placopsis contortuplicata, Usnea aurantiaco-atra, and snow algae. In this area, the process of vegetation assembly process has shown the directional development in the order of snow algae${\rightarrow}$crustose, lichen sub-formation${\rightarrow}$fruticose lichen, moss cushion sub-formation (Andreaea sociation)${\rightarrow}$fruticose lichen, and moss cushion sub-formation (Usnea sociation), according to the order of snow melting. These directional development stages are shown in gradual change in small area with the snow melting phenomena. However, in the snow-free area, where water is sufficiently supplied, it is expected that moss carpet sub-formation (Sanionia sociation) will be developed. Vegetation development in the small area with the snow melting phenomena, depending on differences of resistance on snow kill and moisture settled by species in according to the time of snow melting, tolerance model to form community is followed. Conclusions: The research results explain the development of vegetation in the Antarctic tundra and its spatial distribution according to the period for growth of lichens and mosses in the summer time by differences of snow melting in the small area. In the future, if research for the community development process in a large scale will be done, it will be helpful to figure out temporal and spatial dynamic of vegetation in the Antarctic tundra where snow and glaciers melt rapidly due to climatic warming.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.4 s.109
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• pp.462-468
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• 2004

Most of the surveys of periphyton carried out for environmental and ecosystem health assessment of streams have considered the impact made on their fixative substrates (stones, rocks, sand, silt, clay and other abiotic matters), but there has been virtually no research that considered moving substrates. This study attempted to make an analysis and assessment of the habitat environments of the microalgae attached to the skin surfaces of fish living in small streams, with a focus on their species composition and community structure. The dominant fish in the this survey were Zacco temmincki and Zacco platypus, which are usually found in the streams, and rivers, and they accounted for 62% and 19%, respectively, in relative abundance. Substrates of fish, a representative organism with the trait of moving a long distance, show a marked contrast with those of organisms fixed at a certain place. Characteristics of both the upstream and the downstream reach well reflected in the microalgae attached to the skin surface of fishes, of which diatoms took the major composition. The result of this observation is considered to be useful to provide basic data in assessment of stream health. Also it may be suggested as a biological tool for the assessment of aquatic environment in the future.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.1 s.102
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• pp.57-65
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• 2003

The algal growth potential test (AGPT) bioassay were conducted to assess the water quality and fertility in the Chinyang Reservoir and the lower part of the Nam River from August 2000 to July 2001, The AGPT value of the Chinyang Reservoir ranged from 0 to 23.4 mg dw $1^{-1}$, while 79% of the algae cultivation have not grown. The AGPT value was in proportion to phosphorus concentration of the water, and it was less when chlorophyll-a was high. This value was higher in the middle and lower layers than in the upper layer, and in the inflow part where the water is shallower than in the lacustrine. The AGPT value has increased in the whole reservoir in August${\sim}$September when the water volume is high. In contrast, the AGPT value in the Nam River varied greatly compared to that of the reservoir, and ranged from 0 to 252.0 mg dw $1^{-1}$ and 65% of the algae cultivation have grown. The value was less than 10 mg dw $1^{-1}$ in the upstream, over the point where the treated wastewater discharged. It was 57 mg dw $1^{-1}$ on the average in the downstream, except in March and July when the discharged water influenced greatly, exceeding the hypertrophic condition. The result of AGPT shows the differences in the time and space on the reservoir and the streams. The AGPT value has increased in July${\sim}$September, and in December in the inflow part of the reservoir; in March and August${\sim}$December in the lower part; and in January, May, and November in the streams. AGPT is useful not only in defining the influence of the limiting nutrients on the algal growth, but also in evaluating the nutrients fertility in the inland water.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4 s.92
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• pp.380-386
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• 2000

