• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1182-1189
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• 2007

An intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of somatostatin 1-28 (SRIF) was used as a thirst-controlling peptide antagonist to investigate whether or not thirst-controlling peptides are involved in the significant decrease in feed intake during the initial stages of feeding large-type goats on dry forage. A continuous ICV infusion of SRIF was conducted at a small dose of $4{\mu}g$ ml/h for 27 h from day 1 to day 2. Goats (n = 5) were fed roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes for 2 h twice daily and water was given ad libitum. Feed intake was measured during ICV infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) and SRIF. The feed intake during SRIF infusion increased significantly compared to that during ACSF infusion. In comparison to the ACSF treatment, plasma osmolality during the SRIF treatment significantly decreased during the first half of the 2 h feeding period. The factor causing the decrease in plasma osmolality during the ICV infusion of SRIF was a decrease in plasma Na, K, Cl, and Mg concentrations. In comparison to the ACSF infusion treatment, parotid saliva secretion volumes during the 2 h feeding period in the SRIF infusion treatment were significantly larger. While there was no significant difference in cumulative water intake (thirst levels) between the SRIF and the ACSF treatments upon conclusion of the 2 h feeding period, based on the plasma osmolality results it is thought that thirst level increases brought about by alfalfa hay cube feeding in the first half of the feeding period were reduced. It is thought that the somatostatin-induced increases in feed intake during the 2 h feeding period in the present experiment were caused by decreases in plasma osmolality brought about by the somatostatin infusion. As a result, it is suggested that the significant decrease in feed intake during the initial stages of feeding in large-type goats given roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes, was due to the actions of thirst-controlling peptides.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.998-1001
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• 2002

Saltwort (Salicornia herbacea L.), a kind of halophytes in Japan, is under investigation as a feed source for livestock as well as potential oilseed crop in salt marshes and salt fields. The present experiment was undertaken to analyze the nutritive value of saltwort as feed for ruminants. To determine the apparent digestibility and nutritive value of saltwort, five Japanese native goats were fed the diets consisting of alfalfa hay cubes with 15 or 20% (n=3 and n=2, respectively) inclusion levels of saltwort in the total diet on a DM basis. All the animals were randomly offered alfalfa hay cubes as a base diet or a mixed diet of alfalfa hay cubes and saltwort at maintenance level, thereafter, alternative feed (a base or mixed diet) was offered to the experimental animals (the incomplete crossover design). Analysis of the chemical composition of saltwort showed that the plant contained high levels of total ash (40.2% DM), sodium (12.7% DM) and chlorine (19.7% DM), and relatively high levels of CP (11.7% DM) and NDF (40.4% DM). Contents of TDN and digestible CP (DCP), DE and ME of saltwort were 33.5% DM, 8.4% DM, 7.4MJ/DM kg and 5.0MJ/DM kg, respectively. These results indicate that saltwort is rich in DCP and minerals (mainly sodium chloride), but poor in energy, suggesting that saltwort could be used as a mineral or CP supplement for ruminants raised around salinized areas in which high quality feed may not be available.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

본 연구는 수입건초의 품질평가를 통해 사료가치를 평가하고 초종 및 등급별 현황을 파악하고자 수행되었다. 수입건초의 품질 평가를 위하여 2016년부터 2018년까지 전국 건초 수입상, TMR 회사와 축산 농가에서 목건초 9종 133점을 수집하였다. 수입건초의 품질등급이 3~4등급 수준으로 대부분의 수입건초가 사료성분이 낮은 것으로 판단된다. 알팔파의 품질등급별 사료성분은 ADF, Ash, TDN 및 DDM에서 유의적인 차이가 나타났다(p<0.05). 알팔파에 표기된 품질등급이 사료성분을 통해서 산출된 실제 품질 등급과 유사하지 않았다. 화본과목초의 품질등급별 사료성분은 DM 및 CP를 제외한 모든 항목에서 유의적인 차이가 나타났다(p<0.05). 국내에 유통되는 화본과목초 중에서 저품질인 품질등급 미표기가 49%를 차지하고 있으므로 사료성분에 따른 품질기준 제시가 시급하다. 이상으로 수입건초의 사료성분을 검토하였을 때 표시된 품질등급보다 낮은 결과를 나타내었다. 이는 수입건초에 표시된 품질등급만으로 판매가격을 책정하는 것은 축산 농가 및 사료제조사 등에 경제적 손실을 야기한다고 볼 수 있다. 수입건초의 품질등급을 재 검토하는 제도적 장치가 마련되어야 한다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2002

