• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.89-94
• /
• 1998

Various Mn-oxides can oxidize Cr(III) to Cr(VI). Behaviors of chromium species in the oxidation system, especially on the oxide surface, are expected to control the reaction. During Cr(III) oxidation by birnessite and pyrolusite, Cr species in the reaction system were determined to elucidate their effects on the oxidation. Capacities of Cr oxidation of the two Mn-oxides were quite different. Solution pH and initial Cr(III) concentration also had significant effects on the Cr(III) oxidation by Mn-oxides. Chromium oxidation by pyrolusite was less than 5% of the oxidation by birnessite. The high crystallinity of pyrolusite could be one of the reasons and the difficulty of Cr (III) diffusion to the positive pyrolusite surface and Cr(VI) and Cr(III) adsorption seems to be other controlling factors. At pH 3, adsorption or precipitation of Cr species on the surface of birnessite were not found. Small amount of Cr(VI) adsorption was found on the surface of pyrolusite, but arty Cr precipitation on the oxide surface was not found. Therefore Cr(III) oxidation at pH 3 seems to be controlled mainly by the characteristics of Mn-oxides. Chromiun oxidation by Mn-oxides is thermodynamically more favorable at higher solution pH. However as solution pH increased Cr oxidation by birnessite was significantly inhibited. For Cr oxidation by pyrolusite, as pH increased the oxidation increased, but as Cr(III) addition increased the reaction was inhibited. Under these conditions some unidentified fraction of Cr species was found and this fraction is considered to be Cr(III) precipitation an the oxide surface. Chromium(III) precipitation on the oxide surface seems to play an important role in limiting Cr(III) oxidation by armoring the reaction surface on Mn-oxides as well as lowering Cr(III) concentration available for the oxidation reaction.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.84-89
• /
• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate residue dissipation of fluquinconazole and flusilazole in field-sprayed tomatoes during greenhouse cultivation and processing. The test pesticide, fluquinconazole+flusilazole 8.5 (7+1.5)% SC, was sprayed onto the tomatoes growing in a greenhouse according to Korea preharvest intervals and then samples were collected on 0 (3 hours after spraying), 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after last application for decline test. For processing test, tomatoes collected at harvest on 5 day after last application were processed to puree and juice. Limits of quantitation of fluquinconazole and flusilazole were 0.005 mg/kg in both tomatoes and their processed products. Recoveries for validation of the analytical methods for fluquinconazole and flusilazole in tomatoes and their processed products ranged from 74.8 to 97.5%. Biological half-lives of fluquinconazole and flusilazole in tomatoes under greenhouse conditions found to be 5.2 and 6.4 days, respectively. Average persistent residue levels of fluquinconazole and flusilazole were 37.34 and 79.53% after washing, 8.95 and 28.75% in filtrates after boiling, 3.58 and 14.66% in puree, and 3.34 and 13.52% in juice, respectively. These results indicated that the test pesticide residues on tomatoes could be largely removed through washing and boiling.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.190-196
• /
• 2009

The residues of abamectin 1.8% EC, resisted for control of pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in pine tree were surveyed in tissue of Pinus thunbergii and P. koraiensis after injection of a liquid formulation. Limits of detection of abamectin in tissue of P. thunbergii were $0.05\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ and mean recoveries at $0.5\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ trunk injection were 90.9% and 93.1% respectively in stem and trunk of P. thunbergii. Abamectin 1.8% EC, trunk injected in 15 m height P. thunbergii were detected in all stem (edible part of carrier insect of pine wood nematode, Monochamus alternatus) from 0.29 to $0.73\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ after 150 days injection. Amount of residue of abamectin 1.8% EC in 12.6 cm mean breast height diameter (DBH) P. thunbergii were variable depending on individual trees in natural forest. Amount of residues in lower and middle part of trunk were reduced with the passage of the injection time. In upper part of trunk were detected $1.84\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ on 30 days after injection however $0.65\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ on 15 days after injection and under detection limit on 100 and 180 days after injection in P. thunbergii. Bottom and middle parts of crown were detected $0.183\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $0.173\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ respectively on 180 days after injection in P. thunbergii. Mean residues of abamectin in crown and trunk were $0.80\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $0.30\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ on 170 days after trunk injection in 20 cm DBH and 9 m height P. koraiensis. Mean residues of abamectin in crown and trunk were $0.67\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $0.36\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ on 170 days after trunk injection in 15 cm DBH and 6 m height P. koraiensis.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.48 no.1
• /
• pp.87-111
• /
• 2013

