• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.99-113
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• 2021

In these days, as cyberspace has been recognized as the fifth battlefield area following the land, sea, air, and space, attention has been focused on activities that view cyberspace as an operational and mission domain in earnest. Also, in the 21st century, cyber operations based on cyberspace are being developed as a 4th generation warfare method. In such an environment, the success of the operation is determined by the commander's decision. Therefore, in order to increase the rationality and objectivity of such decision-making, it is necessary to systematically establish and select a course of action (COA). In this study, COA is established by using the method of classifying operational elements necessary for cyber operation, and it is intended to suggest a direction for quantitative evaluation of COA. To this end, we propose a method of composing the COES (Cyber Operational Elements Set), which becomes the COA of operation, and classifying the cyber operational elements identified in the target development process based on the 5W1H Method. In addition, by applying the proposed classification method to the cyber operation elements used in the STUXNET attack case, the COES is formed to establish the attack COAs. Finally, after prioritizing the established COA, quantitative evaluation of the policy was performed to select the optimal COA.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.5_1
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• pp.693-706
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• 2020

For ten meteorological observatories running an automated synoptic observing system (ASOS), we classified the observation environments into five classes based on the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) classification guidelines. Obstacles (such as topography and buildings) and land-cover types were the main factors in evaluating the observation environments for the sunshine duration, air-temperature, and surface wind. We used the digital maps of topography, buildings, and land-cover types. The observation environment of the sunshine duration was most affected by the surrounding buildings when the solar altitude angle was low around the sunrise and sunset. The air-temperature observation environment was determined based on not only the solar altitude angle but the distance between the heat/water source and ASOS. There was no water source around the ASOSs considered in this study. Heat sources located near some ASOSs were not large enough to affect the observation environment. We evaluated the surface wind observation environment based on the roughness length around the ASOS and the distance between surrounding buildings and the ASOS. Most ASOSs lay at a higher altitude than the surroundings and the roughness lengths around the ASOSs were small enough to satisfy the condition for the best level.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.45-60
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to classify the Korean precipitation regions on the basis of the characteristics of extratropical cyclonic precipitation. From now on, extratropical cyclone is called cyclone in short. By using factor analysis and Ward method in cluster analysis, precipitation regions on the basis of the characteristics of cyclonic precipitation are classified The principal data used in this study are daily precipitation records obtained from 60 weather stations of the Korea Meteorological Service during the ten years($1981{\sim}1990$), and weather charts published by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: (1) In the factor analysis using 43 variables which have relation to the extratropical cyclonic precipitations, They are seven factors whose eigenvalues are above 1.0. This explains 86 percent of total amount. The first factor explains the characteristics of precipitation in the middle-west area and its contribution degree has the highest 10.9 percent. (2) According to the cluster analysis method of Ward, extratropical cyclonic precipitation regions are classified seven macro regions(such as Kyungki and North Youngseo, Youngdong and Ullungdo, Hoseo and South Youngseo, Honam and Northwest Chejudo, Southeast Chejudo, North Youngnam, and South Youngnam), 22 meso regions. (3) The characteristics of precipitation regions have relations to the path of cyclone, the direction of air inflow and the strike of mountain ranges. As the conclusion, the Central China Low brings much precipitation in the southern coast and southern area of Korea as moving to the northeastward. The North China Low moves eastward and brings much precipitation in the western area of the Taeback mountain ranges. The probability of extratropical cyclonic precipitation is the lowest in the inland of Yeongnam and the eastern coastal areas which belong to the rain shadow region. Namely, The seasonal and spatial characteristics of precipitation are closely associated with the path of cyclone and the direction of air inflow according to its passage, and the strike of mountain ranges.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.36-50
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to assign emission source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matters (PMs) for chemical speciation, and to correct the temporal allocation factor and the chemical speciation of source profiles according to the source classification code within the sparse matrix operator kernel emission system (SMOKE) in the Seoul metropolitan area. The chemical speciation from the source profiles of VOCs such as gasoline, diesel vapor, coating, dry cleaning and LPG include 12 and 34 species for the carbon bond IV (CBIV) chemical mechanism and the statewide air pollution research center 99 (SAPRC99) chemical mechanism, respectively. Also, the chemical speciation of PM2.5 such as soil, road dust, gasoline and diesel vehicles, industrial source, municipal incinerator, coal fired, power plant, biomass burning and marine was allocated to 5 species of fine PM, organic carbon, elementary carbon, $NO_3{^-}$, and $SO_4{^2-}$. In addition, temporal profiles for point and line sources were obtained by using the stack telemetry system (TMS) and hourly traffic flows in the Seoul metropolitan area for 2007. In particular, the temporal allocation factor for the ozone modeling at point sources was estimated based on $NO_X$ emission inventories of the stack TMS data.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.37-48
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to provide the valuable basic information that helps set the advanced direction of study in environmental pollution in the future. It classifies and analyzes 6, 531 papers according to their years, fields, and contents from 1962 to 1993 in Korea through Chunrian, a PC communication network, National Environment Research Institute(1989) in Seoul. Classifying papers by their fields, this study shows 19.6%(1, 281 papers) of total papers on water pollution, on which most emphasis was placed in the studies, 17.2%(1, 121 papers) on general remarks, 14.6%(952 papers) on environmental ecology, and 13.6%(891 papers) on air pollution. Classifying papers by their contents, this study tells us that the survey of state and evaluation of pollution degree took 28%(1, 829 papers) of total papers, and it seemed the most active study was carried out on this content. It then shows us that the treatment technology and mechanism shared 17.5%(1, 144 papers), and facilities and design took 1.9%(127 papers) which needed more studies in the future. As for the trends of study, the papers published until 1979 show that the water pollution accounted for 28.9% of total studies, on which the greatest emphasis was placed, while the papers in 1990s tell us that general remarks 34.7%, air pollution 14.9%, and water pollution 14.1%. It also shows that treatment technology and mechanism has had more importance since 1980s in water pollution, noise and vibration, waste materials, human wastes, and radioactive pollution. However, in sea pollution, policy and standard rather than treatment technology or method of measurement and analysis has been considered a more important one in 1990s. Analyzing the studies on general remarks, it tell us that the paper on environmental act, which were frequently conducted, accounted for 33.3% until 1979, while the papers on the environmental policy, in which the highest interest was kept, accounted 34.6% in 1990s. This study concludes that most papers had examined the survey on status and evaluation of pollution degree before 1980, while studies on solving the problems of environmental pollution have had more importance in the 1980s and 1990s. Therefore, in the future, more studies should be conducted actively on policy development to solve the problems of environment pollution as well as on encouragement of environmental consciousness.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2000