본 시험은 알팔파 건초의 혼합비율을 60%(A), 50%(B), 40%(C) 및 30%(D)의 4가지로 달리하여 조제한 시험사료를 이유 후 한국 재래산양에게 급여하여 사료 섭취량과 소화율 및 증체에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 이유 후 초기 사료 개발을 위한 기초자료로서 활용하고자 본시험을 실시하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 시험사료의 화학적 조성분은 조단백질 함량을 모두 18%로 고정시켜 동일하였으며 ADF, NDF 및 조회분의 함량은 A구가 각각 26.1, 37.0 및 9.0%로 가장 높았고 D구가 20.3, 30.4, 6.6%로 가장 낮았으나 비구조적 탄수화물(NSC) 함량은 반대의 경향을 나타내었다. 1일 두당 건물 섭취량은 A와 B구가 각각 414.4와 417.7g으로 가장 높았고 D구가 362.6g으로 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 대사체중 당 건물섭취량(DM g/kg of $BW^{0.75}$)은 A구가 73.9g으로 가장 높았고, D구가 64.0g으로 가장 낮았다. 일당 증체량과 사료 효율은 각각 33.3~48.7g과 8.1~13.4%의 범위로 처리간 유의차는 인정되지 않았지만 조사료 혼합비율이 낮을수록 높았다. 재래산양에 의한 건물, 유기물, 조단백질, ADF, NDF, 조회분 및 NSC의 소화율은 농후사료 함량이 높은 처리구일수록 높고 조사료 함량이 높은 처리구일수록 낮은 경향을 보였다. 재래산양에 있어 서의 질소축적량과 질소축적율은 A구가 각각 1.8g과 15.5%로 가장 낮았고 D구가 각각 2.7g과 25.7%로 가장 낮았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 어린 재래산 양의 초기사료로서 알팔파 건초를 조사료원으로 할 때 30~40%의 알팔파 건초의 혼합비율이 그 이상의 경우보다 산양의 일당 증체량 및 사료효율이 우수하였으며 이 때 사료내 조단백질 함량을 18%로 유지하는 것이 이유 후 어린 재래산양의 성장에 효과적이었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2009

본 연구에 이용될 공시시료는 2007년과 2008년에 걸쳐 채집되었으며, 기호성 조사는 2008년 6월 21일 수행하였다. 공시시료는 화본과와 두과목초(passes and legumes)류는 mixed passes, orchardgrass, tall fescue, alfalfa 및 white clover 의 5종, 야초와 잡초(native grasses 및 weeds)류는 mixed native grasses, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss, Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) Tanaka, barnyard grass 및 short awn의 5종, 사료작물과 볏짚(forage crops and straw)류는 barley +hairy vetch, wheat + hairy vetch, rye silage, barley silage 및 baled rice straw의 5종, 수염과 낙엽(browse and fallen leaves)류는 mixed browse, oriental white oak browse, Quercus serrta Thunb. oriental cherry fallen leaves 및 Japanese chestnut fallen leaves의 5종, 그리고 수입건초(imported hay and straw)류로 timothy, tall fescue hay, annual ryegrass, klinegrass 및 alfalfa의 5종 등 총 25종을 공시하였다. 공시축은 유산양(Saanen 우, 평균체중 $25{\pm}2.1kg$) 10두를 공시하였고, 시험은 유산양은 충남 금산군 추부면 유산양목장에서 수행하였다. CP, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin 함량및 IVDMD는 채취장소, 초종, 생육단계 및 예취시기에 따라 조사료원별로 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 유산양은 혼합목초(mixed grasses) 와 두과목초인 화이트 클로버(white clover)나알팔파(alfalfa) 등을 즐겨 채식하였으나, 콘포볏짚(baled rice straw)이나 호밀 사일리지 (rye silage) 등은 거의 채식하지 않았다. 유산양이 즐겨 채식한 조사료원은 NDF나 ADF와 같은 섬유소물질의 함량이 낮은 반면에 IVDMD는 높은 조사료를 주로 선택하여 채식하는 습성을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 유산양(Saanen)은 화본과 와 두과목초(34.6%)를 가장 즐겨 채식하였던 것으로 보아 초류채식형 (grazers)에 가까운 것을 재확인하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.880-886
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• 2007

