• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.113 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2024

This study used the results of the 2022 national survey of forest welfare facilities and space users conducted in the Republic of Korea to identify the associations and combination patterns among use of forest welfare facilities and various user characteristics. In addition, a correspondence analysis-namely, a categorical data analysis-was performed regarding four facilities: National Natural Recreation Forest, National Soopchewon, National Forest Trail, and National Healing Forest. The cross-analysis revealed highly significant differences (p < .001) in the age, household income per month, means of transportation, companion type, path to information acquisition, and purpose of visit among the users of forest welfare facilities. Moreover, the results of the correspondence analysis demonstrated that users of National Soopchewon and National Healing Forest were distinguished from users of the other forest welfare facilities based on demographic characteristics such as age and household income per month. In addition, the means of transportation of National Forest Trail users differed from that of users of the other forest welfare facilities. Moreover, users of National Soopchewon were associated with the type of public group visit, acquisition of information from the websites of related institutions and facilities and via online portals, and the purpose of participating in education and experiencing education programs. Therefore, the companion type, path to information acquisition, and purpose of visit on the part of users of National Soopchewon could be differentiated from those of users of other forest welfare facilities. The findings of this study revealed the associations and combinations among forest welfare facilities and the characteristics of users of such facilities, with the scope of utilization of the forest welfare facility user data being expanded via correspondence analysis.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1525-1536
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• 2021

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of cine three-dimensional (3D) balanced steady-state free precession (b-SSFP) imaging combined with a non-local means (NLM) algorithm for image denoising in evaluating cardiac function in children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF). Materials and Methods: Thirty-five patients with rTOF (mean age, 12 years; range, 7-18 years) were enrolled to undergo cardiac cine image acquisition, including two-dimensional (2D) b-SSFP, 3D b-SSFP, and 3D b-SSFP combined with NLM. End-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF) of the two ventricles were measured and indexed by body surface index. Acquisition time and image quality were recorded and compared among the three imaging sequences. Results: 3D b-SSFP with denoising vs. 2D b-SSFP had high correlation coefficients for EDV, ESV, SV, and EF of the left (0.959-0.991; p < 0.001) as well as right (0.755-0.965; p < 0.001) ventricular metrics. The image acquisition time ± standard deviation (SD) was 25.1 ± 2.4 seconds for 3D b-SSFP compared with 277.6 ± 0.7 seconds for 2D b-SSFP, indicating a significantly shorter time with the 3D than the 2D sequence (p < 0.001). Image quality score was better with 3D b-SSFP combined with denoising than with 3D b-SSFP (mean ± SD, 3.8 ± 0.6 vs. 3.5 ± 0.6; p = 0.005). Signal-to-noise ratios for blood and myocardium as well as contrast between blood and myocardium were higher for 3D b-SSFP combined with denoising than for 3D b-SSFP (p < 0.05 for all but septal myocardium). Conclusion: The 3D b-SSFP sequence can significantly reduce acquisition time compared to the 2D b-SSFP sequence for cine imaging in the evaluation of ventricular function in children with rTOF, and its quality can be further improved by combining it with an NLM denoising method.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.181-205
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate some Influencing factors related to the wealth perception and property increase of 519 women in Seoul. The research was conducted from the end of February 15 to the beginning of January 20, 2009. The figures obtained were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, x-test, t-test, F-test, chi-square, and Duncan's F-test with SPSS pc+ The major findings of who study are summarized as follows: l.There were significant differences between the wealth recognition (economic plan affirmative and negative perception of wealth) for women according to social and psychological variables; economic plans have a higher value for married women, older women, those who have followed a postgraduate university course, those with higher income and expenditure, higher life satisfaction, and high and middle satisfaction with their economic life. In particular, economic plans varied significantly according to expectation of wealth in old age, and future economic prospects in the middle group. 2. Increased wealth and economic according to social and psychological variables (marital status, age, education, income, expenditure, life satisfaction, satisfaction with economic life, expectation of wealth in old age, future economic prospects) were shown to be associated with the following methods of increasing property: use of savings banks (p<.001) showed a rate of deposit of 20%-40% (p<.001) saving and thrift was a practice (p<001) that was related to the cost of living; and education expenditure (p<.001) as a property preparation period was exhibited in women aged 25-30 (p<.001). 3. There were significant differences in the recognition of wealth according to strategies for increasing wealth. There were no significant differences between mean of property acquisition and point of expenditure or the property preparation period in the perception of wealth. The related variables in rate of deposits were under 20% according to economic plan and negative wealth perception. In contrast, in the middle and high group, the economic plan and negative wealth perception were 20%-40% in relation to the rate of deposits. Variables related to the action of saving and thrift and property acquisition were practiced in the low and middle group of affirmative wealth recognition and the high group of negative wealth perception. The high group for wealthrecognition and the low group for wealthnegation exhibited little savings, thrift, and property accumulation. Those variables which point an expenditure the cost of living were education expenditure in all groups of negative wealth perception. The women in the study practiced more soundness economic planning according to their increased wealth and economic strategy. This study suggests that women should have positive wealth perception in their lives.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.83-95
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the Power Card strategy on the receptive vocabulary and expressive vocabulary in children with autism spectrum disorders. Method: Three children with autism spectrum disorder were selected for this study and the power card strategy language intervention was applied, using a multiple baseline design across individuals. The target vocabulary was selected by examining the individual preferred characters. Power cards were constructed, and intervention was applied to improve the receptive vocabulary and expressive vocabulary through the baseline stage, intervention, and maintenance. Result: The application of the power card strategy showed that the acquisition rate of receptive vocabulary in children with autism spectrum disorder was increased, and expressive vocabulary acquisition rate was also improved. Conclusion: During the intervention period using the power card strategy, the children's target receptive vocabulary and expressive vocabulary acquisition rates improved, and the acquisition rate was maintained, even after the intervention. This suggests that the power card strategy is effective in improving the vocabulary of autistic children with disabilities, of school age.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.138-146
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• 2009