Regional disparities between eastern and western regions is the most of serious problem for balanced regional development in Turkey. The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) is being implemented to eliminate these regional development disparities. The work that was initially planned as predominantly for hydraulic energy production to utilize water resources of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers more effectively was later transformed into an integrated multi-sector regional development project. This study noted that this region had very limited cash crop production because of the constraints of semi-arid climate of the southeastern region, however, later, it has changed Turkey's major cotton producing region since Southeastern Anatolia Project carried out. Therefore, this study investigated background, process, and content of the Southeastern Anatolia Project with respect to high cotton productivity in this region and examined the dynamic changes of cotton productivity in this region. In addition, Sanliurfa prefecture is one of the main development axes of the Southeastern Anatolia Project, because government investments are concentrated on this prefecture. Therefore, this study examined the background and process of cotton farming growth in this prefecture. In 2011, Sanliurfa prefecture produced 37.6% of Turkey's total cotton production. This is mainly due to agricultural infrastructure expansion such as land consolidation, irrigation, roads and farm roads. Also, it is one of the main factor that subsidies paid to farmers for cotton cultivation. The introduction of irrigation has dramatically changed the direction of seasonal migration of this area. Prior to irrigation, this area had a serious social issue about out-migration for seasonal labor to other areas. However, the introduction of irrigation made this area that changed to in-migration and intramigration for cotton cultivation. Irrigation water is supplied to farmers through the WUAs (Water User Associations) that handed over irrigation water management, operation from DSI (General Directorate of State of Hydraulic Works). However, the WUAs are under the influence of Ashiret, a traditional feudal social structure. Because of this reason, it does not have an efficient management for farmers. Also, it is one of the reasons that this area does not have autonomous farmer organization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.41 no.12
• /
• pp.1764-1770
• /
• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the changes of total and soluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents, purity, and physical characteristics of three heated barley varieties: Saessalbori (SSB), Saechalssalbori (SCSB), and Hinchalssalbori (HCSB). The barleys were heated at different temperatures of 110, 120, 130, 140 and $150^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. The total ${\beta}$-glucan contents of raw SSB, SCSB, and HCSB were 8.40, 7.77 and 8.28%, and the soluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents were 4.79, 4.14, and 4.61%, respectively. After heating at $130^{\circ}C$, the total ${\beta}$-glucan contents increased to 11.59, 14.6, and 13.36%, as did the soluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents to 4.21, 7.96, and 7.23%, respectively. The purities of soluble ${\beta}$-glucan of the raw barleys were 35.11, 32.74 and 25.62%, but after heating at $150^{\circ}C$, it increased to 83.43, 91.02, and 88.01%, respectively. The molecular weight and viscosity of the ${\beta}$-glucan solution decreased with increasing heating temperature. The re-solubility of raw barley ${\beta}$-glucan was about 50%, but it was increased to 97% with increasing heating temperature. These results suggest that heating of ${\beta}$-glucan can improve the utilization of barley ${\beta}$-glucan.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.87-100
• /
• 2009

Objectives: This study was conducted to suggest the way to improve the tobacco control program of public health centers in Korea. Methods: A survey with a self-administered questionnaire was conducted among 246 persons in charge of tobacco control work in public health centers nationwide in December, 2006. Frequency analysis was performed with a final sample of 212 respondents with SPSS 12.0 for Windows. Results: The duration of engagement in tobacco control work was less than 3 years among 86.7% of respondents, and 87.3% of respondents had other duties besides tobacco control. Almost all public health centers conducted a campaign with posters or leaflets, and smoking prevention education among adolescents. The actual priority for programs was based on the community diagnosis in only 33.5% of the cases. Only 1.9% of respondents complained lack of budget, on the other hand, 44.7% of respondents appealed insufficient number of personnel. The route of knowledge and skill was largely dependent on self-learning or information from colleague. Collaboration with other related department was done well in 39.5% of the cases. The majority of respondents was satisfied with the general support from central government. Conclusions: To improve the tobacco control program of public health centers, it is needed the reinforcement of capacity and specialty among personnel, priority setting and performance of programs based on the scientific evidence, induction of community participation, utilization of community human resources, development of education and training course for practical skill, effective networking among departments.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.43 no.4 s.137
• /
• pp.297-304
• /
• 2004

The development of Aphidoletes aphidimyza, an aphidophagous gall midge, was studied at various constant temperatures ranging from 15 to $35^{\circ}C$, with $65{\pm}5\%$ RH, and a photo-period of 16L:8D. When A. aphidimyra was fed either on Aphis gossypii or Myzus persicae, it took 43.9 and 44.5 days, respectively, to develop from egg to pupa at $15^{\circ}C$, whereas at $25^{\circ}C$, 14.3 and 15.8 days. The developmental zero was 10.7 and $10.0^{\circ}C$, respectively, while the effective accumuative temperatures were 210.8 and 245.5 day-degrees. The nonlinear shape of temperature-dependent development, shown by A. aphidimyza when fed on either species of the aphids, was well described by the modified Sharpe and DeMichele model. When distribution model of completion time of development for each growth stage was expressed as physiological age and fitted to the Weibull fuction, the completion time of development gradually shortened from egg to larva, and to pupa. In addition, the coefficient of determination $r^2$ ranged between 0.86-0.93 and 0.85-0.94, respectively providing a good approximation of cumulative developmental rates. The life span of adult was 8.7 and 9.2 days at $15^{\circ}C$, and 3.1 and 2.7 days at $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Egg incubation period was relatively short at $35^{\circ}C$ but hatchability was less than $50\%$ and the mortality of the larva at $35^{\circ}C$ reached $100\%$. At $30^{\circ}C$, the time of development lengthened and the adult longevity was short suggesting ill effect of high temperatures. Even though the life span of adults at $15^{\circ}C$ was relatively long, none moved freely in the rearing cage and no oviposition occurred. Accordingly, in case A. aphidimyza is adopted to suppress phytophagus aphid populations, it could be applicable to cropping systems with ambient temperatures above $20^{\circ}C$ and below $30^{\circ}C$. Within this range, A. aphidimyza adults was observed to be active and oviposit fully.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.9
• /
• pp.1258-1264
• /
• 2009