Alkaline phosphatase ($AP_{ase}$) activity was studied for the pure cultures and natural communities of phytoplankton. The Michaelis-Menten constant ($K_m$) showed large variation with species. Some green algae showed large $K_m$ ($650\;{\mu}M$ for Selenastrum capriconutum). Chlorella sp. and Nitzschia palea showed smaller Km (respectively1.7, 2.0 HM) than those of other species examined. The extracellular free enzyme in the filtrate of Anabaena flos-aquae showed smaller Km ($52\;{\mu}M$) than that of cellbound form ($276\;{\mu}M$). The $K_m$ ($12.0\;{\mu}M$) of summer phytoplankton in Lake Soyang. when Anabaena sp. was dominant species, was larger than that (1.5 HM) of spring phytoplankton when Asterionella sp. was the dominant. Although maximum activity($V_{max}$) in Lake Soyang was affected by the concentration of DIP within the lake, but the $V_{max}$ always varied not with the DIP concentration of the lake. Induction of $AP_{ase}$ may be more affected by the phosphate content within the cell of phytoplankton than by the concentration of DIP within the lake, The extracellular free $AP_{ase}$ activity accounted for $36{\sim}97%$ of total activity from fall to spring turnover in Lake Soyang. The $K_m$ ($1.1{\mu}3.5\;M$) of extracelluar free enzyme were simillar to those ($0.7{\mu}3.5\;M$) of the total activity. This indicates that the extracelluar free enzyme was derived from phytoplankton.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.2 s.112
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• pp.146-159
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• 2005

Fifty-four zooplankton species from Daecheong Lake were identified during the research period from June to October 2001. The representative zooplanktons mostly comprised the index species indicating the intermediate stage from oligosaprobity to ${\beta}$-mesosaprobity. During the blooming season of blue-green algae, the population of large cladocerans like Daphnia galeata precipitously decreased in size, while rotifers and small cladocerans like Bosmina longirostris increased in population size. Therefore, soon after the peak of the blooming of blue-green algae, whole zooplankton standing crop and number of species showed the tendency of recovery, or even the sharp increase. The population size of Daphnia galeata was affected very sensitively by the change of cyanobacterial density.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.2 s.90
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• pp.145-151
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• 2000

A porous silicate material named as CellCaSi was tested for the removal of microalgae in the water sample from a eutrophic pond. The effects of the CellCaSi on water qualities were investigated on the basis of both the particle size (under 1, 2,and 4 mm) and the added amount (0, 1, 5, and 10 g/l) of the CellCaSi. The removal efficiency of chlorophyll-a was highest at 79% by the addition of 10 g/l of the CellCaSi (under 1 mm) at day 3 after treatment. That is, the removal efficiency of chlorophyll-a by the CellCaSi increased with smaller particle size and more added amount. The dominant species, Chlorella ellipsoidea, was not changed by the addition of the CellCaSi, but the species number and standing crop of the algae diminished. Total nitrogen concentration was not changed much by the addition of the CellCaSi, whereas total phosphorus concentration was reduced. pH and turbidity were not changed by the addition of the CellCaSi, whereas conductivity showed a high correlation with the amount of added CellCaSi ($Y\;=\;29.2 {\cdot}X+306$, $r^2\;=0.984$). Therefore, it seems to be necessary to limit the amount of the CellCaSi under 6.6 g/1 in consideration of a registered maximum conductivity of $500\;{\mu}mhos/cm$ for raw and potable waters.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.2 s.98
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• pp.123-132
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• 2002

Experiments have been carried out in barge enclosure near Bukhangang area and arificially eutrophicated pond. Applied plants are three terrestrial plants (Big cone pine, Pine needles and Ginkgo) and one aquatic plant (Water chestnut). In the experiment pond, applied plants are big cone pine, pine needles and ginkgo at the concentration of 0.5 g/l and water chestnut of 0.3 g/l. And it used pine needles at the concentration of 0.3 g/l in barge enclosure. The dominant species was Microcystis aeruginosa. Chlorophyll a concentration decreased to the extent of average 65% as compared with the beginning of experiment by the input of big cone pine and pine needles in artificially eutrophicated pond. But it was decreased to the extent of average 34% by the input of water chestnut. Especially, pine needles significantly inhibited the growth of algae from the early days in barge enclosure, it was declined at a rate of average 74%. It was proved that pine needles was the most inhibitory to the growth of algae at the treatment with $0.3{\sim}0.5\;g/l$, Ginkgo and water chestnut are needed more study. We purified that the dissolved phenolic compounds from the various plants can affect algal growth.