• Applied Microscopy
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2013

The oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta Busck) and the peach fruit moth (Carposina sasakii Matsumura) are the most severe insect pests affecting apple orchards in Korea. To prevent an outbreak of these two species and to control these agricultural insect pests, it is important to identify them accurately. However, it is hard to classify them when they were in the larval stage since they tunnel into the apple fruit. In this study, surface structures of the two species of larvae were observed using stereo microscope and scanning electron microscope. Distinct differences between the two species of larvae were found. The prothorax spiracles of oriental fruit moth larvae were approximately twice as large as those of peach fruit moth larvae. The arrangements of subventral setae, located around the proleg, were different between oriental fruit moth and peach fruit moth larvae. Furthermore, subdorsal setae of oriental fruit moth were located next to the spiracle on the 8th abdominal segment, while that of peach fruit moth was located above the spiracle. The identification of the two species of larvae observed in this study was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Surface structural differences are intrinsic characteristics for each species of larvae and can easily be identified using stereo microscope. These specificities will be helpful where a large number of field-collected larvae need to be identified routinely in pest control research.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

솔수염하늘소 성충의 이동상황을 해송 유묘가 심겨진 망실 내에서 조사하였다. 실험에 사용한 총 15본의 묘목 중에서 암컷 1마리가 총 실험기간 동안 이동 방문한 묘목 수는 6.4본, 하루 평균 0.2본을 옮겨 다녔으며, 수컷은 총 실험기간 동안 7.2본, 하루 평균 0.3본을 이동하였다. 밤낮의 시간대별로 이동한 횟수를 조사한 결과 암컷은 74.6%가, 수컷은 80.7%가 밤 시간대(17시~08시)에 이동하였다. 성충이 한 기주에 머무는 기간은 최대 7일이었는데, 동일 기주에서 1~2일간 머무는 비율은 암컷의 경우 72.6%, 수컷의 경우 76.0%이었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.259-268
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• 2018

The study investigated the efficacy of four different essential oils on the repellent responses of large black chafer (Holotrichia parallela) Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in organic pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) orchards. Cinnamon, pine, peppermint, and eucalyptus oils were used, and the behavioral responses and repellent effects against H. parallela were investigated under laboratory and field conditions. Adult beetle responses to different oils were examined using a Y-tube olfactometer in the laboratory and four absorbent blocks with each oil in the field. The repellent responses rates of H. parallela were 100% for cinnamon oil; however, only 67% of adult beetles avoided peppermint and eucalyptus oil in the Y-tube olfactometer bioassay. In the field tests, the least damage to leaves was observed on trees treated with cinnamon oil, whereas the most damage was observed in the control (non-treated) trees and those treated with peppermint oil, followed by eucalyptus and pine oil. Therefore, cinnamon oil can be used as a repellent to avoid damage form large black chafers in organic pear orchards.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2008

The turnip aphid is a worldwide pest, damaging mainly to crucifers. In order to understand the life parameters of Lipaphis erysimi for the eventual goal of control, the developmental periods, survival rates, lifespan, and fecundity of the species were investigated under five temperature regimes ($15^{\circ}C-35^{\circ}C$). Furthermore, the efficacy of several environment-friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) that are on the market was subjected to test in order to obtain further accurate information. The developmental period of the turnip aphid nymph was longest at $15^{\circ}C$ as 16.9 days, shortened as temperature goes up to $25^{\circ}C$ (5.4 days), and then somewhat increased at $30^{\circ}C$ (5.9 days), suggesting that the most efficient temperature for nymphal development could be around $25^{\circ}C$. Mortality of the nymphal turnip aphid was obvious at $35^{\circ}C$, whereas it was minimal at other temperature schemes. The longevity of adults shortened as temperature goes up to $30^{\circ}C$. In particular, the maximum lifespan for adults continued for 55 days at $15^{\circ}C$, but shortened to 21 days at $30^{\circ}C$. The total fecundity was 35.7 at $15^{\circ}C$, 81 at $20^{\circ}C$, 64.2 at $25^{\circ}C$, and 6.6 individuals at $30^{\circ}C$, showing the highest fecundity at $20^{\circ}C$. After the turnip aphids were successfully stabilized in indoor environment the insecticidal activity was tested and mortality was determined 12, 24, 36, and 48 hrs after EFAMs are treated. Several on-the-market EFAMs showed more than 90% of insecticidal activity within 24 hrs or 48 hrs, but a few showed less than 90% activity, signifying importance of selection of proper EFAMs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.749-759
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• 2009