The predicted results of INDAC code were compared with measured $^3H$ concentrations in air and pine-needle around the Wolsung site. The optimal sets of input data to INDAC were in addition selected by comparing the measured values with the predicted values of INDAC based on various conditions such as the release modes of effluents into the environment, the classification of wind classes, and the consideration of terrain. The predicted $^3H$ concentrations in air and pine-needle were shown to have good agreement with measured values, although there are some limitations such as uncertainties in measured values, complex topology around the site, and the land-sea breeze effects. The assumption on the $^3H$ behavior in vegetables or plants that the ratio of $^3H$ concentration in plant water to $^3H$ concentration in atmospheric water is 1/2 was shown to be conservative in terms of the audit calculation performed by the regulator. It was also found that data sets based on mixed mode and no terrain data were not appropriate for the audit calculation ensuring the compliance with regulations. Thus, if the mixed mode is considered as the release mode of effluents into the environment, meteorological data measured at 58 m height and terrain data should be used to evaluate the atmospheric dispersion factor.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.5_1
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• pp.609-620
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• 2023

In this study, we used Sentinel-1 C-band synthetic aperture radar to calculate the surface state factor (SSF) for distinguishing the frozen-thawed state of soil. The accuracy of SSF classification was analyzed through comparison with air temperature (AT), grass temperature (GT), and underground temperature (UT). For the analysis, 116 Sentinel-1B Descending nodes observed over a period of 4 years from 2017 to 2020 were established for the central region of South Korea. AT, GT, and UT data were obtained from 23 soil moisture observation points of the Rural Development Administration during the same period, and analyzed using the 06:00 am data adjacent to the shooting time of the Sentinel-1B images. The average accuracy and F1-score for all stations were 0.63 and 0.47 for AT, 0.63 and 0.48 for GT, and 0.57 and 0.21 for UT, respectively. For winter (December-February) data, the average accuracy and F1-score were 0.66 and 0.76 for AT, 0.67 and 0.76 for GT, and 0.47 and 0.44 for UT, respectively. The increase in accuracy during winter data may be attributed to the fact that errors occurring in other seasons are not included.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.187-200
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• 2023