Garlic (Allium sativum) are an agronomically important genus because of their sulfur flavour components. The majority of the volatiles flavour principles are generated through the enzymatic hydrolysis of the non-volatile organosulfur compounds. However, these compounds may be possible sources of new novel bioacuve and therapeutic principles. Garlic has strong antioxidant activity, and epidemiological studies support the fad that diets rich of garlic may prevent some of the chronic diseases. The health cares of garlic likely arise from a wide variety of components, which may work synergistically. The chemical changes of garlic composition makes it plausible that a variation in processing can lead to acquisition of differential chemical compositions of garlic products. Especially highly unstable allicin can easily disappear during processing and are quickly transformed into a various organosulfur compounds. Various supplements of garlic, particularly aged garlic extract (AGE), are known to possess a promising antioxidant potential and are effective in prevention of chronic diseases because of the bioactive constituents. Although all of active ingredients of AGE are not elucidated, water-soluble components of AGE, including S-allylcysteine, S-allylmercaptane, steroid saponins, tetrahydro-${\beta}$-carboline derivatives, and fructosyl-arginine, appears to be associated with the pharmacological effects of AGE. Consequently, the allicin free garlic components such as S-allylcysteine, S-allylmercaptane, steroid saponins, tetrahydro-${\beta}$-carboline derivatives, and fructosyl-arginine can be applicable to standardization of the quality of commercial garlic products. This review provides an insight into garlic's biomarkers and presents evidence that they may either prevent or delay chronic disease associated with aging.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.203-235
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• 2013

The goal of this paper is to test the findings about English-speaking children's acquisition of inflectional morphemes in the literature using a large-scale database. For this, we obtained a 4.7-million-word corpus from the CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System) database, and analyzed 1,630 British and American children's uses of English derivational morphemes up to age 7. We analyzed the type and token frequencies, type per token ratio (TTR), and the lexical diversity (D) for such inflectional morphemes as the present progressive -ing, the past tense -(e)d, the comparative and superlative -er/est with reference to children's nationality and age groups. To sum up our findings, the correlations between the D value and children's age varied from morpheme to morpheme; e.g. we found no correlation for -ing, a marginal correlation for -ed, and a strong correlation for -er/-est. Our findings are consistent with Brown's (1973) classical observation that children learn progressive forms earlier than the past tense marker. In addition, overgeneralization errors were frequently found for -ed, but rarely for -ing, showing a U-shaped developmental pattern at ages 2-3. Finally, American children showed higher D scores than British children, which showed that American children used inflectional morphemes for more word types compared with British children. The present study has its significance in testing the earlier findings in the literature by setting up well-defined methodology for analyzing the entire CHILDES database.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.276-283
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• 2023