A survey of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) strains isolated from Spanish citrus orchards has been performed, and the strains were tested for insecticidal activity against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), a key citrus pest in Spain. From a total of 150 environmental samples, 376 isolates were selected, recording a total B. thuringiensis index of 0.52. The collection was characterized by means of phase-contrast microscopy, SDS-PAGE, and PCR analysis with primer pairs detecting toxin genes cry1, cry2, cry3, cry4, cry5, cry7, cry8, cry9, cry10, cry11, cry12, cry14, cry17, cry19, cry21, cry27, cry39, cry44, cyt1, and cyt2. Diverse crystal inclusion morphologies were identified: bipyramidal (45%), round (40%), adhered to the spore (7%), small (5%), and irregular (3%). SDS-PAGE of spore-crystal preparations revealed 39 different electrophoresis patterns. All primer pairs used in PCR tests gave positive amplifications in strains of our collection, except for primers for detection of cry3, cry19, cry39, or cry44 genes. Strains containing cry1, cry2, cry4, and cry27 genes were the most abundant (48.7%, 46%, 11.2%, and 8.2% of the strains, respectively). Ten different genetic profiles were found, although a total of 109 strains did not amplify with the set of primers used. Screening for toxicity against C. capitata adults was performed using both spore-crystal and soluble fractions. Mortality levels were less than 30%. We have developed a large and diverse B. thuringiensis strain collection with huge potential to control several agricultural pests; however, further research is needed to find out Bt strains active against C. capitata.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.189-197
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• 1980

소나무의 monoterpene조성(組成)가 솔잎혹파리에 대(對)한 저항성(抵抗性) 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)하여 솔잎혹파리 저항성(抵抗性) 소나무 5개(5個) 수종(樹種)가 감수성(感受性)소나무 2개(2個) 수종(樹種), 그리고 감수성(感受性) 해송(海松)가운데 피해목(被害木)과 선발목(選拔木)의 침엽(針葉)을 GLC로 분석(分析)하여 monoterpenes의 조성(組成)을 근거(根據)로 저항성(抵抗性) 또는 감수성(感受性) 수종(樹種)을 구별(區別)할 수는 없었다. 그러나 적송수종내(赤松樹種內)의 피해목(被害木)과 선발목간(選拔木間)에는 limonene, ${\alpha}-pinene$, myrcene 및 ${\beta}-phellandrene$의 농도(濃度)아 조성비(組成比)에 차이(差異)가 인정(認定)되였다. 적송(赤松)의 선발목(選拔木)에서 limonene의 농도(濃度)는 솔잎혹파리 산란이후(産卵以後) 점차(漸次) 증가(增加)하였으나 피해목(被害木)에서는 증가(增加)하지 않았다. 적송(赤松)의 선발목(選拔木)에서 솔잎혹파리에 대(對)한 내충성분은limonene으로 보였다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.296-301
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• 2003

최근 경제작물 재배를 위해 시설재배 면적이 증가되고 있으며, 해충방제를 위해 사용된 농약의 부작용 문제로 인하여 농약과 천적의 조화로운 사용을 강조하는 해충의 종합적 방제 기술이 필요하게 되었다. 따라서 시설재배지에서 많은 피해를 주고 있는 점박이응애 및 총채벌레의 천적인 Amblyseius cucumeris와 Amblyseius fallacis에 대해 저독성약제를 선발하기 위해 2가지 생물검정기술 (slide dipping method, potter spray tower method)을 이용하였다. Potter spray tower method로 살포된 약제는 살충작용과 기피효과를 보였으며, 기피효과를 보이는 살충제는 slide dipping method 에 의해 살충율을 효과적으로 평가 할 수 있었다. 1994년에 선발 개발된 permethrin 저항성계통 A. fallacis 상품의 저항성 안정성을 평가한 결과 1999년 현재 같은 피레스로이드계통인 deltamethrin에 대한 저항성 감소는 보이지 않았으며, permethrin 저항성계통에 대해 imidacloprid, fipronil, chlorfenapyr, abamectin, spinosad 등의 약제가 비교차저항성을 보였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.997-1002
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• 2020

