• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.187-196
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• 2017

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for the estimation of tree height is gaining recognition. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of tree height estimation of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. and Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. using digital surface model (DSM) generated from UAV-acquired imageries. Images were taken with the $Trimble^{(R)}$ UX5 equipped with Sony ${\alpha}5100$. The generated DSM, together with the digital elevation model (DEM) generated from a digital map of the study areas, were used in the estimation of tree height. Field measurements were conducted in order to generate a regression model and carry out accuracy assessment. The obtained coefficients of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) for P. densiflora (R2=0.71; RMSE=1.00 m) and P. koraiensis (R2=0.64; RMSE=0.85 m) are comparable to the results of similar studies. The results of the paired two-tailed t-test show that the two tree height estimation methods are not significantly different (p-value=0.04 and 0.10, alpha level=0.01), which means that tree height estimation using UAV imagery could be used as an alternative to field measurement.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.84-96
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• 2012

A special type of indigenous knowledge on plants utilization and farming system was explored by the Garo tribe community in the North-East region of Bangladesh, which correspond to the severe dependence on homestead forest. Results show that the Garo are totally dependent on the natural resources and that the extent of their dependency is faithfully reflected in their ethno-botanical knowledge. Dependencies that the study addressed focused on various aspects of food, fruit, energy, timber and health care on plants products. Garo tribe community in Bangladesh followed agrosilvipastoral system in their homesteads. They have indigenous hunting procedure to trap the animal in the forest. A total of 9 foods, 15 fruits, 12 energy-producing and 11 timber species was found and recorded that the Garo used in their daily life. Moreover, Garo used 23 medicinal plants species and have vast indigenous knowledge about using herbal medicine in daily health care practices. The Garo women do mostly the household activities, managing homestead forest and helping agricultural field where men perform all hard working activities like ploughing, cutting trees, digging the soil, preparation of horticultural and agricultural land, hunting, etc. The overall quality of life of the Garo could be considerably upgraded if ethno-botanical issues and their own indigenous knowledge will complement with scientific knowledge. The findings of the study conclude that the conservation of the indigenous knowledge of the Garo tribe related to plants utilization can also be turned to good account in forest conservation and is an important tool in this tribal area of Bangladesh.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.359-375
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• 2018

The long term ecological effects have been reported in natural forest ecosystem due to various anthropogenic disturbances, especially in tropics of the world. The present study was carried out in the sanctuary area of central India to assess the changes on litter biomass, litterfall pattern and soil attributes under different disturbance regimes. The study area includes three forest circles i.e., Bhoramdeo, Jamunpani and Salehwara each comprising three disturbances regimes viz., high, medium and low severity of biotic pressure. A noticeable variation and impact were recorded in different sites. The impact varies significantly from least disturbed sites to highly disturbed sites across the circle and among different disturbances level. The seasonal mean total forest floor biomass across the forest circles varied from 2.18 to $3.30t\;ha^{-1}$. It was found highest under lightly disturbed site and lowest under heavily disturbed site. Total litterfall varied from 5.11 to $7.06t\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ across the forest circle. Lowest litterfall was recorded at heavily disturbed site while highest in lightly disturbed site. Annual turnover of litter varied from 69-73% and the turnover time ranged between 1.37-1.45 years. The turn over time was higher for heavily disturbed site and lower for lightly disturbed site. The heavily disturbed site of all the circle showed the sandy loam soil texture, whereas moderately and lightly disturbed site comprised of sandy loam, sandy clay loam and clay soil texture, respectively. The bulk density decreases from heavily disturbed site to lightly disturbed site and the pH of soils ranged from 5.57-6.89 across the circle. Across the circle the total soil nitrogen ranged from 0.12-0.21%, phosphorus from 10.03-24.00 kg and Potassium from $139.88-448.35kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Our results demonstrate that anthropogenic disturbances regime significantly influences forest floors in terms of mass, composition and dynamics along with litterfall rate and soil properties.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.992-996
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• 2006