The removal effects of two commonly used pesticides of Bifenthrin and Metalaxyl during preparation and fermentation of kimchi were studied. The two pesticides were applied to Baechu cabbages intentionally for 20 seconds; the applied amounts of Bifenthrin and Metalaxyl were 3.02$\pm$0.09 ppm and 6.79$\pm$0.17 ppm, respectively. The Baechu cabbages were washed by water 3 times. Then the residual amounts of the two pesticides of Bifenthrin and Metalaxyl were measured and the removal rates were 21.7% and 16.1%, respectively. When Baechu cabbages were brined with 10% salt solution for 12 hours after the application of the two pesticides, the removal rates significantly increased to 98.7% and 60.8%, and when brined and washed 3 times by water, the removal rates even more increased to 99.7% and 73.4% respectively. Then we made kimchi and investigated the quantities of the residual pesticides during the fermentation at $4^{\circ}C$ for 3 weeks. The residual amounts of the pesticides in kimchi decreased in a time dependent manner, finally the amounts of the pesticides to 0.35$\pm$0.04 ppm and 0.48$\pm$0.06 ppm while the removal rates of the two pesticides were 57.8% and 81.0%, respectively. When the kimchi was fermented at $4^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ for 3 weeks, the removal rates of Bifenthrin were 57.8% and 72.2% and those of Metalaxyl were 81.0% and 85.6%, respectively. Consequently, it appeared that the residual pesticides can be removed during preparation, especially brining; the fermentation process of kimchi also removed the residual pesticides effectively, especially at higher temperature and long period.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.265-273
• /
• 2000

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a highly prevalent, age-related disorder in men which place a considerable burden on health care resources worldwide. While BPH and hypertension are apparently diverse disease processes, they have some features in common(e.g. underlying etiology of the sympathetic nervous system). The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms using I-PSS(international prostate symptom score) and to investigate the association of hypertension with I-PSS. This study was carried out to 390 men(40~86 year old) at 3 Myun in Chungju City from July to August, 1997. Subjects answered on questionnaire for I-PSS and were checked age, education, marital status, annual income, blood pressure. The mean age of subjects was 59.8 year old. The mean of I-PSS were increased by age decades(40~49, 50~59, 60~69, 70~86) and it's scores were 4.4, 7.0, 8.2, 12.3 respectively. Strong correlations were observed between the I-PSS and the QUL(quality of life)(P=0.0001). I-PSS(mean-value) were 7.85 in hypertensive group and 8.39 in normotensive group but there was no statistically significance between the two groups(P>0.05). The proportion of mean scoring greater than 8 was 42.5%. There have been reports of association between lower urinary tract symptoms and hypertension, but there was no consistent suggestion that such an association could be casual. The need for high-quality epidemiological information and consequent increased prospects for prevention is obvious.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.427-440
• /
• 2000

A comparative study was made about health resources, medical care service statistics and public health service statistics by health subcenters at Jangdong and Jangpyung townships, Jangheung County, Chollanamdo before and after the unification of two health subcenter to improve their function. 1. While two general physicians, one dentist, 4 nurse aids arid one oral hygienist were working at two health subcenters with simple facility with examination room and public health office in 1997 prior to the unification, in 1999 after the unification of two health subcenters 14 staff including a specialist physician, a general physician, a dentist, a herb hygienist, a radiology technician and a physical therapist were working in the new health subcenters equipped with appropriate facilities in two storey building. 2. In 1997 before the unification the yearly total income of two health subcenters was 78,815 thousand won(about 14,000 won per capita) and the amount was 140,376 thousand won(about 25,000 won per capita) in 1999 after the unification. And the income was used for operation of health subcenters excluding personnel expense. 3. While 90.5% of visitors to the health subcenters came for general medical care, and 91.6% came for the revisit before the unification, after the unification 71.2% came for general medical care, 10.8% for dental care, 16.5% for oriental physician's care, 29.7% for the first visit and 70.3% for revisit. Most common problem cared for was musculoskeletal disorder like arthralgia. Average treatment cost per person per month was 9,363 won before the unification and 8,309 won after the unification. 4. Through the comparison of execution rate of public health services before and after the unification. the practice rate of most health service among target population including visiting service for chronic illness, maternal and child health service and immunization service increased after the unification. The practice rate of tuberculosis control service, hypertension control and diabetes management was a little decreased. In conclusion, continuous effort to satisfy all persons in two townships and evaluation are necessary to coincide with the spirit of unification of two health subcenters.