In this study, we investigated the effects of the eco-friendly chemical bio-sulfur, on the citrus melanose-causing pathogen, Diaporthe citri, and on the pest, Panonychus citri. In an open field experiment with a plot-scale application of the chemicals: Mancozeb, lime sulfur, lime sulfur + machine oil, and bio-sulfur, the control group showed 70.6% disease severity compared with 10.3% for the Mancozeb-treated group. Among the eco-friendly treatments, disease severity was the lowest for the group treated with lime sulfur + machine oil (32.2%) and was 53.9%, 58.8%, and 58.1% following treatment with lime sulfur, and bio-sulfur diluted 500 and 1000 times, respectively. The proportion of diseased fruit showed similar results, suggesting that bio-sulfur is an effective alternative to lime sulfur. Three days after treatment acaricidal effects on P. citri showed a 197.6% control survival rate whereas the machine oil, and bio-sulfur diluted 500 and 1000 times treatments showed rates of 2.9%, 5.8%, and 9.0%, respectively. After three days, the control value for bio-sulfur diluted 1000 times was 73.2% compared with the values for the machine oil (96.4%) and bio-sulfur diluted 500 times (94.6%) treatments. Therefore, we suggest that additional research is needed on the combined application of bio-sulfur and oils to enhance the additive control effect on citrus melanose and Panonychus citri.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.114-120
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• 2014

우리나라 잔디재배지역에 발생하는 잔디 해충을 알아보기 위하여 조사를 수행하였다. 6목 7과 12종의 해충과 한 종의 Eriophyidae 응애류인 잔디혹응애(Aceria zoysiae)가 잔디 재배지에서 채집되었다. 잔디혹응애는 한국잔디류(Zoysia spp.) 재배지에서 가장 빈번하게 발생하였고, 피해율은 5월에서 9월로 갈수록 증가하였다. 나비목 밤나방과 해충인 잔디밤나방(Spodoptera depravata)과 검거세미나방(Agrotis ipsilon), 거세미나방(A. segetum), 포충나방과 해충인 포충나방류(Crambus sp.)가 검거세미나방 성페로몬트랩에 유인되었다. 검거세미나방 알과 유충은 8월에 가장 많이 발생하였다. 잔디혹응애와 잔디밤나방이 우리나라 잔디 재배지에서 가장 중요한 해충이었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.255-263
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• 1999

곤충병원성 선충의 효율적 검색법 확립과 생물적 방제제로서 유용한 선충 종의 탐색을 위하여 수행된 연구로서 남한 각지의 다양한 생태환경에서 토양을 채집하고, 병원성 검정과 병행하여, 감염력과 증식력 및 보존력이 강한 계통을 선발하였으며, 각종 해충에 대한 살충력을 검정하여 생물적 방제제로서의 유용성을 시험하였다. 우리나라에서 검출된 곤충병원성 선충은 주로 Rhbditida에 속하는 Steinermatidae 및 1 Heterorhabditidae였으며, 본 연구에서도 Rhabditida의 선충이 다수를 차지하는 경향은 같았다. 그러나, Rhabditidae에서는 현재까지 알려진 Steinernematidae와 Heterorhabditidae외에도 19계통의 Rhabditidae와 2 계통의 Diplogasteridae가 새로 검출되었고, Tylenchida에 속하는 선충도 5계통이 발견되었으며, 금후 속 및 종 단위의 상세한 동정이 필요할 것이다. 병원성이 우수한 선충계통은 생존 유충과 번데기에서 개체당 20만∼30만 마리가 증식하였으므로, 증식용 숙주 1마리 분의 병원체로 구제가능한 해충의 이론치는 십만을 초월할 것으로 추산되었다. 선발 계통의 선충은 대부분 통성활물기생이며, 능동적인 숙주의 추적 및 감염치사한 사체에서 증식함은 "적극적 사물기생" 또는 "살생부생성"으로 간주할 수도 있었다. 본 연구는 생물살충제 연구를 위한 생태환경기술 개발에 필요한 자료를 제공할 뿐 아니라, 기초생명과학 연구용 선충 계통의 선발과 증식 및 보존 관리를 비롯하여 널리 활용될 수 있을 것이다.