A study was carried out to examine the effect of supplementing urea-sprayed maize stover with incremental levels of Tithonia diversifolia (Tithonia) forage on dry matter (DM) intake, digestibility and live weight changes. Fifteen crossbred bucks were used in a completely randomised design for a duration of 7 weeks. The treatments comprised of a control: the basal diet (maize stover sprayed with 1% urea) plus 100 g maize germ offered alone or supplemented with: 10 (T1), 20 (T2), 30 (T3) or 40% (T4) Tithonia on a dry matter basis. All animals were allowed ad libitum access to water and mineral lick. Supplementing maize stover with Tithonia resulted in increased total DM intake (p<0.05) from 376.7 (control), to 444.1 (T1), 533.1 (T2), 519.7 (T3) and 578.9 g/day (T4) but did not significantly (p>0.05) influence the intake of stover. Diet DM digestibility increased with supplementation with T3 recording the highest value of 66.5% which was 10.6% higher than the control. Supplementation significantly increased daily weight gains (p<0.05). T4 had the highest ADG (43.7 g/day), even though there was no difference between T4 and T3 (35.7 g/day). In goats, Tithonia should be included up to 30% of ration on a DM basis for optimum production. The higher level of inclusion (40%) may be used for higher total output in terms of meat and milk but with few animals.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.422-427
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• 1997

유용자원식물의 자생지 재배기술의 확립을 위한 기초자료를 얻고저 참취와 삼지구엽초의 자생지 식생 및 환경(생태 및 토양화학성분) 조사를 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 참취자생지인 춘천 A. 연엽산 A 그리고 연엽산 B에서의 종수는 20, 26, 25종이었고 삼지구엽초 자생지인 춘천 B, 북방면 그리고 대룡산에서는 15, 32, 26종이었다. 참취 자생지의 우점종은 춘천 A, 연엽산 A, 연엽산 B에서 맑은대쑥, 애기나리, 실새풀 등이었으며 삼지구엽초의 자생지인 춘천 B, 북방면, 대룡산에서는 고사리, 맑은대쑥, 애기나리 등이 우점하였다. 2. 자생지의 토양산도는 4.5-5.3 범위였으며 유기물 함량은 1.59(춘천A)$\sim$5.5(연엽산 B)이었다. 암모니아태 질소 및 질산태 질소함량은 참취 자생지와 삼지구엽초 자생지 토양에서 평균 각각 0.0043mg/kg, 0.0025mg/kg이었다. 3. 자생지 토양의 $NH_4-N$의 성분은 참취의 자생지의 토양성분이 삼지구엽초의 자생지 토양성분보다 약간 높은 수치를 보였다. 그밖의 성분의 차이는 크게 나타나지 않았다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.400-420
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• 2019

The aims of the study were to analyze (1) the effects of Prosopis juliflora (Prosopis) on the spatial distribution and soil seed banks (SSB) diversity and density, (2) the effects of environmental factors on SSB diversity and density (number of seeds in the soil per unit area), and (3) the effects of animal fecal droppings on SSB diversity, density, and dispersal. Aboveground vegetation data were collected from different Prosopis-infested habitats from quadrats (20 × 20 m) in Prosopis thickets, Prosopis + native species stand, non-invaded woodlands, and open grazing lands. In each Prosopis-infested habitats, soil samples were collected from the litter layer and three successive soil layer, i.e., 0-3 cm, 3-6 cm, and 6-9 cm. Seeds from soil samples and animal fecal matter were separated in the green house using the seedling emergence technique. Invasion of Prosopis had significant effects on the soil seed bank diversity. Results revealed that the mean value of the Shannon diversity of non-invaded woodlands was being higher by 19.2%, 18.5%, and 11.0% than Prosopis thickets; Prosopis + native species stand and open grazing lands, respectively. The seed diversity and richness, recovered from 6-9-cm-deep layer were the highest. On the other hand, the density of Prosopis seeds was the highest in the litter layer. About 156 of seeds/kg (92.9%) of seeds were germinated from cattle fecal matter. However, in a small proportion of seedlings, 12 of seeds/kg (7.1%) were germinated from shot fecal matter. Thus, as the seeds in the soil were low in the study areas, in situ and ex situ conservation of original plants and reseeding of persistent grass species such as Cynodon dactylon, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chrysopogon plumulosus, and Brachiaria ramosa are recommended.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제108권4호
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• pp.522-530
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• 2019