Purpose: We aimed to determine the differences in the levels of serum thyroid hormone (free T4 [FT4]) and thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH]) as biomarkers for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection status, with respect to age and sex. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed serum samples from 200 patients who underwent HBV testing from August 2022 to September 2022. Serum samples were collected from patients suspected of having HBV infection who visited this hospital. Thyroid hormone levels were measured, and patients were grouped according to age and sex. Results: Differences in TSH and FT4 levels in the serum of patients in the HBV-positive and -negative groups were not significant. Among the HBV-positive patients in the younger age group (<60 years), TSH and FT4 levels were 1.78 ± 0.09 µIU/mL (normal: 0.4-5.0 µIU/mL) and 1.24 ± 0.02 ng/mL (normal: 0.8-1.9 ng/mL), respectively, whereas among the HBV-positive patients in the older age group (≥60 years), TSH and FT4 levels were 2.22 ± 0.17 µIU/mL and 1.24 ± 0.07 ng/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The presence of HBV did not markedly affect serum thyroid hormone levels. Our findings shed light on the conflicting evidence on the association between thyroid hormone levels and HBV infection. We, Hyeokjun Yun and Bo Kyeung Jung are co-first authors which made substantial contribution equally to the conception and designed of this work. Jae Kyung Kim, In soo Rheem and Kap No Lee made significant contributions to the acquisition and analysis of the data.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 2006

In order to understand the various groups' perceptual pattern in both VCV trochee and iambus, this study examined the identification correctness and cue robustness for the unit intervals in light of background language, age, and English listening ability. The 4 groups of Native Speakers of English, Korean College Students of High Listening Achievement, Korean College Students of Low Listening Achievement, and Korean Elementary Students took part in the experiments. Tokens of $/d{\ae}per,\;d{\ae}per,\;d{\ae}per,\;d{\ae}per,\;d{\ae}per,\;d{\ae}per$ in trochee and of $/{\eth}{\partial}\;p{\ae}d,\;{\eth}{\partial}\;b{\ae}d,\;{\eth}{\partial}\;t{\ae}d,\;{\eth}{\partial}\;d{\ae}d,\;{\eth}{\partial}\;k{\ae}d,\;{\eth}{\partial}\;g{\ae}d/$ in iambus were extracted and modified into experimental signals composed of two digits(voiced-1, voiceless-0) by following the temporal intervals, in which the signals consisted of preceding vowel, closure, VOT, and post-vowel. In the first experiment of identification correctness in VCV iambus environment, all groups showed almost 100% correctness rate, while in trochee environment all groups were different(native speaker 87%, college high 74%, college low 70%, elementary 65%). In the second experiment of cue robustness, all groups showed the similar perceptual pattern in both environments. There was the order of robustness cues in VCV trochee: pre-vowel ${\gg}$ closure ${\gg}$ VOT ${\gg}$ post-vowel, while the order in VCV iambus: VOT ${\gg}$ post-vowel ${\gg}$ closure ${\gg}$ pre-vowel. In some condition, however, we found moderately different perceptual pattern depending on language, age and listening level.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.77-98
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• 2018

In the past few decades, the importance of dynamics of University-Industry Linkage(UIL) in strengthening national and regional innovation competency and global competitiveness has been progressively more acknowledged. However, establishing an effective UIL for a better economic development is still a challenging endeavor in Ethiopia, particularly in Tigray region. This study is aimed at assessing the status of UIL and in order to achieve such aim it analyzed the determinants of firms' intensity of interaction with the Mekelle University (MU) and the effect of the intensity of interaction on the relevant firms' innovation performance. The findings of the study showed that the status of UIL between the firms and the university in Tigray region was at an infant stage. The study also found that firm size, firm age (startups) and government supports have had a significant effect on firms' intensity of interaction with the MU. However, the firms' intensity of interaction with the MU did not have any significant effect on the firms' innovation performance. In contrast, cooperation with customers, other groups and suppliers, firm size, firm age, and in-house R&D activities were found to have a significant effect on the firms' innovation performance. In conclusion, the acquisition of knowledge and technology from university does not have an important role in firms' innovation performance in the studied region. Consequently, the government should design effective strategies and assign responsible bodies to implement the strategies, create awareness, and organize both firms and university to meet and work together in order to enhance firms' innovation performance.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to scientifically examine Kuhl's (2011), originally Johnson and Newport's (1989) critical period graph, from a perspective of auditory perception and linguistic discrimination. This study utilizes two types of experiments (auditory perception and linguistic phoneme discrimination) with five different age groups (5 years, 6-8 years, 9-13 years, 15-17 years, and 20-26 years) of Korean English learners. Auditory perception is examined via ultrasonic sounds that are commonly used in the medical field. In addition, each group is measured in terms of their ability to discriminate minimal pairs in Chinese. Since almost all Korean students already have some amount of English exposure, the researchers selected phonemes in Chinese, an unexposed foreign language for all of the subject groups. The results are almost completely in accordance with Kuhl's critical period graph for auditory perception and linguistic discrimination; a sensitive age is found at 8. The results show that the auditory capability of kindergarten children is significantly better than that of other students, measured by their ability to perceive ultrasonic sounds and to distinguish ten minimal pairs in Chinese. This finding strongly implies that human auditory ability is a key factor for the sensitive period of language acquisition.