Ensiled or oven-dried green tea by-products (GTB) were evaluated in goats for their nutritive potential as protein feedstuffs based on in vitro and in vivo digestibility. To elucidate the effects of tea tannin on in vitro digestibility, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a tannin binding agent. Both ensiled and dried GTB contained 31.9 to 32.6% of crude protein (CP) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Phenolics and tannins in soybean meal and alfalfa hay were low or not detected, but they were high in both ensiled and dried GTB (7.3-10.1% DM as total extractable tannins). In vitro protein digestibility in the rumen ranked: soybean meal>alfalfa hay cube>ensiled GTB = dried GTB. The protein digestibility post-ruminally of these feedstuffs showed a similar trend to that in the rumen, but the digestibility of ensiled GTB was significantly higher than that of dried GTB. Addition of PEG improved the in vitro protein digestibility of both kinds of GTB in the rumen and post-ruminally, indicating that tannins suppressed the potential protein digestibility of GTB. The increased protein digestibility by PEG addition was not significantly different between ensiled and dried GTB in the rumen, but the percentage increment of ensiled GTB was higher than dried GTB post-ruminally. In the in vivo digestibility trial, ensiled and dried GTB were offered to goats as partial substitutes for soybean meal and alfalfa hay cubes. Offering both GTB to goats as 5-10% on a DM basis did not affect nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia concentration. However, the eating time of the GTB-incorporated diet was longer than that of the basal diet. It took 1.4 and 1.6 times longer than the control diet, to eat the diet completely when GTB silage was offered at 5 and 10% levels, respectively, of the total diet. These results show that ensiled and dried GTB are useful as partial substitutes for soybean meal and alfalfa hay cubes for goats with respect to nutritive value. Because of lessened palatability, it is recommended that GTB be incorporated into the diet at 5% on a DM basis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 1989

A comparative slaughter feeding experiment with steer calves weighing 280 kg and a concurrent digestion trial with wether lambs was conducted to study the energy value of rice straw as influenced by ammonia treatment and mixing with alfalfa hay. Steers were ad libitum fed one of nine completely mixed experimental diets: basal (high concentrate); 25 or 50% of untreated rice straw (URS) or ammoniated (plastic covered bales, 4.6% $NH_3$ by weight) rice straw (ARS) proportionately replacing part of the basal; a 50:50 % mixture of URS or ARS and alfalfa replacing a proportion of the basal at 25 and 50%. Digestibility of the nine complete diets (pelleted to prevent sorting) was determined with four ad libitum fed lambs. Ammoniation increased crude protein level (from 3.6 to 10.8%) and in vitro dry matter digestibility of the rice straw by 15%. The improvement in DE, NEm and NEg by ammoniation of rice straw was 20, 52 and 117%, respectively. Ammoniation of rice straw fed as 50% of the diet improved gains over the diet containing 50% URS, but no significant influence on animal performance was observed when rice straw was fed at the 25% level. Each 10% addition of URS to basal diet decreased empty body gain of steers by 116 gram per day compared with a decrease of 70 gram per day when rice straw had been ammoniated. There was no beneficial effect of ammoniation when the roughage component of the diet was a 50:50 mixture of rice straw and alfalfa. Ammoniation of straw and inclusion of alfalfa generally increased the concentration of total volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Ammoniation resulted in reduced concentrations of acetic and propionic acid, but increased concentration of butyric acid. Digestibility of URS was improved by mixing with alfalfa. However, alfalfa hay did not influence digestibility of ARS. Diets in which ARS replaced the basal mixture at 25 and 50% had higher NEm and NEg values than comparable URS diets. The same pattern was observed in the straw: alfalfa mixtures, but differences between URS and ARS were significant only for the 50% roughage diets.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.445-452
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• 2011