Two edible plants, Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum and Ligularia stenocephala, and one medicinal plant, Panax ginseng, were cultivated in the understory of an artificial Larix kaempferi plantation for ten years. Growth characteristics (number of leaves and flower stalks per plant, and leaf length and width), survival rate, and yield (fresh weight of plants) per unit area (1 ㎡) were investigated one year after planting, and six and ten years following cultivation. P. ginseng and L. stenocephala survived at a high percentage for two years after planting. Results showed that P. ginseng had longer and thicker roots when aged; however, a large number of plants died and the yield was low. In contrast, almost half of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum died within two years of planting. The surviving plants grew well for ten years and the yield was increased. The leaf length and width of L. stenocephala increased; however, the survival rate and the number of leaves per plant decreased as the period of cultivation was extended. In contrast, A. victorialis var. platyphyllum survived at a lower rate (50%) than the two other crops (98% for L. stenocephala and 83% for P. ginseng) during the early cultivation period, with little change in the survival rate over an extended time; however, the yields increased. This species showed an increase in the number of flower stalks and leaves, and as a result, the larger leaves increased the yield. We evaluated the understory cultivation of three crops in a L. kaempferi plantation under natural conditions, with no irrigation or fertilization, and Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum showed the greatest growth potential among the three tested crops.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.237-252
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• 2016

Improved knowledge of the environmental factors affecting the natural regeneration of tree species in limestone forest is urgently required for species conservation. We examined the environmental factors and tree species characteristics that are important for colonization in diverse forest stands growing on a limestone hill in northern Thailand. Our analysis estimated the relative influence of forest structure and environmental factors on the regeneration traits of tree species. We established sixty-four $100-m^2$ plots in four forest stands on the limestone hill. We determined the species composition of canopy trees, regenerating seedlings, and saplings in relation to the physical environment. The relationships between environmental variables and tree species abundance were assessed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and we used generalized linear mixed models to examine data on seedling/sapling abundances. The CCA ordination indicated that the abundance of tree species within the mixed deciduous forest was closely related to soil depth. The abundances of tree species growing within the sink-hole and hill-slope stands were positively related to the extent of rocky outcropping; light and soil moisture positively influenced the abundance of tree species in the hill-cliff stand. Physical factors had a greater effect on tree regeneration than did factors related to forest structure. Tree species, such as Ficus macleilandii, Dracaena cochinchinensis, and Phyllanthus mirabilis within the hill-cliff or sink-hole stand, colonized well on large rocky outcroppings that were well illuminated and had soft soils. These species regenerated well under conditions prevailing on the limestone hill. The colonization of several species in other stands was negatively influenced by environmental conditions at these sites. We found that natural regeneration of tree species on the limestone hill was difficult because of the prevailing combination of physical and biological factors. The influence of these factors was species dependent, and the magnitude of effects varied across forest stands.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.236-241
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• 2014

An efficient regeneration protocol for stem disc culture of Populus euramericana, which is important species for bioenergy resource in agroforestry, was established. The number of explants that were obtained and the number of explants that regenerated varied with the genotypes. However, in all the genotypes, stem disc culture produced more regenerated shoots than did in axillary bud culture. A comparison of the effects of cytokinin type and concentration on shoot regeneration in different explants (i.e., petiole, leaf, and root segments of P. euramericana) revealed that a concentration of $0.002mg\;l^{-1}$ thidiazuron (TDZ) used on petiole segments resulted in the greatest shoot regeneration (95.83%). The hormonal requirements for the greatest shoot regeneration in the three explant types varied. Different concentrations of $AgNO_3$ and $CoCl_2$ were added separately to the medium to stop the yellowing and subsequent necrosis of the regenerated shoots. Lower concentrations (3 and $5mg\;l^{-1}$) of these compounds improved shoot regeneration and elongation, compared with the control. The in vitro-regenerated shoots were transferred to rooting medium and subsequently acclimatized. The highly efficient regeneration system of P. euramericana reported here can be used for mass propagation of this recalcitrant for regeneration, economically important tree species.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2018

Considering the high needs of recipient countries and the regional biases of Korean Official Development Assistance (ODA) policy, increases in the total amount of ODA and allocation to the forest sector are needed for Central Asia. In Tajikistan, illegal harvesting and grazing cause a gradual decrease in forest area. The Tajikistan government conserves forests by requesting international cooperation and establishing a policy for sustainable management of forest resources and prevention of further damages. To suggest suitable strategies and plans, the current statuses of forests and forestry were investigated, and ODA projects that can illustrate successful Korean experiences of forestation were conceived based on various geographical features and local conditions of Tajikistan in this study. Forest resource creation type projects (fuelwood and Tugai forest restoration) could result in energy independence and enhancement of ecosystem service such as a climate regulation and an increase in biodiversity. Community development type projects (introduction of ecotourism, agroforestry, and planting of fruit trees) can contribute to job creation and encourage participation of local residents, thus improving their incomes. In addition, establishment of a project foundation, including education, training, and a national forest inventory, would help those projects be sustainable in the long-term.