The purpose of this paper is to correspond to four-elements in astrology theory, an intellectual from ancient times, that show personality temperament among MBTI, a representative personality type test in modern times, furthermore, by examining 16 personality type cards in tarot, a play culture and fortune telling culture in which the four-element theory is integrated in symbols, it is a comparative consideration that connects the characteristics of the character types contained in them to the 16 personality types of MBTI. The four preferred types of MBTI are Extravesion(E) and Introversion(I), Sensing(S) and Intuition(N), Thinking(T) and Feeling(F), Judgment(J) and Perception(P). Among them, Western four-elements were able to respond to Fire, Water, Air, and Earth in the order of NF(iNtuitive Feeling Type), SF(Sensory Feeling Type), NT(iNtuitive Thinking Type), and ST(Sensory Thinking Type). This is a result that can be derived by comparing individual personality theory and MBTI temperament theory among the symbols contained in ancient astrological theories. And the classification of boys, knights, queens, and kings in the four classes of person cards could be divided according to the MBTI attitude index. The boy showed an adaptive introvert using I and P, the knight showed an adaptive extrovert using E and P, the queen showed a decisive introvert using I and J, and the king showed an adaptive extrovert using E and J.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 1986

As a series of systematic classification of paramphistomes, in the first step, paramphistomes in the lumen and reticulum were collected on 170 Korean catties (2∼3 years age, male) slaughtered at Jeonju abattoir from July, 1984 to September, 1985 and were classified by means of morphology of the worms. Afterwards, the karyotype of Paramphistomum explanatum (Creplin, 1849) which is the common in Korean cattle was detected by means of modified air-drying method from testis cells of the worm. The following is a brief summary of the leading facts gained through the experiment. 1. Most of the cattle slaughtered at the abattoir were infected with paramphistomes. The 5 species of the worms were detected on 170 Korean cattle and the worm burden per head was from 2 to 784(on the average 170) worms, 120(70.59%) heads out of them involving 2∼100 worms. In 28,900 individuals of paramphistomes obtained on 170 Korean cattle, appearance rates of various worms were as follows : 49.74% in P. explanatum, 48.08% in P. cervi, 0.98% in Orthocoelium orthocoelium, 0.89% in Fischoederius cobboldi and 0.14% in Cotylophoron cotylcphorum. 2. The chromosome number of 620 P. explanatum in the haploid and diploid cells was n=9 and 2n=18, and abundant cells in meiotic division were observed; 1,420 haploid and 38 diploid cells were reliable. Nine pairs of mitotic chromosomes were homologous and the chromosomes were composed of aye medium-sized metacentrics(m), subtelocentrics(st) or submetacentrics(sm) and four smallsized subtelocentrics(st) or submetacentrics(am), while meiotic metaphase chromosomes were composed of five medium and four small-sized. 3. The haploid of the testis cells showed C-band in the centromeric region from 8 of them, whereas the remaining chromosome No. 5 included heterochromatin on the tip region, and chromosomes No. 3 and No. 7 showed a remarkable C-band distinguished from other chromosomes.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.3-10
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• 2013

This study intends to clarify the key elements of designing low energy residential building construction by planning out residential construction in nature oriented designing method utilizing nearby environment and nature oriented energy from designing stage instead of construction of low energy residential building. Development of building technology is proportional to the development of technology that lasts already. However, what is no less important than the advancement of technology, it is the study of fundamental phenomena energy use in response to climate, reduction, such as recycling. It is possible in such a purpose, it is assumed that there is a need to study elements implementation plan in accordance with the climatic characteristics of the study. Method for controlling the condition solar radiation, sunshine, depending on the characteristics of the weather, by utilizing the convection phenomenon of nature, to maintain the air comfort in the interior space is the essence of eco-friendly construction and passive Property This is an important architectural elements to be aim. For through the analysis of this case, corresponding to the phenomenon of the features of the macro climate and micro climate due to climate change, a combination building blocks of classification placement of each, shape, structure, elevation, space, of the material appeared in various it was possible to know the construction characteristics were. As shown in each case, construction method to address climate change has been found to apply to a comprehensive analysis climatic characteristics of each region, in response to this, the construction of element each corresponding.