The object of this experiment was to investigate the food habits of Korean native goats fed with various roughage sources. The experimental trials were conducted at Unbong Animal Genetic Resources Station in 2008. The experimental roughages include five sources and 25 species in all; grasses and legumes: 5 species (mixed grasses, orchardgrass, tall fescue, alfalfa, white clover), native grasses and weeds: 5 species (mixed native grasses, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss, Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) Tanaka, Barnyard grass, short awn, forage crops and straw: 5 species (barley + hairy vetch, wheat + hairy vetch, rye silage, barley silage, baled rice straw), browse and fallen leaves: 5 species (Mixed browse, Oriental white oak, Quercus serrta Thunb., Oriental cherry fallen leaves, Japanese chestnut fallen leaves), and imported hay and straw: 5 species(timothy hay, tall fescue straw, annual ryegrass straw, klinegrass hay, alfalfa hay). Ten Korean native goats were selected which had nearly the same body weight (average $24{\pm}2.8$ kg). The chemical composition and dry matter digestibility of each roughage source and species were significantly different at the sampling area, plant species, growth stages and cutting period (p<0.05). Among all the 25 species of roughages, the favorite intake species order by Korean native goat was observed like this: Quercus aliena, Querancas serrta Thunb and Mixed browse, which was a lower intake compared to other domestic herbivores. The Korean native goats ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. The Korean native goats ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. On the other hand, compared to each roughage source, total intake amount by Korean native goats was showed as browse and fallen leaves (33.1%) among trials roughage sources. Based on these results, the food habit of Korean native goats seems to be closer to the browser.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.437-444
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• 2011

The object of this experiment was to investigate the food habits of sika deer fed with various roughage sources. The experimental trials were conducted at Unbong Animal Genetic Resources Station in 2008. The experimental roughages include five sources and 25 species in all; grasses and legumes: 5 species (mixed grasses, orchardgrass, tall fescue, alfalfa, white clover), native grasses and weeds: 5 species (mixed native grasses, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss, Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) Tanaka, barnyard grass, short awn, forage crops (hay, silages and straw): 5 species (barley + hairy vetch, Wheat + hairy vetch, rye silage, barley silage, baled rice straw), browse and fallen leaves: 5 species (mixed browse, oriental white oak, Quercus serrta Thunb., oriental cherry fallen leaves, Japanese chestnut fallen leaves), and imported hays and straws: 5 species (timothy hay, tall fescue straw, annual ryegrass straw, klinegrass hay, alfalfa hay). Five sika deer were used as experimental animals and the averaged body weight was 95+5.4kg. The chemical composition and dry matter digestibility of each roughage source and species were significantly different at the sampling area, plant species, growth stages and cutting period(p<0.05). The sika deer ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. Among all the 25 species of roughages, the favorite intake roughage sources ranking by sika deer was observed like this: browse and fallen leaves (32.2%), grass and legumes (27.0%), native grasses and weeds (22.0%), imported hays (12.9%) and forages crops (5.5%) respectively. Although, the sika deer ate more browse leaves, but ate more roughage which had low fibrous contents (NDF and ADF), but high drymatter digestibility. On the other hand, compared to each roughage source, total intake amount by sika deer was showed as browse and fallen leaves (32.2%). Based on the result, the food habit of sika deer seems to be closer to the typical browser.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.379-385
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• 2011

Ferulic acid esterase (FAE) and acetyl esterase (AE) cleave feruloyl groups substituted at the 5'-OH group of arabinosyl residues and acetyl groups substituted at O-2/O-3 of the xylan backbone, respectively, of arabinoxylans in the cell wall of grasses. In this study, the enzyme profiles of FAE, AE and polysaccharide hydrolases of the anaerobic rumen fungus Neocallimastix sp. YQ1 grown on Chinese wildrye grass hay (CW) or alfalfa hay (AH) were investigated by two $2{\times}4$ factorial experiments, each in 10-day pure cultures. The treatments consisted of two glucose levels ($G^+$: glucose at 1.0 g/L, $G^-$: no glucose) and four N sources (N1: 1.0 g/L yeast extract, 1.0 g/L tryptone and 0.5 g/L $(NH_4)_2SO_4$; N2: 2.8 g/L yeast extract and 0.5 g/L $(NH_4)_2SO_4$; N3: 1.6 g/L tryptone and 0.5 g/L $(NH_4)_2SO_4$; N4: 1.4 g/L tryptone and 1.7 g/L yeast extract) in defined media. The optimal combinations of glucose level and N source for the fungus on CW, instead of AH, were $G^-N4$ and $G^-N3$ for maximum production of FAE and AE, respectively. Xylanase activity peaked on day 4 and day 6 for the fungus grown on CW and AH, respectively. The activities of esterases were positively correlated with those of xylanase and carboxymethyl cellulase. The fungus grown on CW exhibited a greater volatile fatty acid production than on AH with a greater release of ferulic acid from plant cell wall.